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Using Low-Cost Sensing Technology to Assess Ambient and Indoor Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in New York during the COVID-19 Lockdown 利用低成本传感技术评估新冠肺炎封锁期间纽约环境和室内细颗粒物浓度
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-08-16 DOI: 10.3390/air1030015
Justin Holder, Jamelia Jordan, K. Johnson, A. Akinremi, D. Roberts-Semple
Air pollution is a leading cause of death in the United States and is associated with adverse health outcomes, including increased vulnerability to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The AirBeam2 was used to measure particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller (PM2.5) to investigate differences between indoor and ambient levels at seven private homes in New York during and after the COVID-19 lockdown. Measurements taken in 2020 fall, 2021 winter, and 2022 fall showed that at 90% of the sites, indoor PM2.5 levels exceeded outdoor levels both during and after the COVID-19 lockdown, p = 0.03, possibly exceeding safety levels. Higher indoor PM2.5 levels attributed to little or no ventilation in the basement and kitchens from cooking and smoke were greater in fall than in winter. Higher ambient PM2.5 levels were attributed to vehicular traffic at a street-facing sampling site. PM2.5 sources identified in this study may help in devising control strategies to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) and consequently alleviate respiratory health effects. These findings may be used as a basis for in-house modifications, including natural ventilation and the use of air purifiers to reduce exposures, mitigate future risks, and prevent potential harm to vulnerable residents.
在美国,空气污染是导致死亡的主要原因之一,并与不良健康结果有关,包括更容易感染2019年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)。AirBeam2用于测量直径小于2.5 μm的颗粒物(PM2.5),以调查纽约7个私人住宅在新冠肺炎封锁期间和之后室内和环境水平的差异。在2020年秋季、2021年冬季和2022年秋季进行的测量显示,在90%的地点,在COVID-19封锁期间和之后,室内PM2.5水平都超过了室外水平,p = 0.03,可能超过了安全水平。由于地下室和厨房很少或没有通风,做饭和冒烟,室内PM2.5水平在秋季高于冬季。在一个面向街道的采样点,较高的环境PM2.5水平归因于车辆交通。本研究确定的PM2.5来源可能有助于制定控制策略,以改善室内空气质量(IAQ),从而减轻呼吸道健康影响。这些发现可以作为室内改造的基础,包括自然通风和使用空气净化器,以减少暴露,减轻未来的风险,并防止对脆弱居民的潜在伤害。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Study of the TVOC Distribution in a Car Cabin 汽车舱内挥发性有机化合物分布的实验研究
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.3390/air1030014
Nadir Hafs, Mokhtar Djeddou, A. Benabed, G. Fokoua, A. Mehel
The vehicle in-cabin is subject to several types of pollutants infiltrating from the outdoors or emitted directly inside it, such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). The concentration of TVOC (total volatile organic compounds) is the result of the emission from different equipment surfaces that compose the car cabin. In the present study, the experimental characterization of TVOC emission from the interior surfaces of a car cabin is discussed by considering the influence of two parameters: the temperature and ventilation modes. A measurement location grid was used to measure TVOC’s emissions from 267 points on all surfaces of the car’s interior equipment. Three different temperatures and two ventilation modes (recirculation and outdoor air) were investigated. The results indicate that the concentration of TVOC increases with the temperature inside the cabin with a contribution that varies with the type of cabin equipment including the dashboard, center console, seats, and carpets. On the other hand, the concentration distributions of TVOC showed relative differences of 10–13% and 2–5% for surface and volumetric measurements, respectively. This implies no preferential positioning of the in-cabin probe for TVOC volumetric concentration measurements. In addition, the recirculation ventilation mode results in a higher accumulation of TVOC; therefore, higher concentrations are measured.
车内的车辆会受到从室外渗透或直接在车内排放的几种污染物的影响,例如挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)。TVOC(总挥发性有机化合物)的浓度是由组成车厢的不同设备表面排放的结果。在本研究中,通过考虑温度和通风方式两个参数的影响,讨论了汽车舱室内表面TVOC排放的实验表征。测量位置网格用于测量汽车内部设备所有表面上267个点的TVOC排放。研究了三种不同的温度和两种通风模式(再循环和室外空气)。结果表明,TVOC浓度随客舱内温度升高而升高,且随客舱设备类型(仪表盘、中控台、座椅和地毯)的不同而变化。另一方面,在表面和体积测量中,TVOC浓度分布的相对差异分别为10-13%和2-5%。这意味着机舱内探头对于TVOC体积浓度测量没有优先定位。此外,再循环通风方式导致TVOC积累较高;因此,测量到更高的浓度。
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引用次数: 0
Application of Data-Driven Building Information Modeling in the Visual Simulation of Disease Transmission and Route with Pipeline System 数据驱动的建筑信息模型在管道系统疾病传播路径可视化仿真中的应用
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7068735
Chen-Yu Pan, H. Hsu, Ko-Wei Huang, Ya-Hua Lin
Currently, preventing epidemics is an extremely critical global topic. Using present data to quickly conduct virus simulations is a difficult but interesting problem, especially when real situations are difficult to experimentally demonstrate. In the past, most studies have used package software for disease transmission simulation, but this approach is limited by availability and software cost. Therefore, we propose a visual simulation of disease transmission using building information modeling data and a 3D model using Unity. The results show that the proposed method can effectively predict the probability and route of disease transmission; it also verifies that the vertical pipeline on the floor plane is conducive to the spread of the virus (90%), and disease transmission on the plane gradually expands outward from the starting room and has a higher probability of spreading (80%) from the opposite room. In addition, a vertical pipeline was simulated using a toilet exhaust air ventilation pipeline, from which it can be observed that the adjacent floors have a higher diffusion probability (70%). It has also been confirmed that distance is the primary factor affecting disease transmission. This framework may provide designers and managers further protection against the spread of future epidemics.
当前,预防流行病是一个极其重要的全球性课题。利用现有数据快速进行病毒模拟是一个困难但有趣的问题,特别是当真实情况难以通过实验证明时。过去的研究大多采用软件包软件进行疾病传播模拟,但这种方法受到可用性和软件成本的限制。因此,我们建议使用建筑信息建模数据和使用Unity的3D模型来可视化模拟疾病传播。结果表明,该方法能有效预测疾病传播的概率和途径;也验证了地板平面上的垂直管道有利于病毒的传播(90%),平面上的疾病传播从起始房间逐渐向外扩展,从对面房间传播的概率更高(80%)。另外,使用厕所排风通风管道模拟垂直管道,可以看出相邻楼层具有更高的扩散概率(70%)。距离也是影响疾病传播的主要因素。这个框架可以为设计人员和管理人员提供进一步的保护,防止未来流行病的蔓延。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Ionization on the Filtration of Fine and Ultrafine Particles in Indoor Air 电离对室内空气中细、超细颗粒物过滤的影响
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-29 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6359137
Pranav Muthukrishnan, F. Farahi
As we spend approximately 80% of our time indoors, improving indoor air quality is necessary to lessen the spread and impacts of respiratory diseases and other health issues caused by particle pollution. Currently, in many countries, the primary method of cleaning indoor air is by using better, higher-grade filters in a recirculating air system or increasing ventilation with outdoor air. One way to supplement these time-tested approaches is by implementing ionization. We used a bipolar ionizer to test the removal efficiency of filters on different particle sizes with and without ionization. Calibrated cigarettes were used to generate smoke into a 28-cubic-meter chamber with a recirculating air handling system. It was found that ionization had a 275% increase in the removal efficiency of the most penetrating particle sizes (100-500 nm). We conclude that ionization drastically improves the filter removal efficiency of fine and ultrafine particles in indoor environments.
由于我们大约80%的时间是在室内度过的,改善室内空气质量对于减少呼吸系统疾病的传播和影响以及由颗粒污染引起的其他健康问题是必要的。目前,在许多国家,清洁室内空气的主要方法是在再循环空气系统中使用更好、等级更高的过滤器或增加室外空气的通风。对这些久经考验的方法进行补充的一种方法是实施电离。我们使用双极电离器来测试不同粒径的过滤器在电离和不电离的情况下的去除效率。经过校准的香烟被用来在一个28立方米的房间里产生烟雾,房间里有一个循环空气处理系统。结果表明,对于穿透性最强的粒径(100 ~ 500 nm),离子处理的去除率提高了275%。我们得出结论,电离大大提高了室内环境中细颗粒和超细颗粒的过滤器去除效率。
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引用次数: 0
Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in House Dust in Canadian Homes: Behaviors and Associations with Housing Characteristics and Consumer Products 二-(2-乙基己基)邻苯二甲酸酯(DEHP)在加拿大家庭的室内灰尘:行为和关联的住房特点和消费产品
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4655289
Luyao Zhang, G. Navaranjan, T. Takaro, S. Bernstein, L. Jantunen, W. Lou, P. Mandhane, T. Moraes, J. Scott, E. Simons, S. Turvey, P. Subbarao, J. Brook
Background. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is ubiquitous in indoor environments, was the predominant phthalate measured in house dust in the Canadian CHILD Cohort and was found to be associated with a large increased risk of childhood asthma. Objective. To inform interventions by identifying sources of DEHP in dust and assessing behaviors related to DEHP concentrations in house dust. Methods. DEHP levels were measured in 726 dust samples collected at ~3 months of age in CHILD as well as in ~50 homes at two time points (June and November) in the CHILD pilot study. DEHP metabolites were measured in urine for a subset of the ~3-month-old infants. Housing characteristics were assessed at the time of dust and urine collection. Numerous factors from these surveys were investigated as potential sources of DEHP using univariate analyses and multivariable regressions. Correlations between DEHP in dust and urinary metabolites and between repeat dust samples were examined to study the relationship between dust measurement and DEHP exposure. Results. Overall, DEHP dust concentrations were higher for lower-income families. Homes with vinyl flooring in the kitchen and bathroom showed higher levels of DEHP than those without vinyl flooring. The quantity of vinyl furniture and the presence of mold were associated with higher DEHP concentrations, while the use of mattress covers reduced concentration. No other significant associations were found. DEHP concentrations in dust were consistent over 6 months, although the correlation between dust and DEHP metabolites in urine was low. Conclusion. DEHP in house dust persisted over multiple months, contributed to infant internal exposure, and was associated with specific housing characteristics. These findings may inform the public on their choice of building materials and products, as well as future policies, aimed at reducing the health risk associated with exposures in the indoor environment especially for children.
背景。二-(2-乙基己基)邻苯二甲酸酯(DEHP)在室内环境中普遍存在,是加拿大儿童队列中房屋灰尘中测量到的主要邻苯二甲酸酯,并被发现与儿童哮喘风险的大幅增加有关。目标。通过确定粉尘中DEHP的来源和评估与室内粉尘中DEHP浓度相关的行为,为干预措施提供信息。方法。在CHILD试点研究中,在两个时间点(6月和11月)对儿童3个月大时和50个家庭中收集的726份粉尘样本进行了DEHP水平测量。在约3个月大的婴儿的尿液中测量DEHP代谢物。在收集灰尘和尿液时评估住房特征。通过单变量分析和多变量回归,研究了这些调查中的许多因素作为DEHP的潜在来源。研究了粉尘中DEHP与尿代谢物以及重复粉尘样品之间的相关性,以研究粉尘测量与DEHP暴露之间的关系。结果。总体而言,低收入家庭的DEHP粉尘浓度较高。厨房和浴室铺有乙烯基地板的家庭比没有乙烯基地板的家庭显示出更高的DEHP水平。乙烯基家具的数量和霉菌的存在与较高的DEHP浓度有关,而床垫套的使用降低了浓度。没有发现其他显著的关联。灰尘中的DEHP浓度在6个月内保持一致,尽管灰尘与尿液中DEHP代谢物之间的相关性很低。结论。房屋灰尘中的DEHP持续数月,导致婴儿内部暴露,并与特定的房屋特征有关。这些调查结果可能会告知公众如何选择建筑材料和产品,以及未来的政策,旨在减少与室内环境暴露有关的健康风险,特别是对儿童而言。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular Characteristics, Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of Gaseous Carbonyl Compounds in Residential Indoor and Outdoor Environments in a Megacity of Northwest China 西北特大城市住宅室内外环境中气态羰基化合物的分子特征、来源及健康风险评价
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7769354
Lu Li, W. Dai, M. Shen, Xinyi Niu, Tafeng Hu, Jing Duan, Junjie Cao, Zhenxing Shen, K. Ho, J. Li
Carbonyl compounds (CCs) in indoor air pose a significant threat to residents’ health and have garnered considerable attention in recent years. However, most studies have focused on low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds (LMW-CCs) and have underestimated the impact of high-molecular-weight ones (HMW-CCs), causing a failure to comprehensively understand their effects on health. In this study, we analyzed twenty carbonyls in the indoor and outdoor air at typical residential communities in a megacity in Northwest China by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a photodiode array detector (DAD). The total concentration of indoor carbonyls was 1.4-3.4 times that of outdoor carbonyls. In addition, the concentration of indoor carbonyls was much higher during the heating season than that during the nonheating season. Conversely, the concentration of outdoor carbonyls was higher during the nonheating season than that during the heating season. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that indoor carbonyl pollution was primarily influenced by building materials, cooking fume, and wooden furniture. Formaldehyde exposure in indoor environments posed a greater health risk to children than acetaldehyde exposure. HMW-CCs were the primary contributors to indoor odor pollution, which was considered a significant cause of sick building syndrome (SBS). Our findings underscore the crucial role of HMW-CCs in indoor environments in exerting adverse impacts on health.
室内空气中的羰基化合物对居民健康构成严重威胁,近年来引起了人们的广泛关注。然而,大多数研究都集中在低分子量羰基化合物(lmw - cc)上,低估了高分子量羰基化合物(hmw - cc)的影响,导致未能全面了解它们对健康的影响。本研究采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)结合光电二极管阵列检测器(DAD)对西北某特大城市典型住宅小区室内和室外空气中的20种羰基进行了分析。室内羰基的总浓度是室外羰基的1.4 ~ 3.4倍。此外,采暖季室内羰基浓度明显高于非采暖季。相反,非采暖季室外羰基浓度高于采暖季。主成分分析表明,室内羰基污染主要受建筑材料、烹饪油烟和木制家具的影响。室内环境中的甲醛暴露比乙醛暴露对儿童的健康风险更大。hmw - cc是室内气味污染的主要来源,被认为是病态建筑综合征(SBS)的重要原因。我们的研究结果强调了室内环境中hmw - cc对健康产生不利影响的关键作用。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of CO2-Sorption Characteristics of Readily Available Solid Materials for Indoor Direct Air Capturing 室内直接捕风固体材料对co2吸附特性的研究
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-14 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8821044
Lukas Baus, S. Nehr, Nobutaka Maeda
Direct air capturing (DAC) is an energy demanding process for CO2-removal from air. Ongoing research focuses on the potential of indoor air as DAC-feed to profit from currently unused energetic synergies between DAC and the built environment. In this work, we investigated the performance of three different readily available, solid DAC-adsorbers under typical indoor environmental conditions of 16-25°C, 25-60% relative humidity (RH), and CO2-concentrations of less than 800 ppm above atmospheric concentrations. The measured mass-specific CO2-adsorption capacities of K2CO3-impregnated activated carbon, polyethylenimine-snow (PEI-snow), and polyethylenimine (PEI) on silica amount to 6.5 ± 0.3   mg   g − 1 , 52.9 ± 4.9   mg   g − 1 , and 56.9 ± 4.2   mg   g − 1 , respectively. Among the three investigated adsorber materials, PEI on silica is the most promising candidate for DAC-applications as its synthesis is rather simple, the CO2-desorption is feasible at moderate conditions of about 80°C at 100 mbar, and the competing co-adsorption of water does not strongly affect the CO2-adsorption under the investigated experimental conditions.
直接空气捕获(DAC)是从空气中去除二氧化碳的耗能过程。正在进行的研究侧重于室内空气作为DAC馈源的潜力,以从DAC和建筑环境之间目前未使用的能量协同效应中获利。在这项工作中,我们研究了三种不同的现成的固体dac吸附剂在典型的室内环境条件下的性能:16-25°C, 25-60%相对湿度(RH), co2浓度低于大气浓度800ppm。k2co3浸渍活性炭、聚乙烯亚胺-雪(PEI-snow)和聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)在二氧化硅上的吸附量分别为6.5±0.3 mg g−1、52.9±4.9 mg g−1和56.9±4.2 mg g−1。在所研究的三种吸附材料中,二氧化硅上的PEI是最有希望应用于dac的材料,因为它的合成相当简单,在大约80°C和100 mbar的中等条件下co2解吸是可行的,并且在所研究的实验条件下,水的竞争共吸附对co2的吸附没有强烈的影响。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparison of Ambient Air Ethylene Oxide Modeling Estimates from Facility Stack and Fugitive Emissions to Canister-Based Ambient Air Measurements in Salt Lake City 盐湖城环境空气环氧乙烷模拟估算的设施堆和逸散排放与基于罐的环境空气测量的比较
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-06 DOI: 10.3390/air1030013
S. B. Spooner, Rod Handy, Nancy Daher, R. Edie, Trenton D. Henry, Darrah K. Sleeth
Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a colorless, flammable gas at room temperature produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene. EtO is widely used by medical sterilization facilities to clean medical supplies and equipment. Recent epidemiological studies showed that EtO is a more potent carcinogen than previously documented, leading the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to update, in December 2016, the inhalation unit risk estimate for EtO. This resulted in the identification of EtO as a potential health concern in several areas across the US, including the state of Utah. The geography surrounding Salt Lake Valley creates a bowl, which is ideal for collecting air pollution emissions. The region often experiences inversion episodes which inhibit vertical mixing and cause an accumulation of air pollutants, leading to unhealthy pollution levels. Using the EPA’s dispersion modeling software, AERMOD, this study estimated EtO concentrations through facility stack and fugitive emissions modeling results. These values were compared with those of canister-based concentrations from ambient air samples taken near a medical device sterilization facility in Salt Lake Valley. Stainless steel whole-air passivated canisters were used to collect 24 h ambient concentration samples of EtO. Eight locations surrounding a Salt Lake Valley medical device sterilization facility and four background sites were chosen to measure the ambient concentrations. Accounting for potential atmospheric impacts on EtO, measurements were sampled in winter 2022 (January–March) and summer 2022 (July–September). The modeled EtO concentrations were adjusted to account for background values associated with the winter or summer data. Then, the two methodologies were compared using a Wilcoxon signed-ranked paired test. The statistical analysis resulted in six of the eight sample locations surrounding the sterilization facility being significantly different when comparing the canister-based measurements of ambient EtO to modeled estimates. Canister-based measurements taken at sites one, three, and four were statistically greater than the modeled estimates, while sites two, five, and seven were statistically less than the modeled estimates. Also, the summer background value calculated was almost 2.5 times greater than the winter one. The results do not suggest whether one method is more or less conservative than the other. In conclusion, the five of the closest sites and site seven were statistically different when comparing measured and modeled ambient concentrations of EtO. The comparison results do not clearly indicate if a correction factor could be derived for future human exposure to cancer risk assessment modeling. However, it is reasonable that the closer to the sterilization facility, the more total EtO exposure will be realized.
环氧乙烷(EtO)是一种在室温下由乙烯催化氧化产生的无色可燃气体。EtO广泛用于医疗消毒设施,用于清洁医疗用品和设备。最近的流行病学研究表明,EtO是一种比以前记录的更强的致癌物,这导致美国环境保护署(EPA)在2016年12月更新了EtO的吸入单位风险估计。这导致在美国包括犹他州在内的几个地区将电子商务组织确定为潜在的健康问题。盐湖谷周围的地理环境形成了一个“碗”,是收集空气污染排放的理想场所。该地区经常经历逆温事件,这抑制了垂直混合,造成空气污染物的积累,导致不健康的污染水平。使用EPA的分散建模软件AERMOD,本研究通过设施堆和逸散排放建模结果估计了EtO浓度。这些值与盐湖谷医疗器械灭菌设施附近采集的环境空气样本的罐基浓度进行了比较。采用不锈钢全空气钝化罐采集24 h环境浓度EtO样品。选择盐湖谷医疗器械消毒设施周围的8个地点和4个背景地点测量环境浓度。考虑到大气对EtO的潜在影响,在2022年冬季(1月至3月)和2022年夏季(7月至9月)对测量数据进行了采样。对模拟的EtO浓度进行了调整,以考虑与冬季或夏季数据相关的背景值。然后,使用Wilcoxon符号排序配对检验对两种方法进行比较。统计分析结果显示,在将基于罐的环境EtO测量值与模型估计值进行比较时,灭菌设施周围的8个样本位置中有6个存在显著差异。在站点1、3和4进行的基于罐的测量在统计上大于模型估计,而站点2、5和7在统计上小于模型估计。夏季的背景值几乎是冬季的2.5倍。结果并没有表明一种方法是否比另一种方法更保守。综上所述,当比较测量和模拟的环境EtO浓度时,最近的5个站点和7个站点存在统计学差异。比较结果并没有明确表明是否可以为未来的人类暴露于癌症风险评估模型推导出校正因子。然而,离灭菌设施越近,总暴露量越大是合理的。
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引用次数: 0
A Visualized Method of Airflow between Adjacent Zones inside a Multizone Building Based on Pressure Difference Frequency: Airflow Mapping 基于压差频率的多分区建筑内相邻区域间气流可视化方法:气流映射
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5433093
Jiajun Jing, Dong-Seok Lee, Jaewan Joe, Eui-Jong Kim, Young-Hum Cho, Jae-hun Jo
The airflow movement inside a multizone building has a significant impact on pollutant transfer, thermal comfort, and indoor air quality. However, there are difficulties in visualizing the airflow movement with existing methods. This study proposes a visualization method for evaluating airflows between adjacent internal zones inside a multizone building based on the analysis of pressure difference frequency. After the distribution of absolute pressure is measured and the wind pressures on the surfaces of the building are calculated, the variation of pressure differences between each couple of adjacent zones is analyzed for three levels: greater than 0 Pa, equal to 0 Pa, and less than 0 Pa (for any given zones selected as target zones). Finally, an airflow mapping is created for each floor using the visNetwork tool based on the R language. A target building was selected for applying the proposed method. The airflow mappings were derived from a detailed analysis of the pressure difference frequency between each couple of adjacent zones, presenting the variations of airflow direction and the dominant airflow during the measurement period in a visualized form. For example, the airflow direction from 1F_Z2 to 1F_Z3 is 92.0%. The spatial similarity in the variations of the airflow directions can also be observed on certain floors. The results of this experimental study show that the airflows between multiple zones can be easily identified without a complex building zone analysis. The variation in internal airflow direction between adjacent zones can be intuitively visualized, providing insight to the airtightness levels of building components. It is also observed that the airflow rates computed based on the airflow mappings can provide more guidance for the control of HVAC systems.
多分区建筑内的气流运动对污染物转移、热舒适和室内空气质量有重要影响。然而,现有的方法在可视化气流运动方面存在困难。本文提出了一种基于压差频率分析的多分区建筑内相邻区域间气流流动的可视化评价方法。在测量了绝对压力分布并计算了建筑物表面的风压后,分析了大于0 Pa、等于0 Pa和小于0 Pa三个级别(对于选定的任何给定区域作为目标区)相邻区域之间的压力差变化。最后,使用基于R语言的visNetwork工具为每个楼层创建气流图。选择了一个目标建筑应用该方法。气流映射是通过对相邻区域之间的压差频率进行详细分析得出的,以可视化的形式呈现了测量期间气流方向和主导气流的变化。例如1F_Z2到1F_Z3气流方向为92.0%。在某些楼层也可以观察到气流方向变化的空间相似性。该实验研究结果表明,无需复杂的建筑区域分析,即可轻松识别多个区域之间的气流。相邻区域之间的内部气流方向变化可以直观地可视化,从而了解建筑组件的气密性水平。研究还发现,基于气流映射计算的气流速率可以为暖通空调系统的控制提供更好的指导。
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引用次数: 1
Reduction of Typical Diesel NOx Emissions by SCR-NH3 Using Metal-Exchanged Natural Zeolite and SBA-15 Catalysts 金属交换天然沸石和SBA-15催化剂催化SCR-NH3降低典型柴油NOx排放
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-06-30 DOI: 10.3390/air1030012
Amanda P.M.P. Alcantara, Mona Lisa Moura de Oliveira, Jesuína Cássia Santiago de Araújo, R. dos Santos Araújo, Rita Karolinny Chaves de Lima, A. Bueno, Maria Eugênia Vieira da Silva, P. A. Costa Rocha, E. Rodriguez-castellon
In this work, the catalytic performance of clinoptilolite (CLIN) and SBA-15 catalysts, doped with Fe and Cu, was evaluated in the selective catalytic reduction of NO using NH3 as a reducing agent (SCR-NH3). Both Cu-CLIN and Fe-CLIN were obtained by ion-exchange using natural clinoptilolite zeolite originating from the Hrabovec deposit (northeast Slovakia region). Cu-SBA-15 and Fe-SBA-15 were prepared by impregnation into SBA-15 mesoporous synthesized silica. Standard catalytic activity tests were carried out on a bench-scale laboratory apparatus using a reaction mixture of a standard test. GHSV of 48,000 h−1 was adopted based on the space velocity of a real NH3-SCR catalyst for diesel vehicles (100–550 °C). All Cu-doped samples showed better NO conversion values than Fe-doped samples. Clinoptilolite catalysts were more active than those based on SBA-15. Maximum NO conversions of about 96% were observed for Cu-CLIN and Fe-CLIN at 350–400 °C, respectively. Moreover, Fe-CLIN also showed higher stability in the presence of SO2 and water steam at 350 °C. These results demonstrate the potential of metal-doped natural clinoptilolite to be used as cost-effective catalysts applied to the abatement of NOx emissions generated in automotive combustion processes.
本文研究了以NH3为还原剂(SCR-NH3)对斜发沸石(CLIN)和SBA-15催化剂(Fe和Cu掺杂)选择性催化还原NO的催化性能。Cu-CLIN和Fe-CLIN均由产自斯洛伐克东北部Hrabovec矿床的天然斜沸石沸石离子交换得到。在SBA-15介孔合成二氧化硅中浸渍制备了Cu-SBA-15和Fe-SBA-15。标准的催化活性测试是在一个试验台规模的实验室设备上使用标准测试的反应混合物进行的。根据柴油车用真实NH3-SCR催化剂的空速(100-550℃),GHSV为48,000 h−1。cu掺杂样品的NO转换值均优于fe掺杂样品。斜沸石催化剂比基于SBA-15的催化剂活性更高。Cu-CLIN和Fe-CLIN在350 ~ 400℃时的NO转化率分别达到96%左右。此外,Fe-CLIN在350℃的SO2和水蒸气存在下也表现出更高的稳定性。这些结果表明,金属掺杂的天然斜沸石有潜力作为具有成本效益的催化剂,用于减少汽车燃烧过程中产生的氮氧化物排放。
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Indoor air
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