Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3453995
Mohammad Khalili Katoulaei;Charles Mawutor Adrah;Hans Kristian Hóidalen
Modern power systems heavily rely on fast and reliable protection and control systems. However, Sample Value (SV) packets transmitted via Process Bus protocols are susceptible to delays and losses during transmission, particularly during congestion of communication networks. The vulnerability of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) to network delays and consecutive packet losses raises concerns regarding the processing of SV packets under abnormal communication conditions. This paper investigates the impact of consecutive SV packet delays and losses on transformer differential protection and IED performance. Furthermore, it proposes a novel approach called Data-Repairing for Protection IED (DRPIED), which has been implemented and tested using a Hardware-in-the-Loop setup under various load and transient conditions. The results highlight that IEDs are limited in their ability to estimate more than one missing SV packet. While one vendor's protection IED blocks beyond one missing packet for approximately 0.5 seconds, estimation errors from other vendors can result in false tripping. However, the developed DRPIED method demonstrates the capability to securely estimate up to 9 missing SV packets during load and transient fault scenarios, even with varying decaying direct current (DC) levels. Overall, this study sheds light on the challenges posed by consecutive SV delays and losses in a multi-vendor environment and presents a solution to mitigate the impact on differential protection systems.
{"title":"Implementation and Testing a Robust Data-Repairing Method for Protection IEDs on Process Bus","authors":"Mohammad Khalili Katoulaei;Charles Mawutor Adrah;Hans Kristian Hóidalen","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3453995","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3453995","url":null,"abstract":"Modern power systems heavily rely on fast and reliable protection and control systems. However, Sample Value (SV) packets transmitted via Process Bus protocols are susceptible to delays and losses during transmission, particularly during congestion of communication networks. The vulnerability of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) to network delays and consecutive packet losses raises concerns regarding the processing of SV packets under abnormal communication conditions. This paper investigates the impact of consecutive SV packet delays and losses on transformer differential protection and IED performance. Furthermore, it proposes a novel approach called Data-Repairing for Protection IED (DRPIED), which has been implemented and tested using a Hardware-in-the-Loop setup under various load and transient conditions. The results highlight that IEDs are limited in their ability to estimate more than one missing SV packet. While one vendor's protection IED blocks beyond one missing packet for approximately 0.5 seconds, estimation errors from other vendors can result in false tripping. However, the developed DRPIED method demonstrates the capability to securely estimate up to 9 missing SV packets during load and transient fault scenarios, even with varying decaying direct current (DC) levels. Overall, this study sheds light on the challenges posed by consecutive SV delays and losses in a multi-vendor environment and presents a solution to mitigate the impact on differential protection systems.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 6","pages":"3153-3163"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142130548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3454230
Abdelmoumene Hechifa;Chouaib Labiod;Abdelaziz Lakehal;Arnaud Nanfak;Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) in oil is one of the most common and reliable techniques for diagnosing and early detection of incipient faults in oil-immersed transformers. However, conventional methods often encounter conflicts and challenges in accurately interpreting DGA results. Addressing this, two novel graphical methods, Circle Method 1 and Circle Method 2, are proposed, represented by circles with movable axes at variable angles. These methods innovatively base their analysis on the convergence of samples with similar characteristics around their centers and the spacing of these centers for samples with differing characteristics. The primary purpose of these methods is to distinguish between different overlapping faults. To achieve this, advanced metaheuristic algorithms are employed to determine the optimal angles that yield the best distribution of samples. Utilizing insights from previous DGA methods and field experiences, initial fault zones within Circle Methods 1 and 2 are estimated, and precise boundaries between fault zones are established based on practical DGA data collected from multiple sources. Evaluation using IEC TC10 database of fault cases demonstrates that Circle Methods 1 and 2 exhibit superior diagnostic accuracy compared to existing methods, including the Mansour Pentagon, the Duval Pentagon, the Gouda Triangle, and the Cartesian Graphical Method. This innovation significantly enhances the interpretative capabilities of DGA, offering a more reliable tool for fault diagnosis in oil-immersed transformers.
{"title":"A Novel Graphical Method for Interpretating Dissolved Gases and Fault Diagnosis in Power Transformer Based on Dynamique Axes in Circular Form","authors":"Abdelmoumene Hechifa;Chouaib Labiod;Abdelaziz Lakehal;Arnaud Nanfak;Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3454230","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3454230","url":null,"abstract":"Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) in oil is one of the most common and reliable techniques for diagnosing and early detection of incipient faults in oil-immersed transformers. However, conventional methods often encounter conflicts and challenges in accurately interpreting DGA results. Addressing this, two novel graphical methods, Circle Method 1 and Circle Method 2, are proposed, represented by circles with movable axes at variable angles. These methods innovatively base their analysis on the convergence of samples with similar characteristics around their centers and the spacing of these centers for samples with differing characteristics. The primary purpose of these methods is to distinguish between different overlapping faults. To achieve this, advanced metaheuristic algorithms are employed to determine the optimal angles that yield the best distribution of samples. Utilizing insights from previous DGA methods and field experiences, initial fault zones within Circle Methods 1 and 2 are estimated, and precise boundaries between fault zones are established based on practical DGA data collected from multiple sources. Evaluation using IEC TC10 database of fault cases demonstrates that Circle Methods 1 and 2 exhibit superior diagnostic accuracy compared to existing methods, including the Mansour Pentagon, the Duval Pentagon, the Gouda Triangle, and the Cartesian Graphical Method. This innovation significantly enhances the interpretative capabilities of DGA, offering a more reliable tool for fault diagnosis in oil-immersed transformers.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 6","pages":"3186-3198"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142130793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Harmonic instability and associated oscillation events have become one of the main concerns in MMC-based HVdc systems. These oscillations can appear in the range from a few hundred hertz to several kilohertz, and the root cause is identified as delay-induced negative damping of MMC impedance appearing at the system resonance frequency. This paper introduces a wideband impedance reshaping method through MMC control to eliminate such negative damping for both grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) MMCs, which makes the MMC impedance completely passive from the second harmonic frequency upward, thus preventing all harmonic oscillations. First, simplified impedance models of MMCs are derived for the harmonic stability analysis and the impedance reshaping control design. Next, a passivity-based impedance reshaping method is presented, as well as practical considerations for its implementation. In addition, to maintain the MMC's disturbance ride-through capability, an adaptive activation scheme is developed, which enables the wideband impedance reshaping control only in the presence of harmonic oscillation events. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by frequency domain analysis and by electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations of two typical MMC-based power systems.
{"title":"Wideband Impedance Passivation of MMCs for Suppressing Harmonic Oscillations","authors":"Pengxiang Huang;Heng Wu;Luigi Vanfretti;Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3453193","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3453193","url":null,"abstract":"Harmonic instability and associated oscillation events have become one of the main concerns in MMC-based HVdc systems. These oscillations can appear in the range from a few hundred hertz to several kilohertz, and the root cause is identified as delay-induced negative damping of MMC impedance appearing at the system resonance frequency. This paper introduces a wideband impedance reshaping method through MMC control to eliminate such negative damping for both grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) MMCs, which makes the MMC impedance completely passive from the second harmonic frequency upward, thus preventing all harmonic oscillations. First, simplified impedance models of MMCs are derived for the harmonic stability analysis and the impedance reshaping control design. Next, a passivity-based impedance reshaping method is presented, as well as practical considerations for its implementation. In addition, to maintain the MMC's disturbance ride-through capability, an adaptive activation scheme is developed, which enables the wideband impedance reshaping control only in the presence of harmonic oscillation events. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by frequency domain analysis and by electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations of two typical MMC-based power systems.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 6","pages":"3101-3113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reflection coefficient is important to evaluate the characteristics of power cable soft faults. Thus, a reflection coefficient estimation method based on sliding-window total least squares (TLS) estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) is proposed. The idea of this method is to transform random signals of cable transfer function (CTF) into array signals with deterministic auto-correlation function, then precisely locate and evaluate soft faults by using TLS-ESPRIT estimation of CTF parameters. First, the two intrinsic mode functions (IMF) signals, which are the reflected waves of the test terminal and the cable body, are separated from the CTF by variational mode decomposition (VMD). Then, the IMFs were intercepted into continuous subintervals, and the frequency and attenuation factor contained in each subinterval were estimated by ESPRIT, and the amplitude and phase were estimated by TLS. Next, the reflection coefficient is calculated by decoupling the amplitude and phase. Finally, in the simulation, the amplitude relative error and phase relative error of the soft fault reflection coefficient estimated by the proposed method are less than 6% and 5%, respectively. And the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by field cases.
{"title":"An Estimation Method for Soft Fault Reflection Coefficient of Power Cable Based on Sliding-Window TLS-ESPRIT","authors":"Zhirong Tang;Kai Zhou;Yefei Xu;Pengfei Meng;Hongzhou Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3452779","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3452779","url":null,"abstract":"Reflection coefficient is important to evaluate the characteristics of power cable soft faults. Thus, a reflection coefficient estimation method based on sliding-window total least squares (TLS) estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques (ESPRIT) is proposed. The idea of this method is to transform random signals of cable transfer function (CTF) into array signals with deterministic auto-correlation function, then precisely locate and evaluate soft faults by using TLS-ESPRIT estimation of CTF parameters. First, the two intrinsic mode functions (IMF) signals, which are the reflected waves of the test terminal and the cable body, are separated from the CTF by variational mode decomposition (VMD). Then, the IMFs were intercepted into continuous subintervals, and the frequency and attenuation factor contained in each subinterval were estimated by ESPRIT, and the amplitude and phase were estimated by TLS. Next, the reflection coefficient is calculated by decoupling the amplitude and phase. Finally, in the simulation, the amplitude relative error and phase relative error of the soft fault reflection coefficient estimated by the proposed method are less than 6% and 5%, respectively. And the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by field cases.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 6","pages":"3092-3100"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3452775
Junji Kondoh
An inverter-based distributed generation system with an interface unit called power conditioning subsystem (PCS) is required to prevent unintentional islanding immediately. Although the run-on time increases in a local isolated grid that includes an induction machine, the mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, first, an anti-islanding test system used for the PCS certification test in Japan was set up, and it was found that most of the reactive power provided by the PCS to promote frequency deviations was absorbed by the connected induction machine. Second, a modified equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction machine was proposed to simulate their behaviors numerically. The simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental results. Especially, the transient absorption of negative reactive power by the induction machine was accurately reproduced. Third, to investigate the mechanism behind the prolongation of the run-on time, the influence of the inertia of the induction machine was analyzed. It was found that there are worst values of moment of inertia that cause the least frequency fluctuation and the longest run-on time under respective islanding conditions. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the behavior and influence of induction machines under an islanding condition.
{"title":"Influence of Induction Machine Loads on Islanding Detection by Inverter-Based Distributed Generation","authors":"Junji Kondoh","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3452775","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3452775","url":null,"abstract":"An inverter-based distributed generation system with an interface unit called power conditioning subsystem (PCS) is required to prevent unintentional islanding immediately. Although the run-on time increases in a local isolated grid that includes an induction machine, the mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, first, an anti-islanding test system used for the PCS certification test in Japan was set up, and it was found that most of the reactive power provided by the PCS to promote frequency deviations was absorbed by the connected induction machine. Second, a modified equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction machine was proposed to simulate their behaviors numerically. The simulation results showed good agreement with the experimental results. Especially, the transient absorption of negative reactive power by the induction machine was accurately reproduced. Third, to investigate the mechanism behind the prolongation of the run-on time, the influence of the inertia of the induction machine was analyzed. It was found that there are worst values of moment of inertia that cause the least frequency fluctuation and the longest run-on time under respective islanding conditions. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the behavior and influence of induction machines under an islanding condition.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 5","pages":"2985-2996"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142123852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3451791
Matheus B. Arcadepani;Alexandre C. Moreira;Helmo K. Morales-Paredes
This letter introduces a novel approach to responsibility assignment in harmonic generation, grounded in Conservative Power Theory (CPT). The methodology is derived through an analysis of the CPT's residual current component. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, a comparison is carried out with the methodologies presented in (Gianesini et al., 2023), revealing that, although the interpretations are analogous, the proposed approach stands out for its remarkable simplicity and ease of implementation, providing significant advantages in terms of practical application. In contrast to methods documented in the literature, the method proposed in this letter exclusively utilizes voltage and current measurements obtained at a single point, thus characterizing it as a non-invasive method. This characteristic eliminates the need to determine the harmonic impedances of the system or install passive or active elements.
{"title":"Non-Invasive Approach to Harmonic Responsibility Assignment Based on Conservative Power Theory","authors":"Matheus B. Arcadepani;Alexandre C. Moreira;Helmo K. Morales-Paredes","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3451791","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3451791","url":null,"abstract":"This letter introduces a novel approach to responsibility assignment in harmonic generation, grounded in Conservative Power Theory (CPT). The methodology is derived through an analysis of the CPT's residual current component. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach, a comparison is carried out with the methodologies presented in (Gianesini et al., 2023), revealing that, although the interpretations are analogous, the proposed approach stands out for its remarkable simplicity and ease of implementation, providing significant advantages in terms of practical application. In contrast to methods documented in the literature, the method proposed in this letter exclusively utilizes voltage and current measurements obtained at a single point, thus characterizing it as a non-invasive method. This characteristic eliminates the need to determine the harmonic impedances of the system or install passive or active elements.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 5","pages":"3009-3012"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142101181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3450916
Miaomiao Zhou;Mengshi Li;Xiaosheng Xu;Qinghua Wu
This paper proposes a multi-source evidence generation strategy (MEGS) that utilises distributed measurements to train a multi-classification support vector machine (SVM) for each observer. An observer employs time-frequency analysis to transform local current signals into feature samples, which serve as inputs to the SVM. The output of the SVM is then subjected to grey relational analysis and a voting mechanism to determine the probability of observers in identifying faults within the section. Due to the inherent uncertainty and variability of faults, the direct application of Dempster-Shafer theory (D-S theory) may result in diagnostic inaccuracies. To address this issue, we introduce an evidence fusion approach based on propositional consistency and evidence consistency (PCEC). Simulation results demonstrate that PCEC significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy beyond that achieved by individual classifiers, with an accuracy of 99.41% under ideal conditions. Factors such as load variations, sampling errors, or single observer errors may affect the quality of the evidence. However, the PCEC is effective in improving diagnostic accuracy. Further ablation studies and comparative analyses with other fusion methods validate the proposed modifications to the D-S theory as both reasonable and superior in terms of accuracy.
{"title":"Regional Fault Location of Distribution Network Based on Distributed Observation and Fusion of Multi-Source Evidence","authors":"Miaomiao Zhou;Mengshi Li;Xiaosheng Xu;Qinghua Wu","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3450916","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3450916","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a multi-source evidence generation strategy (MEGS) that utilises distributed measurements to train a multi-classification support vector machine (SVM) for each observer. An observer employs time-frequency analysis to transform local current signals into feature samples, which serve as inputs to the SVM. The output of the SVM is then subjected to grey relational analysis and a voting mechanism to determine the probability of observers in identifying faults within the section. Due to the inherent uncertainty and variability of faults, the direct application of Dempster-Shafer theory (D-S theory) may result in diagnostic inaccuracies. To address this issue, we introduce an evidence fusion approach based on propositional consistency and evidence consistency (PCEC). Simulation results demonstrate that PCEC significantly enhances diagnostic accuracy beyond that achieved by individual classifiers, with an accuracy of 99.41% under ideal conditions. Factors such as load variations, sampling errors, or single observer errors may affect the quality of the evidence. However, the PCEC is effective in improving diagnostic accuracy. Further ablation studies and comparative analyses with other fusion methods validate the proposed modifications to the D-S theory as both reasonable and superior in terms of accuracy.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 6","pages":"3061-3070"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3451235
Mahir Muratovic;Joseph T. Engelbrecht;Philipp Simka;Paweł Pietrzak;Fabian Mächler;Stefan Erismann;Christian M. Franck
Currently, there is significant effort worldwide in the research and development of $mathrm{{SF}}_{6}$ -free high-voltage circuit breakers, both in academia and industry. One of the most important switching capabilities is thermal current interruption, a process that, in modern self-blast breakers, strongly depends on the coupled effects of nozzle geometry, nozzle ablation, backheating, pressure build-up and gas outflow, as well as contact and puffer cylinder motion actuated through the drive. Previously published investigations on the thermal interruption performance of novel switching gases have used such designs, however, due to the many coupled processes, it is not possible to control the interruption conditions in order to make a full and comparative evaluation of different $mathrm{{SF}}_{6}$ alternative gas mixtures. The aim of the present contribution is to present an experimental circuit breaker tailored for use in basic experiments that allow for an unbiased comparison of properties of alternative gas mixtures relevant for current interruption. The breaker is based on a novel puffer design with an overpressure relief valve that allows the contact stroke and blow pressure to be predicted, controlled and adjusted over a wide parameter range at current zero. This contribution lists the requirements for such an experimental circuit breaker and focuses on its design realization. Experimental validation is given that this device can be used in benchmarking the interruption characteristics of $mathrm{{SF}}_{6}$ alternatives. Systematic comparison of the thermal interruption performance of $mathrm{{SF}}_{6}$ alternatives and investigations of the processes around current zero will be reported in other publications.
{"title":"An Experimental Circuit Breaker for Benchmarking the Intrinsic Interruption Performance of $mathrm{{SF}}_{6}$ Alternative Gas Mixtures","authors":"Mahir Muratovic;Joseph T. Engelbrecht;Philipp Simka;Paweł Pietrzak;Fabian Mächler;Stefan Erismann;Christian M. Franck","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3451235","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3451235","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, there is significant effort worldwide in the research and development of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{{SF}}_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-free high-voltage circuit breakers, both in academia and industry. One of the most important switching capabilities is thermal current interruption, a process that, in modern self-blast breakers, strongly depends on the coupled effects of nozzle geometry, nozzle ablation, backheating, pressure build-up and gas outflow, as well as contact and puffer cylinder motion actuated through the drive. Previously published investigations on the thermal interruption performance of novel switching gases have used such designs, however, due to the many coupled processes, it is not possible to control the interruption conditions in order to make a full and comparative evaluation of different \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{{SF}}_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 alternative gas mixtures. The aim of the present contribution is to present an experimental circuit breaker tailored for use in basic experiments that allow for an unbiased comparison of properties of alternative gas mixtures relevant for current interruption. The breaker is based on a novel puffer design with an overpressure relief valve that allows the contact stroke and blow pressure to be predicted, controlled and adjusted over a wide parameter range at current zero. This contribution lists the requirements for such an experimental circuit breaker and focuses on its design realization. Experimental validation is given that this device can be used in benchmarking the interruption characteristics of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{{SF}}_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 alternatives. Systematic comparison of the thermal interruption performance of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$mathrm{{SF}}_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 alternatives and investigations of the processes around current zero will be reported in other publications.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 6","pages":"3082-3091"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3451178
Paweł Pietrzak;Joseph T. Engelbrecht;Deepshikha Kumari;Christian M. Franck
Measurements of the interruption performance of SF <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and its alternatives including air, CO <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , and its mixtures with O <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , C <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{4}$</tex-math></inline-formula> F <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{7}$</tex-math></inline-formula> N, and C <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{5}$</tex-math></inline-formula> F <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{10}$</tex-math></inline-formula> O were performed under short-line fault like conditions. The measurements were conducted with an experimental puffer-type circuit breaker in which the same upstream pressure and the same contact separation at the current zero instant were ensured for every gas. At <inline-formula><tex-math>$Delta p = text{5.8 bar}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , the interruption limit of SF <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula> was found to be <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{12.39 A}/ mu text{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> . In the CO <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> -based alternatives at the same pressure, the thermal interruption limit was found to range from <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{9.01 A}/ mu text{s},text{to}, text{9.46 A}/ mu text{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , while in air an interruption limit of <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{4.17 A}/ mu text{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> was identified. Despite the similar thermal performance among CO <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> based mixtures, it was found that in those mixtures without fluorinated additives, the overall interruption limit is lowered by the occurrence of hot dielectric failures. Limit values of the arc conductance decay, G200 and G500, were found to be <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{1.44 mS}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{3.83 mS}$</tex-math></inline-formula> respectively in SF <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , while in the alternatives these limit values ranged from two to six times lower. Arc voltage extinction peak was also evaluated, with SF <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula> found to have the lowest limit value at <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{628 V}$</tex-math></inline-formula> , and air found to have the highest at <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{1535 V}$</tex-math></inline-formula> . Post-arc current was also measured, and found to not exceed <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{350 mA}$</tex-math></inline-formula> in any gas, with a duration limited to <inline-formula><tex-math>$text{9}; mu text{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula> or less. Gas analysis of two fluorinated CO <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> mixtures (CO <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula> /C <inline-formula><tex-math>$_{4}$</tex
{"title":"Short-Line Fault Interruption Performance Comparison of SF$_{6}$ Alternatives","authors":"Paweł Pietrzak;Joseph T. Engelbrecht;Deepshikha Kumari;Christian M. Franck","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3451178","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3451178","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of the interruption performance of SF\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and its alternatives including air, CO\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and its mixtures with O\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, C\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{4}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000F\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{7}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000N, and C\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{5}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000F\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{10}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000O were performed under short-line fault like conditions. The measurements were conducted with an experimental puffer-type circuit breaker in which the same upstream pressure and the same contact separation at the current zero instant were ensured for every gas. At \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$Delta p = text{5.8 bar}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, the interruption limit of SF\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 was found to be \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{12.39 A}/ mu text{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. In the CO\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-based alternatives at the same pressure, the thermal interruption limit was found to range from \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{9.01 A}/ mu text{s},text{to}, text{9.46 A}/ mu text{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, while in air an interruption limit of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{4.17 A}/ mu text{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 was identified. Despite the similar thermal performance among CO\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 based mixtures, it was found that in those mixtures without fluorinated additives, the overall interruption limit is lowered by the occurrence of hot dielectric failures. Limit values of the arc conductance decay, G200 and G500, were found to be \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{1.44 mS}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 and \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{3.83 mS}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 respectively in SF\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, while in the alternatives these limit values ranged from two to six times lower. Arc voltage extinction peak was also evaluated, with SF\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{6}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 found to have the lowest limit value at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{628 V}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, and air found to have the highest at \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{1535 V}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Post-arc current was also measured, and found to not exceed \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{350 mA}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 in any gas, with a duration limited to \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$text{9}; mu text{s}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 or less. Gas analysis of two fluorinated CO\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mixtures (CO\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000/C\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$_{4}$</tex","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 6","pages":"3071-3081"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-26DOI: 10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3449389
Dhruba Kumar;Saurabh Dutta;Hazlee Azil Illias
The recent development of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened new avenues in processing parts per million (ppm) for fault detection through dissolved gas analysis (DGA). According to the latest IEC and IEEE standards, the existing methods are only applicable on single fault occurrence. The paper focuses on the challenge of detecting multiple faults occurring simultaneously in cases involving many faults using AI. Further, an inadequate training sample for classification and unavailability of balanced per-fault data reduces the model generalization, increases the risk of overfitting and biased learning towards the majority class. The proposed approach involves normalizing raw ppm values using z-score normalization, reducing dimensionality through t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), and synthesizing data using a generative adversarial network (GAN). Additionally, the parameters of error-correcting output codes (ECOC) and forest classifiers are optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA), efficiently solving multiple faults. F1 score, area under curve (AUC), and k-fold loss are used to evaluate fitness for improved classifier performance. This method outperforms the Duval method, and the data synthesis represents a new contribution to the field. The proposed method can achieve an overall accuracy of 99.6%, 98.6%, and 97.3% for the 9, 15, and 31 classes, respectively.
人工智能（AI）的最新发展为通过溶解气体分析（DGA）处理百万分之一（ppm）故障检测开辟了新途径。根据最新的 IEC 和 IEEE 标准，现有方法仅适用于单个故障的发生。本文重点讨论了在涉及多个故障的情况下使用人工智能检测同时发生的多个故障所面临的挑战。此外，用于分类的训练样本不足以及无法获得均衡的每个故障数据会降低模型的泛化程度，增加过拟合的风险，并使学习偏向于大多数类别。所提出的方法包括使用 z 分数归一化对原始 ppm 值进行归一化，通过 t 分布随机邻域嵌入（t-SNE）降低维度，以及使用生成式对抗网络（GAN）合成数据。此外，还利用遗传算法（GA）优化了纠错输出代码（ECOC）和森林分类器的参数，有效地解决了多种故障。F1 分数、曲线下面积（AUC）和 k 倍损失用于评估改进分类器性能的适应性。该方法优于 Duval 方法，而且数据合成是对该领域的新贡献。对于 9 类、15 类和 31 类，拟议方法的总体准确率分别达到 99.6%、98.6% 和 97.3%。
{"title":"Optimizing Transformer Fault Detection Performance Through the Synergy of AI and Statistical Analysis for Multi-Fault Classification","authors":"Dhruba Kumar;Saurabh Dutta;Hazlee Azil Illias","doi":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3449389","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TPWRD.2024.3449389","url":null,"abstract":"The recent development of artificial intelligence (AI) has opened new avenues in processing parts per million (ppm) for fault detection through dissolved gas analysis (DGA). According to the latest IEC and IEEE standards, the existing methods are only applicable on single fault occurrence. The paper focuses on the challenge of detecting multiple faults occurring simultaneously in cases involving many faults using AI. Further, an inadequate training sample for classification and unavailability of balanced per-fault data reduces the model generalization, increases the risk of overfitting and biased learning towards the majority class. The proposed approach involves normalizing raw ppm values using z-score normalization, reducing dimensionality through t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), and synthesizing data using a generative adversarial network (GAN). Additionally, the parameters of error-correcting output codes (ECOC) and forest classifiers are optimized using a genetic algorithm (GA), efficiently solving multiple faults. F1 score, area under curve (AUC), and k-fold loss are used to evaluate fitness for improved classifier performance. This method outperforms the Duval method, and the data synthesis represents a new contribution to the field. The proposed method can achieve an overall accuracy of 99.6%, 98.6%, and 97.3% for the 9, 15, and 31 classes, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13498,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery","volume":"39 5","pages":"2932-2942"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142085026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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