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Effectiveness of Air Filters in Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 空气过滤器对过敏性鼻炎的疗效:系统回顾与元分析
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8847667
Ming-Yang Shih, Hsueh-Wen Hsu, Ssu-Yin Chen, Ming-Jang Su, Wei-Cheng Lo, Chiehfeng Chen

Previous studies have evaluated the effectiveness of air filters in mitigating the symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR). However, these studies have yielded inconsistent results. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effectiveness of air filters for patients with AR. For this, we comprehensively searched the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases to identify relevant articles. The results are presented in terms of standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) values with the fixed-effects model (FEM) and random-effects model (REM). Eight randomized controlled trials were included in our meta-analysis. Of these, three had a parallel design and five had a crossover design. Regarding clinical outcomes, pooled analyses performed using patients’ nighttime and daytime symptom scores revealed SMD values of −0.21 (95% CI: −0.35 to −0.07 (FEM) and −0.35 to −0.08 (REM)) and −0.16 (95% CI: −0.30 to −0.03 (both FEM and REM)), respectively. However, no significant changes were noted in the SMD values when assessing medication use, quality of life (QoL), or peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). In conclusion, air filters may help alleviate symptoms associated with AR; however, their effects on medication use, QoL, and PEFR appear to be limited. This systemic review and meta-analysis is registered with CRD42022380560.

以往的研究评估了空气过滤器在减轻过敏性鼻炎(AR)症状方面的效果。然而,这些研究得出的结果并不一致。本系统综述和荟萃分析旨在评估空气过滤器对 AR 患者的疗效。为此,我们全面检索了 PubMed、Embase 和 Cochrane 图书馆数据库,以确定相关文章。研究结果采用固定效应模型(FEM)和随机效应模型(REM),以标准化平均差(SMD)和95%置信区间(CI)值表示。我们的荟萃分析纳入了八项随机对照试验。其中,三项采用平行设计,五项采用交叉设计。在临床结果方面,使用患者的夜间和白天症状评分进行的汇总分析显示,SMD 值分别为-0.21(95% CI:-0.35 至-0.07(FEM)和-0.35 至-0.08(REM))和-0.16(95% CI:-0.30 至-0.03(FEM 和 REM))。然而,在评估药物使用情况、生活质量(QoL)或呼气峰流速(PEFR)时,SMD 值没有明显变化。总之,空气过滤器可能有助于缓解与 AR 相关的症状;但其对药物使用、生活质量和呼气峰流速的影响似乎有限。本系统综述和荟萃分析的注册号为 CRD42022380560。
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引用次数: 0
A New Model for Building Energy Modeling and Management Using Predictive Analytics: Partitioned Hierarchical Multitask Regression (PHMR) 使用预测分析的建筑能源建模和管理新模型:分区分层多任务回归(PHMR)
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5595459
Shuluo Ning, Hyunsoo Yoon

Buildings are major consumers of energy, accounting for a significant proportion of total energy use worldwide. This substantial energy consumption not only leads to increased operational costs but also contributes to environmental concerns such as greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States, building energy consumption accounts for about 40% of total energy use, highlighting the importance of efficient energy management. Therefore, accurate prediction of energy usage in buildings is crucial. However, accurate prediction of building energy consumption remains a challenge due to the intricate interaction of indoor and outdoor variables. This study introduces the Partitioned Hierarchical Multitask Regression (PHMR), an innovative model integrating recursive partition regression (RPR) with multitask learning (hierML). PHMR adeptly predicts building energy consumption by integrating both indoor factors, such as building design and operational variables, and outdoor environmental influences. Rigorous simulation studies illustrate PHMR’s efficacy. It outperforms traditional single-predictor regression models, achieving a 32.88% to 41.80% higher prediction accuracy, especially in scenarios with limited training data. This highlights PHMR’s robustness and adaptability. The practical application of PHMR in managing a modular house’s Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system in Spain resulted in a 37% improvement in prediction accuracy. This significant efficiency gain is evidenced by a high Pearson correlation coefficient (0.8) between PHMR’s predictions and actual energy consumption. PHMR not only offers precise predictions for energy consumption but also facilitates operational cost reductions, thereby enhancing sustainability in building energy management. Its application in a real-world setting demonstrates the model’s potential as a valuable tool for architects, engineers, and facility managers in designing and maintaining energy-efficient buildings. The model’s integration of comprehensive data analysis with domain-specific knowledge positions it as a crucial asset in advancing sustainable energy practices in the building sector.

建筑是能源消耗大户,在全球能源使用总量中占有相当大的比例。大量的能源消耗不仅导致运营成本增加,还引发了温室气体排放等环境问题。在美国,建筑能耗约占总能耗的 40%,这凸显了高效能源管理的重要性。因此,准确预测建筑能耗至关重要。然而,由于室内外变量之间错综复杂的相互作用,准确预测建筑能耗仍然是一项挑战。本研究介绍了分区分层多任务回归(PHMR),这是一种将递归分区回归(RPR)与多任务学习(hierML)相结合的创新模型。PHMR 综合了室内因素(如建筑设计和运行变量)和室外环境影响因素,能很好地预测建筑能耗。严格的模拟研究证明了 PHMR 的功效。它优于传统的单一预测回归模型,预测准确率提高了 32.88% 至 41.80%,尤其是在训练数据有限的情况下。这凸显了 PHMR 的鲁棒性和适应性。在西班牙,PHMR 在管理模块化房屋的供暖、通风和空调(HVAC)系统中的实际应用使预测准确率提高了 37%。PHMR 预测值与实际能耗之间的皮尔逊相关系数高达 0.8,证明了效率的大幅提升。PHMR 不仅能精确预测能源消耗,还有助于降低运营成本,从而提高建筑能源管理的可持续性。该模型在实际环境中的应用表明,它有潜力成为建筑师、工程师和设施管理人员设计和维护节能建筑的重要工具。该模型将全面的数据分析与特定领域的知识相结合,使其成为推动建筑领域可持续能源实践的重要资产。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting Personal Exposure to PM2.5 Using Different Determinants and Machine Learning Algorithms in Two Megacities, China 使用不同的决定因素和机器学习算法预测中国两个特大城市的 PM2.5 个人暴露量
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5589891
Na Li, Yunpu Li, Dongqun Xu, Zhe Liu, Ning Li, Ryan Chartier, Junrui Chang, Qin Wang, Chunyu Xu

The primary aim of this study is to explore the utility of machine learning algorithms for predicting personal PM2.5 exposures of elderly participants and to evaluate the effect of individual variables on model performance. Personal PM2.5 was measured on five consecutive days across seasons in 66 retired adults in Beijing (BJ) and Nanjing (NJ), China. The potential predictors were extracted from routine monitoring data (ambient PM2.5 concentrations and meteorological factors), basic questionnaires (personal and household characteristics), and time-activity diary (TAD). Prediction models were developed based on either traditional multiple linear regression (MLR) or five advanced machine learning methods. Our results revealed that personal PM2.5 exposures were well predicted by both MLR and machine learning models with predictors extracted from routine monitoring data, which was indicated by the high nested cross-validation (CV) R2 ranging from 0.76 to 0.88. The addition of predictors from either the questionnaire or TAD did not improve predictive accuracy for all algorithms. The ambient PM2.5 concentrations were the most important predictor. Overall, the random forest, support vector machine, and extreme gradient boosting algorithms outperformed the reference MLR method. Compared with the traditional MLR approach, the CV R2 of the RF model increased up to 7% (from 0.82 ± 0.13 to 0.88 ± 0.10), while the RMSE reduced up to 18% (from 19.8 ± 5.4 to 16.3 ± 4.5) in BJ.

本研究的主要目的是探索机器学习算法对预测老年参与者个人 PM2.5 暴露的实用性,并评估个体变量对模型性能的影响。研究人员对中国北京和南京的 66 名退休成年人进行了跨季节、连续五天的个人 PM2.5 测量。从常规监测数据(环境 PM2.5 浓度和气象因素)、基本问卷(个人和家庭特征)和时间活动日记(TAD)中提取了潜在的预测因子。根据传统的多元线性回归(MLR)或五种先进的机器学习方法建立了预测模型。我们的研究结果表明,利用从常规监测数据中提取的预测因子建立的多元线性回归模型和机器学习模型都能很好地预测个人的 PM2.5 暴露,嵌套交叉验证(CV)R2 从 0.76 到 0.88 不等,说明了这一点。在所有算法中,增加来自问卷或 TAD 的预测因子并没有提高预测准确性。环境 PM2.5 浓度是最重要的预测因子。总体而言,随机森林、支持向量机和极端梯度提升算法的表现优于参考的 MLR 方法。与传统的 MLR 方法相比,RF 模型的 CV R2 增加了 7%(从 0.82±0.13 到 0.88±0.10),而 RMSE 在 BJ 中减少了 18%(从 19.8±5.4 到 16.3±4.5)。
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引用次数: 0
Long-Term Characterization of Indoor Air Quality at a Research Area Building: Comparing Reference Instruments and Low-Cost Sensors 研究区大楼室内空气质量的长期特征描述:参考仪器与低成本传感器的比较
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8799498
Mariarosaria Calvello, Francesca Agresti, Francesco Esposito, Giulia Pavese

Indoor particle number size distribution (0.3-10 μm), equivalent black carbon (eBC), and Ångström absorption exponent (AAE) data were collected in real conditions, over a ten-month period at a research area building, in a semirural site, to characterize indoor aerosol loading. Additionally, during the campaign, emissions from four indoor sources commonly used at the site (incense, traditional cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and heat-not-burn products) were studied during short-term experiments with the support of ultrafine particle (UFP) monitoring. Two particle low-cost sensors (PM LCS), Sensirion SPS30 (0.3-10 μm), were evaluated in the long-term campaign and during fast emission processes, to assess their accuracy and reliability. Penetration and infiltration of both fine and coarse particles from outdoor traffic, domestic heating, and dust resuspension were inferred as the main sources of indoor aerosols on a long-term basis. Moreover, long-range transported dust aerosols were found to influence indoor coarse number concentration. Among the source events, heat-not-burn (HNB) product resulted in the lowest effect on indoor air quality, whereas the highest AAE values from incense and traditional cigarettes suggest the brown carbon (BrC) production. The highest emission of UFP was caused by electronic cigarettes (e-cig), which spanned particles from the ultrafine to the coarse fractions. This was likely due to the release of metal and silicate from the coil. Analysis of number size distributions of the four experiments revealed the emission of fine particles (0.3-1 μm) and super micron particles. SPS30s performance was satisfactory in terms of accuracy, precision, and durability, indicating that these devices are suitable for monitoring indoor air quality. Additionally, the two PM LCS were able to detect all simulated fast emission sources.

在半农村地区的一栋研究区建筑中,在实际条件下收集了为期十个月的室内粒径分布(0.3-10 μm)、等效黑碳(eBC)和Ångström 吸收指数(AAE)数据,以确定室内气溶胶负荷的特征。此外,在活动期间,在超细粒子(UFP)监测的支持下,在短期实验中研究了该场所常用的四种室内源(香、传统香烟、电子香烟和加热不燃烧产品)的排放情况。在长期活动和快速排放过程中,对 Sensirion SPS30(0.3-10 μm)这两种颗粒物低成本传感器(PM LCS)进行了评估,以评估其准确性和可靠性。室外交通、家庭取暖和灰尘再悬浮所产生的细颗粒和粗颗粒的渗透和渗入被推断为室内气溶胶的主要长期来源。此外,长程飘移的尘埃气溶胶也会影响室内粗颗粒物的浓度。在各种来源事件中,热而不燃(HNB)产品对室内空气质量的影响最小,而熏香和传统香烟的 AAE 值最高,这表明有褐碳(BrC)产生。电子香烟(e-cig)的超细颗粒物(UFP)排放量最高,从超细颗粒物到粗颗粒物都有。这可能是由于线圈释放出金属和硅酸盐。对四次实验的粒度分布进行分析后发现,排放出了细颗粒(0.3-1 微米)和超微颗粒。SPS30 在准确度、精确度和耐用性方面的表现都令人满意,表明这些设备适用于监测室内空气质量。此外,这两种 PM LCS 能够检测到所有模拟的快速排放源。
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引用次数: 0
CFD Simulations of Small Particle Behavior with Blower-Driven Airflows in Single-Family Residential Buildings 单户住宅楼鼓风机驱动气流小颗粒行为的 CFD 模拟
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6685891
Yigang Sun, Paul Francisco, Zachary Merrin, Kiel Gilleade

Inhaling airborne droplets exhaled from an infected person is the principal mode of COVID-19 transmission. When residential energy efficiency workers conduct blower door tests in occupied residences with a COVID-19-infected occupant potentially present, there is a concern that it could put the workers at risk of infection with massive flows of air being generated by the tests. To minimize this risk, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were conducted for four prototype houses to develop guidelines for workers to follow during their service visits. The CFD simulations visualized the movements and evaluated the residence time of small particles released at certain locations under a series of scenarios representing situations that are likely to be encountered during in-home energy efficiency services. Guidelines were derived from the simulated tracks of droplets to help to increase the safety of the worker(s).

吸入感染者呼出的空气飞沫是 COVID-19 的主要传播方式。当住宅节能工作人员在可能存在 COVID-19 感染者的有人居住的住宅中进行鼓风机门测试时,人们担心测试产生的大量气流会使工作人员面临感染风险。为了最大限度地降低这种风险,我们对四栋样板房进行了计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟,以制定工人在上门服务时应遵循的指导原则。计算流体动力学模拟可视化了小颗粒的运动情况,并评估了在一系列情景下,小颗粒在特定位置释放的停留时间,这些情景代表了上门节能服务过程中可能遇到的情况。根据模拟的液滴轨迹得出了指导原则,以帮助提高工作人员的安全性。
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引用次数: 0
Associations of Indoor Ventilation Frequency with Depression and Anxiety in Chinese Older Adults 中国老年人室内通风频率与抑郁和焦虑的关系
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9943687
Jing Du, Yan Cui, Ling Yang, Ying Duan, Qi Qi, Huaqing Liu

Depression and anxiety carry an important public health burden. Indoor air pollution is associated with depression and anxiety. Ventilation can reduce the concentration of indoor air pollution and improve indoor air quality. This study explored the relationship between indoor ventilation frequency and depression and anxiety in older adults using the data from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Compared with older people with low indoor ventilation frequency, those with high indoor ventilation frequency had 51% lower odds of depression (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.57) and 37% lower odds of anxiety (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.91), and those with intermediate indoor ventilation frequency had 35% lower odds of depression (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.75) and 45% lower odds of anxiety (OR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.82). The results were similar across the seasons. However, there were sex, age, lifestyle, and cooking fuel use-specific differences in these associations. The findings emphasize that high ventilation frequency may be conducive to improving mental health in older adults, especially women, the old elder, nonsmokers, nondrinkers, and those who do not exercise and cooked at home.

抑郁症和焦虑症给公众健康带来了沉重负担。室内空气污染与抑郁和焦虑有关。通风可以降低室内空气污染浓度,改善室内空气质量。本研究利用2018年中国健康长寿纵向调查数据,探讨了室内通风频率与老年人抑郁和焦虑之间的关系。与室内通风频率低的老年人相比,室内通风频率高的老年人抑郁几率降低51%(OR=0.49,95% CI:0.43~0.57),焦虑几率降低37%(OR=0.63,95% CI:0.43~0.91);室内通风频率中等的老年人抑郁几率降低35%(OR=0.65,95% CI:0.56~0.75),焦虑几率降低45%(OR=0.55,95% CI:0.37~0.82)。不同季节的结果相似。不过,这些关联在性别、年龄、生活方式和烹饪燃料使用方面存在特定差异。研究结果强调,通风频率高可能有利于改善老年人的心理健康,尤其是女性、高龄老人、不吸烟、不喝酒以及不运动和在家做饭的老年人。
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引用次数: 0
A Comprehensive Index for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ventilation-Related Infection Prevention Measures with Energy Considerations: Development and Application Perspectives 评估与通风相关的感染预防措施有效性的综合指标,其中考虑到能源因素:开发与应用视角
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-03 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9819794
Ruben Makris, Claudia Kopic, Lukas Schumann, Martin Kriegel

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, prioritizing indoor air quality has emerged as a crucial measure for preventing infections. Effective ventilation is vital in mitigating airborne pathogen transmission and maintaining a healthy indoor environment by diluting and removing infectious particles from enclosed spaces. However, increasing the supply of pathogen-free air to enhance infection control can lead to a rise in energy consumption. Nevertheless, evaluating the overall efficacy of ventilation-based infection prevention strategies while considering their energy requirements has posed challenges. This scientific paper introduces the ICEE (Infection Control’s Energy Efficiency) index, a newly developed simple integrated index to assess the effectiveness of ventilation strategies in reducing infection risks while accounting for associated energy demands. The paper reviews the current understanding of ventilation strategies, their impact on infection prevention, and their corresponding energy consumption. By employing a straightforward analytical approach, this metric offers a comprehensive framework to optimize ventilation systems for both infection prevention and energy efficiency. To quantify infection risk, a simplified equation model is utilized, incorporating factors such as ventilation effectiveness and filter efficiency, in case of recirculation. Energy demand is determined using approximations and relevant values from existing literature. Reference cases are defined, distinguishing between natural and mechanically ventilated scenarios, as these reference situations influence the energy-related effects of any implemented measures. The paper outlines the methodology employed to develop the index and illustrates its applicability through exemplary measures. The proposed index yields valuable insights for the design, operation, and retrofitting of ventilation systems, enabling informed decision-making towards fostering a healthier and more sustainable built environment.

COVID-19 大流行之后,优先考虑室内空气质量已成为预防感染的关键措施。通过稀释和清除密闭空间中的传染性微粒,有效的通风对于减少空气中病原体的传播和维持健康的室内环境至关重要。然而,为加强感染控制而增加无病原体空气的供应可能会导致能耗增加。然而,评估基于通风的感染预防策略的整体效果,同时考虑其能源需求,一直是个难题。本科学论文介绍了 ICEE(感染控制能效)指数,这是一种新开发的简单综合指数,用于评估通风策略在降低感染风险方面的有效性,同时考虑相关的能源需求。论文回顾了目前对通风策略、其对预防感染的影响以及相应能耗的理解。通过采用简单明了的分析方法,该指标提供了一个综合框架,用于优化通风系统,以达到预防感染和提高能效的目的。为了量化感染风险,我们使用了一个简化方程模型,其中包含了通风效果和过滤器效率等因素。能源需求是利用现有文献中的近似值和相关值确定的。对参考案例进行了定义,区分了自然通风和机械通风两种情况,因为这些参考情况会影响任何已实施措施的能源相关效果。本文概述了开发该指数所采用的方法,并通过示范措施说明了其适用性。所提出的指数可为通风系统的设计、运行和改造提供有价值的见解,使人们能够在知情的情况下做出决策,从而营造更健康、更可持续的建筑环境。
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引用次数: 0
A Comprehensive Index for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ventilation-Related Infection Prevention Measures with Energy Considerations: Development and Application Perspectives 评估与通风相关的感染预防措施有效性的综合指标,其中考虑到能源因素:开发与应用视角
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-03 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9819794
Ruben Makris, Claudia Kopic, Lukas Schumann, Martin Kriegel
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, prioritizing indoor air quality has emerged as a crucial measure for preventing infections. Effective ventilation is vital in mitigating airborne pathogen transmission and maintaining a healthy indoor environment by diluting and removing infectious particles from enclosed spaces. However, increasing the supply of pathogen-free air to enhance infection control can lead to a rise in energy consumption. Nevertheless, evaluating the overall efficacy of ventilation-based infection prevention strategies while considering their energy requirements has posed challenges. This scientific paper introduces the ICEE (Infection Control’s Energy Efficiency) index, a newly developed simple integrated index to assess the effectiveness of ventilation strategies in reducing infection risks while accounting for associated energy demands. The paper reviews the current understanding of ventilation strategies, their impact on infection prevention, and their corresponding energy consumption. By employing a straightforward analytical approach, this metric offers a comprehensive framework to optimize ventilation systems for both infection prevention and energy efficiency. To quantify infection risk, a simplified equation model is utilized, incorporating factors such as ventilation effectiveness and filter efficiency, in case of recirculation. Energy demand is determined using approximations and relevant values from existing literature. Reference cases are defined, distinguishing between natural and mechanically ventilated scenarios, as these reference situations influence the energy-related effects of any implemented measures. The paper outlines the methodology employed to develop the index and illustrates its applicability through exemplary measures. The proposed index yields valuable insights for the design, operation, and retrofitting of ventilation systems, enabling informed decision-making towards fostering a healthier and more sustainable built environment.
COVID-19 大流行之后,优先考虑室内空气质量已成为预防感染的关键措施。通过稀释和清除密闭空间中的传染性微粒,有效的通风对于减少空气中病原体的传播和维持健康的室内环境至关重要。然而,为加强感染控制而增加无病原体空气的供应可能会导致能耗增加。然而,评估基于通风的感染预防策略的整体效果,同时考虑其能源需求,一直是个难题。本科学论文介绍了 ICEE(感染控制能效)指数,这是一种新开发的简单综合指数,用于评估通风策略在降低感染风险方面的有效性,同时考虑相关的能源需求。论文回顾了目前对通风策略、其对预防感染的影响以及相应能耗的理解。通过采用简单明了的分析方法,该指标提供了一个综合框架,用于优化通风系统,以达到预防感染和提高能效的目的。为了量化感染风险,我们使用了一个简化方程模型,其中包含了通风效果和过滤器效率等因素。能源需求是利用现有文献中的近似值和相关值确定的。对参考案例进行了定义,区分了自然通风和机械通风两种情况,因为这些参考情况会影响任何已实施措施的能源相关效果。本文概述了开发该指数所采用的方法,并通过示范措施说明了其适用性。所提出的指数可为通风系统的设计、运行和改造提供有价值的见解,使人们能够在知情的情况下做出决策,从而营造更健康、更可持续的建筑环境。
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引用次数: 0
Enhancing PM2.5 Measurement Accuracy: Insights from Environmental Factors and BAM-Light Scattering Device Correlation 提高 PM2.5 测量精度:从环境因素和 BAM-光散射装置相关性中获得的启示
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2930582
Minju Kim, Hajin Choi, Jeonghun Lee, Su-Gwang Jeong

Studies investigating the correlation between particulate matter (PM) concentrations measured by a light scattering (LS) device and environmental factors are crucial to identify LS values with significant errors. Herein, the relationship between PM2.5 obtained through beta attenuation monitoring (BAM) and LS was examined with respect to seven environmental factors. Machine learning (ML) and general statistical methods were employed to reveal complex relationships. Data from five cities were initially analyzed to understand the association between BAM measurements and environmental factors. Our findings confirmed that wind direction (WD) had a strong nonlinear impact on short-term measurements, whereas temperature and local pressure had similar effects on long-term PM2.5 measurements. Subsequently, a method was developed using general statistical techniques to establish an environment wherein LS could maintain a relatively high accuracy level. Furthermore, ML techniques were employed to determine that LS was more affected (by 8.2%) by the changes in WD compared with BAM, emphasizing the importance of designing devices capable of responding to WD. Finally, LS was calibrated using four ML algorithms, and through a quantitative evaluation of coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, and root mean square error values, AdaBoost was identified as an effective algorithm for correcting LS measurements. With this understanding of the correlation between PM2.5 and environmental factors, along with an efficient correction method, its widespread adoption in future research concerning real-time PM measurement is anticipated.

对光散射(LS)装置测量的颗粒物(PM)浓度与环境因素之间的相关性进行研究,对于确定误差较大的LS值至关重要。本文研究了通过贝塔衰减监测(BAM)获得的 PM2.5 与七种环境因素之间的关系。研究采用了机器学习(ML)和一般统计方法来揭示复杂的关系。初步分析了五个城市的数据,以了解 BAM 测量值与环境因素之间的关联。我们的研究结果证实,风向(WD)对短期测量结果有强烈的非线性影响,而温度和当地气压对长期 PM2.5 测量结果有类似的影响。随后,我们利用一般统计技术开发了一种方法,以建立一个 LS 可以保持相对较高准确度水平的环境。此外,利用 ML 技术确定,与 BAM 相比,LS 受 WD 变化的影响更大(8.2%),这强调了设计能够对 WD 做出反应的设备的重要性。最后,使用四种 ML 算法对 LS 进行了校准,通过对判定系数、平均绝对误差和均方根误差值进行定量评估,AdaBoost 被确定为校正 LS 测量的有效算法。有了对 PM2.5 与环境因素之间相关性的了解,再加上有效的校正方法,预计它将在未来有关 PM 实时测量的研究中得到广泛应用。
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引用次数: 0
A Direct Infection Risk Model for CFD Predictions and Its Application to SARS-CoV-2 Aircraft Cabin Transmission 用于 CFD 预测的直接感染风险模型及其在 SARS-CoV-2 飞机机舱传播中的应用
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9927275
Florian Webner, Andrei Shishkin, Daniel Schmeling, Claus Wagner

Current models to determine the risk of airborne disease infection are typically based on a backward quantification of observed infections, leading to uncertainties, e.g., due to the lack of knowledge whether the index person was a superspreader. In contrast, the present work presents a forward infection risk model that calculates the inhaled dose of infectious virus based on the virus emission rate of an emitter and a prediction of Lagrangian particle trajectories using CFD, taking both the residence time of individual particles and the biodegradation rate into account. The estimation of the dose-response is then based on data from human challenge studies. Considering the available data for SARS-CoV-2 from the literature, it is shown that the model can be used to estimate the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the cabin of a Do728 single-aisle aircraft. However, the virus emission rate during normal breathing varies between different studies and also by about two orders of magnitude within one and the same study. A sensitivity analysis shows that the uncertainty in the input parameters leads to uncertainty in the prediction of the infection risk, which is between 0 and 12 infections among 70 passengers. This highlights the importance and challenges in terms of superspreaders for risk prediction, which are difficult to capture using standard backward calculations. Further, biological inactivation was found to have no significant impact on the risk of infection for SARS-CoV-2 in the considered aircraft cabin.

目前确定空气传播疾病感染风险的模型通常是基于对观察到的感染情况进行反向量化,从而导致不确定性,例如,由于不知道感染者是否是超级传播者。与此相反,本研究提出了一种前向感染风险模型,该模型根据发射器的病毒发射率和利用 CFD 预测的拉格朗日粒子轨迹计算传染性病毒的吸入剂量,同时考虑到单个粒子的停留时间和生物降解率。然后根据人体挑战研究的数据对剂量反应进行估计。考虑到文献中关于 SARS-CoV-2 的可用数据,该模型可用于估算 Do728 单通道飞机机舱内感染 SARS-CoV-2 的风险。然而,正常呼吸时的病毒释放率在不同的研究中存在差异,在同一研究中也存在大约两个数量级的差异。敏感性分析表明,输入参数的不确定性导致感染风险预测的不确定性,70 名乘客中的感染率在 0 到 12 之间。这凸显了超级传播者对风险预测的重要性和挑战性,标准的逆向计算很难捕捉到超级传播者。此外,还发现生物灭活对 SARS-CoV-2 在所考虑的机舱内的感染风险没有显著影响。
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