Identifying the faulted section and locating faults in two-terminal hybrid lines is challenging due to the differing parameters of the line sections and the availability of unsynchronized fault data from both ends. This paper presents a noniterative technique for faulted section identification and fault location for hybrid untransposed transmission lines using only fault data from both ends. Faulted section identification is achieved by analyzing the phase angle between voltage and current at the measurement terminals and at junction points computed from terminal data. The fault location method is formulated using the derived modal voltage and current phasors at a hypothetical fault point within the faulted section from both ends. Modal transformation faithfully converts the coupled line parameters into decoupled modes in the case of an untransposed conductor configuration. For analytical synchronization, a technique applicable to both overhead line and underground cable sections calculates the associated synchronization angle operator. The performance of the proposed method is rigorously evaluated on a 400 kV hybrid transmission line modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC under various fault conditions, measurement uncertainties and line section parameter variations. A comparative analysis demonstrates the accuracy and superiority of the proposed method in precisely locating faults.
{"title":"An Accurate Noniterative Fault Location Technique for Hybrid Lines with Unsynchronized Phasors","authors":"Shubham Anand;Deepak Pullaguram;Ashok Kumar Pradhan","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3647501","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3647501","url":null,"abstract":"Identifying the faulted section and locating faults in two-terminal hybrid lines is challenging due to the differing parameters of the line sections and the availability of unsynchronized fault data from both ends. This paper presents a noniterative technique for faulted section identification and fault location for hybrid untransposed transmission lines using only fault data from both ends. Faulted section identification is achieved by analyzing the phase angle between voltage and current at the measurement terminals and at junction points computed from terminal data. The fault location method is formulated using the derived modal voltage and current phasors at a hypothetical fault point within the faulted section from both ends. Modal transformation faithfully converts the coupled line parameters into decoupled modes in the case of an untransposed conductor configuration. For analytical synchronization, a technique applicable to both overhead line and underground cable sections calculates the associated synchronization angle operator. The performance of the proposed method is rigorously evaluated on a 400 kV hybrid transmission line modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC under various fault conditions, measurement uncertainties and line section parameter variations. A comparative analysis demonstrates the accuracy and superiority of the proposed method in precisely locating faults.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"399-411"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145812973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High discharge rate of the DC link capacitor during a line fault in a DC microgrid causes a steep rise in the line fault current. Previous line fault detection techniques typically detect a low resistance fault in DC microgrids within a few microseconds; therefore, a fault location estimation scheme using a few initial samples is necessary. This work proposes a local-measurement-based offline fault location estimation scheme using a few initial samples. The proposed generalized approach aims to obtain an optimal Neural Network (NN) to predict the fault location in DC microgrids for each input data set. The proposed scheme is validated for initial samples ($=2$ and 4), making the location estimation time $120mu$s and $240mu$s, respectively, with $60mu$ s sampling time. The estimation accuracy is further refined by averaging each prediction as the ultimate fault location. The proposed scheme is validated using the Real-Time Digital Simulator on a 400 V DC microgrid with different operating modes. Parallel assessment with previous techniques and comparison with traditional NN shows the superiority of the proposed scheme in fault location estimation with a few initial samples.
{"title":"Generalized Neural Network to Locate Fault in DC Microgrid Using Limited Initial Samples","authors":"Sunil Kumar Maurya;Abheejeet Mohapatra;Ankush Sharma","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3647364","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3647364","url":null,"abstract":"High discharge rate of the DC link capacitor during a line fault in a DC microgrid causes a steep rise in the line fault current. Previous line fault detection techniques typically detect a low resistance fault in DC microgrids within a few microseconds; therefore, a fault location estimation scheme using a few initial samples is necessary. This work proposes a local-measurement-based offline fault location estimation scheme using a few initial samples. The proposed generalized approach aims to obtain an optimal Neural Network (NN) to predict the fault location in DC microgrids for each input data set. The proposed scheme is validated for initial samples (<inline-formula><tex-math>$=2$</tex-math></inline-formula> and 4), making the location estimation time <inline-formula><tex-math>$120mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>s and <inline-formula><tex-math>$240mu$</tex-math></inline-formula>s, respectively, with <inline-formula><tex-math>$60mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> s sampling time. The estimation accuracy is further refined by averaging each prediction as the ultimate fault location. The proposed scheme is validated using the Real-Time Digital Simulator on a 400 V DC microgrid with different operating modes. Parallel assessment with previous techniques and comparison with traditional NN shows the superiority of the proposed scheme in fault location estimation with a few initial samples.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"387-398"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145812971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647055
Chuan Wang, Fangwei Xu, Kai Guo, Wantong Cai, Wei Wu, Bo Zhao, Cheng Liu, Xinyang Li
{"title":"Novel Approach and Index for Evaluating Harmonic Contributions of Multiple Harmonic Sources Based on Gaussian Mixture Model with Multipoint Harmonic Phasor Measurements","authors":"Chuan Wang, Fangwei Xu, Kai Guo, Wantong Cai, Wei Wu, Bo Zhao, Cheng Liu, Xinyang Li","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647127
Jiawei Yuan, Xiaojian Dong, Lifeng Xing, Jun Liu, Zaibin Jiao
{"title":"Faulty Feeder Detection Under High Impedance Faults Based on Harmonics of Calculated Fault Currents in Resonant Grounding Network","authors":"Jiawei Yuan, Xiaojian Dong, Lifeng Xing, Jun Liu, Zaibin Jiao","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3647127","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3646928
Xu Dai, Yuan Yuan, Ruijin Liao, Huiying Xiang, Kang Chen
{"title":"Experimental studies on anti-icing properties of anodized conductors with nanoporous structures in natural environments","authors":"Xu Dai, Yuan Yuan, Ruijin Liao, Huiying Xiang, Kang Chen","doi":"10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3646928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2025.3646928","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3646818
Miguel Carreño;Oriol Velasco-Falguera;Josep Arévalo-Soler;Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt
Electrical circuits are modelled with a constant admittance matrix for steady-state studies and for dynamic studies involving synchronous machines. It is widely considered that this model, called RMS model, is also suitable for capturing low-frequency oscillations in networks with inverters; however, this idea has been challenged by recent research of the Phase-Locked Loop. The EMT model, in contrast, accounts for the dynamics of all circuit components, but its high computational cost limits its application in the analysis of bulk power systems. This paper introduces RMS+, a new circuit model constructed from the raw data of the system, that captures the PLL interactions with the network while reducing the number of state variables. The theoretical framework includes the theory of dynamical systems, particularly, of slow-fast systems. The underlying assumption is that there must be a time-scale separation between the electromagnetic transients, and the PLL dynamics. In this sense, this paper discusses the advantage of the RMS+ model for the analysis of synchronization stability of networks with Grid-following Voltage Source Converters. The model is implemented in a modal analysis tool, and validated in three test networks: a Single Converter Infinite Bus system, a modified version of the WSCC nine-bus system; and the 39-bus system.
{"title":"RMS+: Augmenting the Traditional Circuit Model to Capture PLL Instability","authors":"Miguel Carreño;Oriol Velasco-Falguera;Josep Arévalo-Soler;Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3646818","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3646818","url":null,"abstract":"Electrical circuits are modelled with a constant admittance matrix for steady-state studies and for dynamic studies involving synchronous machines. It is widely considered that this model, called RMS model, is also suitable for capturing low-frequency oscillations in networks with inverters; however, this idea has been challenged by recent research of the Phase-Locked Loop. The EMT model, in contrast, accounts for the dynamics of all circuit components, but its high computational cost limits its application in the analysis of bulk power systems. This paper introduces RMS+, a new circuit model constructed from the raw data of the system, that captures the PLL interactions with the network while reducing the number of state variables. The theoretical framework includes the theory of dynamical systems, particularly, of slow-fast systems. The underlying assumption is that there must be a time-scale separation between the electromagnetic transients, and the PLL dynamics. In this sense, this paper discusses the advantage of the RMS+ model for the analysis of synchronization stability of networks with Grid-following Voltage Source Converters. The model is implemented in a modal analysis tool, and validated in three test networks: a Single Converter Infinite Bus system, a modified version of the WSCC nine-bus system; and the 39-bus system.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"364-374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate fault location is crucial for power system emergency repair. However, the existing fault analysis-based fault location methods for the outgoing line of inverter-based resources use the traditional synchronous generator-based source model as the remote-end source model. The reliance on traditional source characteristics limits the adaptability of these methods in low-frequency transmission system (LFTS) used for offshore wind farm integration, where both ends of the system are inverter-based resources. Therefore, a novel fault location method is proposed for LFTS, which incorporates the source equations and fault network equations. Firstly, the source equations of LFTS are derived from control characteristics, while the network equations are derived from sequence networks and fault boundary conditions. Then, the fault location is converted into an optimization problem. The constraints of source equations, network equations and actual measured values are integrated in the objective functions, thereby allowing the fault distance and fault resistance to be identified by solving optimization problem. Finally, the performance of proposed fault location method is verified in PSCAD/EMTDC. The proposed fault location method exhibits an error of less than 1% in most cases, with a maximum error of less than 4%, and a fault resistance tolerability up to 300 Ω.
{"title":"Single-Ended Fault Location Method Based on Control Characteristics of Inverter-Based Resources for Low-Frequency Transmission System","authors":"Jiaheng Jiang;Guobing Song;Chenhao Zhang;Wenbin Cao;Yutao Qiu;Shuiyao Chen","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3646755","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3646755","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate fault location is crucial for power system emergency repair. However, the existing fault analysis-based fault location methods for the outgoing line of inverter-based resources use the traditional synchronous generator-based source model as the remote-end source model. The reliance on traditional source characteristics limits the adaptability of these methods in low-frequency transmission system (LFTS) used for offshore wind farm integration, where both ends of the system are inverter-based resources. Therefore, a novel fault location method is proposed for LFTS, which incorporates the source equations and fault network equations. Firstly, the source equations of LFTS are derived from control characteristics, while the network equations are derived from sequence networks and fault boundary conditions. Then, the fault location is converted into an optimization problem. The constraints of source equations, network equations and actual measured values are integrated in the objective functions, thereby allowing the fault distance and fault resistance to be identified by solving optimization problem. Finally, the performance of proposed fault location method is verified in PSCAD/EMTDC. The proposed fault location method exhibits an error of less than 1% in most cases, with a maximum error of less than 4%, and a fault resistance tolerability up to 300 Ω.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"353-363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145807442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3645046
Yang Cao;Wei Gu;Mingwang Xu;Fei Zhang;Wei Liu;Suhan Zhang
The increasing utilization of power electronic devices has heightened the impact of harmonics in modern power systems. However, compared with detailed models, conventional average-value models (AVMs) result in reduced accuracy due to the neglect of switching harmonics, making it challenging to meet the accuracy requirements when focusing on transient responses or harmonic dynamics. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a system-level converter model called the harmonic-preserved AVM (HP-AVM). This time-domain-based model integrates AVM computation with harmonic component calculation into a unified simulation framework, enabling precision comparable to that of switching-function models (SFMs) for system-level simulation, while avoiding the high computational burden of detailed models. By leveraging AVMs as the backbone and preserving harmonic details, HP-AVM achieves both high computational efficiency and accurate harmonic representation in system-level simulations. Furthermore, HP-AVM demonstrates broad applicability across various converter topologies, including rectifiers, inverters, and choppers. Both simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of HP-AVM, demonstrating its high accuracy and computational efficiency.
{"title":"Harmonic-Preserved Average-Value Model for Converters in Electromagnetic Transient Simulation","authors":"Yang Cao;Wei Gu;Mingwang Xu;Fei Zhang;Wei Liu;Suhan Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3645046","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3645046","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing utilization of power electronic devices has heightened the impact of harmonics in modern power systems. However, compared with detailed models, conventional average-value models (AVMs) result in reduced accuracy due to the neglect of switching harmonics, making it challenging to meet the accuracy requirements when focusing on transient responses or harmonic dynamics. To address this limitation, this paper proposes a system-level converter model called the harmonic-preserved AVM (HP-AVM). This time-domain-based model integrates AVM computation with harmonic component calculation into a unified simulation framework, enabling precision comparable to that of switching-function models (SFMs) for system-level simulation, while avoiding the high computational burden of detailed models. By leveraging AVMs as the backbone and preserving harmonic details, HP-AVM achieves both high computational efficiency and accurate harmonic representation in system-level simulations. Furthermore, HP-AVM demonstrates broad applicability across various converter topologies, including rectifiers, inverters, and choppers. Both simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of HP-AVM, demonstrating its high accuracy and computational efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"325-340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145770843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-12DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3643686
Yunyang Zou;Yan Xu;Ziming Yan;Sungin Cho;Terence Tik Lam Yip
Risk assessment of aging electrical infrastructure assets aims to provide informed asset management decision support, such as asset renewal and maintenance. To this end, this letter proposes a systematical and practical method incorporating multiple inputs from utilities and regulators. Specifically, the probability of asset failure (asset health index) and the consequence of asset failure (criticality index) are combined into a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy inference system (TSK-FIS) for risk quantification. To ensure the monotonicity of TSK-FIS, sufficient conditions are first derived and modeled as constraints. Then, the TSK-FIS parameters are optimized for three objectives: 1) the optimality objective enables the TSK-FIS to learn the expert knowledge from existing tools, ensuring alignment with established utility practices; 2) the robustness objective enhances its ability to prevent minor input changes from causing drastic output deviations; 3) to ensure such small input variations can still be reflected in the output to a meaningful extent, the differentiation objective is formulated to improve output resolution and mitigate over-concentration. Case studies on real-world power asset data of Singapore power grid have validated the proposed method.
{"title":"Risk Assessment of Electrical Infrastructure Assets by a Multi-Objective Fine-Tuned Fuzzy Inference System","authors":"Yunyang Zou;Yan Xu;Ziming Yan;Sungin Cho;Terence Tik Lam Yip","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3643686","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3643686","url":null,"abstract":"Risk assessment of aging electrical infrastructure assets aims to provide informed asset management decision support, such as asset renewal and maintenance. To this end, this letter proposes a systematical and practical method incorporating multiple inputs from utilities and regulators. Specifically, the probability of asset failure (asset health index) and the consequence of asset failure (criticality index) are combined into a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy inference system (TSK-FIS) for risk quantification. To ensure the monotonicity of TSK-FIS, sufficient conditions are first derived and modeled as constraints. Then, the TSK-FIS parameters are optimized for three objectives: 1) the <italic>optimality</i> objective enables the TSK-FIS to learn the expert knowledge from existing tools, ensuring alignment with established utility practices; 2) the <italic>robustness</i> objective enhances its ability to prevent minor input changes from causing drastic output deviations; 3) to ensure such small input variations can still be reflected in the output to a meaningful extent, the <italic>differentiation</i> objective is formulated to improve output resolution and mitigate over-concentration. Case studies on real-world power asset data of Singapore power grid have validated the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"482-486"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145731336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3642200
Amir Bagheri;Saleh Mobayen;Saeed Behzadi;Nasrin Osali
Renewable energy sources (RESs) are highly integrated into today's distribution systems to provide a clean and sustainable supply for electric load demands. However, due to radial configuration, voltage limits, equipment capacity, and other constraints, a portion of RESs’ output power is inevitably curtailed, which is undesirable given the clean and fuel-free nature of RESs. In this paper, dynamic transformer rating (DTR) as a smart-grid technology is coordinated with dynamic distribution network reconfiguration (DDNR) to minimize photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy curtailment. The thermal model of the transformer and all network constraints are considered within an optimization model. The basic problem is a mixed-integer-nonlinear-programming (MINLP) model with non-convex nature. The model is reformulated as a mixed-integer quadratic-constrained programming (MIQCP) to achieve a convex model providing global optimum solution. Several experiments are simulated in the GAMS environment on the IEEE 33-node grid to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. The results show that DTR enables maximizing renewable energies scheduling without loss of life (LOL) of the transformer while satisfying all the problem constraints. With the proposed model, the scheduling of solar and wind energies scheduling is increased by 8.22%, while energy loss is reduced by 21%.
{"title":"To Capture Curtailed Renewable Energies in Smart Distribution Systems Using a Convex Co-Optimization of Dynamic Transformer Rating and Dynamic Reconfiguration","authors":"Amir Bagheri;Saleh Mobayen;Saeed Behzadi;Nasrin Osali","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3642200","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3642200","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy sources (RESs) are highly integrated into today's distribution systems to provide a clean and sustainable supply for electric load demands. However, due to radial configuration, voltage limits, equipment capacity, and other constraints, a portion of RESs’ output power is inevitably curtailed, which is undesirable given the clean and fuel-free nature of RESs. In this paper, dynamic transformer rating (DTR) as a smart-grid technology is coordinated with dynamic distribution network reconfiguration (DDNR) to minimize photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy curtailment. The thermal model of the transformer and all network constraints are considered within an optimization model. The basic problem is a mixed-integer-nonlinear-programming (MINLP) model with non-convex nature. The model is reformulated as a mixed-integer quadratic-constrained programming (MIQCP) to achieve a convex model providing global optimum solution. Several experiments are simulated in the GAMS environment on the IEEE 33-node grid to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. The results show that DTR enables maximizing renewable energies scheduling without loss of life (LOL) of the transformer while satisfying all the problem constraints. With the proposed model, the scheduling of solar and wind energies scheduling is increased by 8.22%, while energy loss is reduced by 21%.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"41 1","pages":"312-324"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145717709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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