There is a risk of sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) when a permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind farm is connected to a power grid through a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system. To study such SSR, the linear model of the integrated system has been established using the state space method firstly. The root locus and modal analysis methods are adopted to study the participation variables and participation factors of SSR. It shows that the variables in the q-axis in both wind farms and MMC with high power levels dominate the resonance. Secondly, the simplified impedance models are derived. The simplified minimum loops Ldd and Lqq are used to carry out the parameter calculations. An active damping control strategy with virtual series impedance is proposed by feeding back AC current into the outer loop of MMC. Thirdly, three types of virtual series impedance are presented, considering the structure of damping controller. In addition, the parameter selection ranges and principles for those damping controllers are presented using analytical calculation methods. Finally, the effectiveness and correctness of proposed methods, as well as the robustness of parameters are verified by simulation models. And the feasible structure of the damping controller is suggested.
{"title":"Virtual Series Impedance Damping Control for SSR Suppression of MMC-HVDC Interconnected With PMSG-Based Wind Farm","authors":"Yunfeng Li;Tao Wen;Yijia Cao;Jiebei Zhu;Wenguang Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3507357","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3507357","url":null,"abstract":"There is a risk of sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) when a permanent magnet synchronous generator-based wind farm is connected to a power grid through a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) system. To study such SSR, the linear model of the integrated system has been established using the state space method firstly. The root locus and modal analysis methods are adopted to study the participation variables and participation factors of SSR. It shows that the variables in the q-axis in both wind farms and MMC with high power levels dominate the resonance. Secondly, the simplified impedance models are derived. The simplified minimum loops <italic>L<sup>dd</sup></i> and <italic>L<sup>qq</sup></i> are used to carry out the parameter calculations. An active damping control strategy with virtual series impedance is proposed by feeding back AC current into the outer loop of MMC. Thirdly, three types of virtual series impedance are presented, considering the structure of damping controller. In addition, the parameter selection ranges and principles for those damping controllers are presented using analytical calculation methods. Finally, the effectiveness and correctness of proposed methods, as well as the robustness of parameters are verified by simulation models. And the feasible structure of the damping controller is suggested.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"532-547"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-27DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3507093
Qin Huang;Wei Qiu;Yao Zheng;Junfeng Duan;Jian Zuo;Wenxuan Yao
With widespread deployments of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in power systems, the localization of power oscillations using synchrophasor measurements has become feasible. However, the classical method for source localization, known as the energy-based method, is significantly impacted by noise and other irrelevant frequency components, which are common in synchrophasor measurements. In response to this challenge, the paper proposes an adaptive Vold-Kalman filtering-based Energy method (A-VKF-Energy). Initially, the Fast Fourier Transform is employed to identify oscillation frequency in active power, offering a reference for subsequent component extraction. The Adaptive Vold-Kalman filtering is then utilized to extract oscillation components from PMU data, which are subsequently employed in computing dissipating energy for each branch. Moreover, the slope ratio of the energy is employed as an indicator of the energy flow direction in the power system, automating the process of determining the source of oscillations. The superior performance of adaptive Vold-Kalman filtering in frequency coupling is verified by simulated experiments. Furthermore, simulation using WECC 179 test case data and actual experiments using a real oscillation event are carried out to verify the effectiveness of proposed method. The results reveal that A-VKF-Energy method can successfully identify oscillation sources.
{"title":"Power Oscillation Localization: A Synchrophasor Based Adaptive Vold-Kalman Filtering Energy Flow","authors":"Qin Huang;Wei Qiu;Yao Zheng;Junfeng Duan;Jian Zuo;Wenxuan Yao","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3507093","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3507093","url":null,"abstract":"With widespread deployments of phasor measurement units (PMUs) in power systems, the localization of power oscillations using synchrophasor measurements has become feasible. However, the classical method for source localization, known as the energy-based method, is significantly impacted by noise and other irrelevant frequency components, which are common in synchrophasor measurements. In response to this challenge, the paper proposes an adaptive Vold-Kalman filtering-based Energy method (A-VKF-Energy). Initially, the Fast Fourier Transform is employed to identify oscillation frequency in active power, offering a reference for subsequent component extraction. The Adaptive Vold-Kalman filtering is then utilized to extract oscillation components from PMU data, which are subsequently employed in computing dissipating energy for each branch. Moreover, the slope ratio of the energy is employed as an indicator of the energy flow direction in the power system, automating the process of determining the source of oscillations. The superior performance of adaptive Vold-Kalman filtering in frequency coupling is verified by simulated experiments. Furthermore, simulation using WECC 179 test case data and actual experiments using a real oscillation event are carried out to verify the effectiveness of proposed method. The results reveal that A-VKF-Energy method can successfully identify oscillation sources.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"520-531"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142753629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3506432
{"title":"2024 Index IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Vol. 39","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3506432","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3506432","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 6","pages":"3555-3625"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10768859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3505843
Pedro N. Vasconcelos;Fernanda C. L. Trindade;Bala Venkatesh;Walmir Freitas;Antonio C. Zambroni de Souza;Glauco N. Taranto
With impending deep electrification powered by innumerable Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), modeling each DER individually is becoming a critical challenge to the Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Even though the DSOs know the total DER installed capacity at the feeder level, the exact individual type, location, and size of such generators may remain unknown. This paper proposes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulation to support the operation of distribution systems under massive DER integration. The proposal accurately estimates distribution system power flows, relying on a limited set of measurements. It aims to establish equivalent DER models representing hidden resources and improve the representation of limited-visibility networks. The only DER information required is the total solar and wind installed capacity at the feeder level. The performance is assessed by comparing estimated and measured values of bus voltage magnitudes and branch power flows. Results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed formulation in accurately replicating measurements, achieving an accuracy of over 90% when estimating active power flows in unmetered branches.
{"title":"A Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Model to Support the Operation of Distribution Systems With Hidden DERs","authors":"Pedro N. Vasconcelos;Fernanda C. L. Trindade;Bala Venkatesh;Walmir Freitas;Antonio C. Zambroni de Souza;Glauco N. Taranto","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3505843","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3505843","url":null,"abstract":"With impending deep electrification powered by innumerable Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), modeling each DER individually is becoming a critical challenge to the Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Even though the DSOs know the total DER installed capacity at the feeder level, the exact individual type, location, and size of such generators may remain unknown. This paper proposes a mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulation to support the operation of distribution systems under massive DER integration. The proposal accurately estimates distribution system power flows, relying on a limited set of measurements. It aims to establish equivalent DER models representing hidden resources and improve the representation of limited-visibility networks. The only DER information required is the total solar and wind installed capacity at the feeder level. The performance is assessed by comparing estimated and measured values of bus voltage magnitudes and branch power flows. Results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed formulation in accurately replicating measurements, achieving an accuracy of over 90% when estimating active power flows in unmetered branches.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"484-496"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142712537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3505934
Xiangyu Zhang;Huazhi Liu;Yabo Cao;Yuan Fu;Yongxuan Huang;Yonggang Li
Efficient power oscillation suppression in broad bandwidth and reduction of self-induced resonance risk are critical for the wide application of the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) in power systems with a high penetration of wind power generation. In this paper, the linear virtual shaft coupling relationship between the VSG emulated by the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine and synchronous generator (SG) is analyzed firstly. The two degrees of freedom model of the power system with the VSG is then established under the application of the virtual shaft to connect the generators. A novel virtual shaft with cubic stiffness is then introduced to the reduce the self-induced resonance risk of the VSGs. Using the optimal bandwidth theory, the oscillation suppression bandwidth of the VSG with the nonlinear virtual shaft are extended. To further improve the power support functions of the VSGs, a novel nonlinear virtual shaft control adapted to the DFIG-based wind turbine is proposed, and the design parameters are optimized. Finally, a typical 9-nodes power system with a high wind penetration of 32% is simulated on a controller hardware-in-the-loop platform. The test results demonstrate that the nonlinear virtual shaft reduces the risk of resonances by extending the oscillation suppression bandwidth of the VSG, thus improving the power support ability of wind turbines for system frequency regulation and power oscillation suppression.
{"title":"Virtual Shaft Control of Virtual Synchronous Generator With Nonlinear Stiffness for Power Oscillation Suppression","authors":"Xiangyu Zhang;Huazhi Liu;Yabo Cao;Yuan Fu;Yongxuan Huang;Yonggang Li","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3505934","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3505934","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient power oscillation suppression in broad bandwidth and reduction of self-induced resonance risk are critical for the wide application of the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) in power systems with a high penetration of wind power generation. In this paper, the linear virtual shaft coupling relationship between the VSG emulated by the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind turbine and synchronous generator (SG) is analyzed firstly. The two degrees of freedom model of the power system with the VSG is then established under the application of the virtual shaft to connect the generators. A novel virtual shaft with cubic stiffness is then introduced to the reduce the self-induced resonance risk of the VSGs. Using the optimal bandwidth theory, the oscillation suppression bandwidth of the VSG with the nonlinear virtual shaft are extended. To further improve the power support functions of the VSGs, a novel nonlinear virtual shaft control adapted to the DFIG-based wind turbine is proposed, and the design parameters are optimized. Finally, a typical 9-nodes power system with a high wind penetration of 32% is simulated on a controller hardware-in-the-loop platform. The test results demonstrate that the nonlinear virtual shaft reduces the risk of resonances by extending the oscillation suppression bandwidth of the VSG, thus improving the power support ability of wind turbines for system frequency regulation and power oscillation suppression.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"497-508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142712538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3502638
Reza Ilka;JiangBiao He;Jingjing Yang;Jose E. Contreras;Carlos G. Cavazos
Liquid-immersed power transformers are an integral part of the electrical grid. Long and reliable service life is of crucial importance in the design and operation of these power apparatuses. Transformer lifetime is mainly determined by the winding insulation system, which ages faster at high temperature. Nanofluid is a new type of oil with enhanced thermal and dielectric properties. Adding nano particles to the cooling oil increases its thermal conductivity, leading to more effective thermal conduction of the transformer. Therefore, hotspot temperature in the transformer windings decreases and hence the lifetime of the transformer is improved. On the other hand, utilization of nanofluids enhances the withstanding capability of the insulation material by scavenging the moisture in the transformer oil. In this paper, various laboratory oil samples will be introduced to serve as the next-generation transformer coolant. In order to understand and verify the behavior of the newly developed oils, finite element analysis and finite volume methods are used for the multi-physics simulations. A comparative study and experimental validation are conducted to show the superiority of nanofluid with respect to the state of the art mineral oil in terms of hotspot temperature and dielectric insulation strength which lead to lifetime improvement.
{"title":"Lifetime Improvement of Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers Based on Novel Nanofluids and Water Scavenger","authors":"Reza Ilka;JiangBiao He;Jingjing Yang;Jose E. Contreras;Carlos G. Cavazos","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3502638","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3502638","url":null,"abstract":"Liquid-immersed power transformers are an integral part of the electrical grid. Long and reliable service life is of crucial importance in the design and operation of these power apparatuses. Transformer lifetime is mainly determined by the winding insulation system, which ages faster at high temperature. Nanofluid is a new type of oil with enhanced thermal and dielectric properties. Adding nano particles to the cooling oil increases its thermal conductivity, leading to more effective thermal conduction of the transformer. Therefore, hotspot temperature in the transformer windings decreases and hence the lifetime of the transformer is improved. On the other hand, utilization of nanofluids enhances the withstanding capability of the insulation material by scavenging the moisture in the transformer oil. In this paper, various laboratory oil samples will be introduced to serve as the next-generation transformer coolant. In order to understand and verify the behavior of the newly developed oils, finite element analysis and finite volume methods are used for the multi-physics simulations. A comparative study and experimental validation are conducted to show the superiority of nanofluid with respect to the state of the art mineral oil in terms of hotspot temperature and dielectric insulation strength which lead to lifetime improvement.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"434-446"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142712547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3504133
Paulo M. De Oliveira-De Jesus;Elmer Sorrentino
This letter describes a novel graphical tool that was developed to check the coordination details of directional overcurrent protections (67) as a function of the fault location. The tool considers transient configurations due to sequential trips at both line-ends, and shows three important issues of coordination for each fault location: a) separation between operation times of main and backup 67s; b) currents seen by each 67 prior to and after the trip of the first circuit breaker; c) possible loss-of-sensitivity of backup 67s due to the pickup setting or due to direction of current. A previously developed simulator performs the calculations, using 1000 fault locations for each protected line, and it is complemented by the proposed graphical tool.
{"title":"A Graphical Tool to Examine the Coordination Details of Directional Overcurrent Protections as a Function of Fault Location","authors":"Paulo M. De Oliveira-De Jesus;Elmer Sorrentino","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3504133","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3504133","url":null,"abstract":"This letter describes a novel graphical tool that was developed to check the coordination details of directional overcurrent protections (67) as a function of the fault location. The tool considers transient configurations due to sequential trips at both line-ends, and shows three important issues of coordination for each fault location: a) separation between operation times of main and backup 67s; b) currents seen by each 67 prior to and after the trip of the first circuit breaker; c) possible loss-of-sensitivity of backup 67s due to the pickup setting or due to direction of current. A previously developed simulator performs the calculations, using 1000 fault locations for each protected line, and it is complemented by the proposed graphical tool.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"659-662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142684258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3490097
{"title":"IEEE Power & Energy Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3490097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3490097","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 6","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10762845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142679262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3504961
Tirlingi Madhava Rao;Saurav Pramanik;Sourav Mitra
The determination of ladder-network model parameters for transformer winding holds paramount significance in validating the design constraints of the transformer winding, with a particular emphasis on facilitating thorough analysis of its impulse behaviour. As these parameters cannot be measured directly, the majority of studies documented in the literature rely on iterative optimization techniques for estimation, and as of now, no analytical solution has been reported and implemented. To address this concern, this paper introduces an analytical approach for estimating unknown self and mutual inductances in equivalent ladder-network model of a homogeneous transformer winding, employing frequency response measurement. For this purpose, the method derived necessary linear and non-linear equations of unknown inductances pertaining to the coupled ladder-network model of the winding. The solution is directly obtained utilizing essential peak and trough frequencies extracted from three measured admittance magnitude responses along with series and ground capacitances determined separately. The practicality of the method has been verified using experimental results on three different transformer windings including one with iron-core. For improved precision, the estimated inductance values were fine-tuned further using conventional optimization technique. Results indeed demonstrate the practicality as well as efficacy of the method.
{"title":"On Analytical Estimation of Inductances in Equivalent Ladder Network Model of a Homogeneous Transformer Winding Using FRA Data","authors":"Tirlingi Madhava Rao;Saurav Pramanik;Sourav Mitra","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3504961","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3504961","url":null,"abstract":"The determination of ladder-network model parameters for transformer winding holds paramount significance in validating the design constraints of the transformer winding, with a particular emphasis on facilitating thorough analysis of its impulse behaviour. As these parameters cannot be measured directly, the majority of studies documented in the literature rely on iterative optimization techniques for estimation, and as of now, no analytical solution has been reported and implemented. To address this concern, this paper introduces an analytical approach for estimating unknown self and mutual inductances in equivalent ladder-network model of a homogeneous transformer winding, employing frequency response measurement. For this purpose, the method derived necessary linear and non-linear equations of unknown inductances pertaining to the coupled ladder-network model of the winding. The solution is directly obtained utilizing essential peak and trough frequencies extracted from three measured admittance magnitude responses along with series and ground capacitances determined separately. The practicality of the method has been verified using experimental results on three different transformer windings including one with iron-core. For improved precision, the estimated inductance values were fine-tuned further using conventional optimization technique. Results indeed demonstrate the practicality as well as efficacy of the method.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"40 1","pages":"472-483"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142684344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-21DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3490101
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