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Enhancing PM2.5 Measurement Accuracy: Insights from Environmental Factors and BAM-Light Scattering Device Correlation 提高 PM2.5 测量精度:从环境因素和 BAM-光散射装置相关性中获得的启示
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-31 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2930582
Minju Kim, Hajin Choi, Jeonghun Lee, Su-Gwang Jeong

Studies investigating the correlation between particulate matter (PM) concentrations measured by a light scattering (LS) device and environmental factors are crucial to identify LS values with significant errors. Herein, the relationship between PM2.5 obtained through beta attenuation monitoring (BAM) and LS was examined with respect to seven environmental factors. Machine learning (ML) and general statistical methods were employed to reveal complex relationships. Data from five cities were initially analyzed to understand the association between BAM measurements and environmental factors. Our findings confirmed that wind direction (WD) had a strong nonlinear impact on short-term measurements, whereas temperature and local pressure had similar effects on long-term PM2.5 measurements. Subsequently, a method was developed using general statistical techniques to establish an environment wherein LS could maintain a relatively high accuracy level. Furthermore, ML techniques were employed to determine that LS was more affected (by 8.2%) by the changes in WD compared with BAM, emphasizing the importance of designing devices capable of responding to WD. Finally, LS was calibrated using four ML algorithms, and through a quantitative evaluation of coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, and root mean square error values, AdaBoost was identified as an effective algorithm for correcting LS measurements. With this understanding of the correlation between PM2.5 and environmental factors, along with an efficient correction method, its widespread adoption in future research concerning real-time PM measurement is anticipated.

对光散射(LS)装置测量的颗粒物(PM)浓度与环境因素之间的相关性进行研究,对于确定误差较大的LS值至关重要。本文研究了通过贝塔衰减监测(BAM)获得的 PM2.5 与七种环境因素之间的关系。研究采用了机器学习(ML)和一般统计方法来揭示复杂的关系。初步分析了五个城市的数据,以了解 BAM 测量值与环境因素之间的关联。我们的研究结果证实,风向(WD)对短期测量结果有强烈的非线性影响,而温度和当地气压对长期 PM2.5 测量结果有类似的影响。随后,我们利用一般统计技术开发了一种方法,以建立一个 LS 可以保持相对较高准确度水平的环境。此外,利用 ML 技术确定,与 BAM 相比,LS 受 WD 变化的影响更大(8.2%),这强调了设计能够对 WD 做出反应的设备的重要性。最后,使用四种 ML 算法对 LS 进行了校准,通过对判定系数、平均绝对误差和均方根误差值进行定量评估,AdaBoost 被确定为校正 LS 测量的有效算法。有了对 PM2.5 与环境因素之间相关性的了解,再加上有效的校正方法,预计它将在未来有关 PM 实时测量的研究中得到广泛应用。
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引用次数: 0
A Direct Infection Risk Model for CFD Predictions and Its Application to SARS-CoV-2 Aircraft Cabin Transmission 用于 CFD 预测的直接感染风险模型及其在 SARS-CoV-2 飞机机舱传播中的应用
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9927275
Florian Webner, Andrei Shishkin, Daniel Schmeling, Claus Wagner

Current models to determine the risk of airborne disease infection are typically based on a backward quantification of observed infections, leading to uncertainties, e.g., due to the lack of knowledge whether the index person was a superspreader. In contrast, the present work presents a forward infection risk model that calculates the inhaled dose of infectious virus based on the virus emission rate of an emitter and a prediction of Lagrangian particle trajectories using CFD, taking both the residence time of individual particles and the biodegradation rate into account. The estimation of the dose-response is then based on data from human challenge studies. Considering the available data for SARS-CoV-2 from the literature, it is shown that the model can be used to estimate the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the cabin of a Do728 single-aisle aircraft. However, the virus emission rate during normal breathing varies between different studies and also by about two orders of magnitude within one and the same study. A sensitivity analysis shows that the uncertainty in the input parameters leads to uncertainty in the prediction of the infection risk, which is between 0 and 12 infections among 70 passengers. This highlights the importance and challenges in terms of superspreaders for risk prediction, which are difficult to capture using standard backward calculations. Further, biological inactivation was found to have no significant impact on the risk of infection for SARS-CoV-2 in the considered aircraft cabin.

目前确定空气传播疾病感染风险的模型通常是基于对观察到的感染情况进行反向量化,从而导致不确定性,例如,由于不知道感染者是否是超级传播者。与此相反,本研究提出了一种前向感染风险模型,该模型根据发射器的病毒发射率和利用 CFD 预测的拉格朗日粒子轨迹计算传染性病毒的吸入剂量,同时考虑到单个粒子的停留时间和生物降解率。然后根据人体挑战研究的数据对剂量反应进行估计。考虑到文献中关于 SARS-CoV-2 的可用数据,该模型可用于估算 Do728 单通道飞机机舱内感染 SARS-CoV-2 的风险。然而,正常呼吸时的病毒释放率在不同的研究中存在差异,在同一研究中也存在大约两个数量级的差异。敏感性分析表明,输入参数的不确定性导致感染风险预测的不确定性,70 名乘客中的感染率在 0 到 12 之间。这凸显了超级传播者对风险预测的重要性和挑战性,标准的逆向计算很难捕捉到超级传播者。此外,还发现生物灭活对 SARS-CoV-2 在所考虑的机舱内的感染风险没有显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
Estimates of Inhaled and Deposited Doses following Exposure to Humidifier Disinfectant Containing Polyhexamethylene Guanidine (PHMG) 接触含有聚六亚甲基胍 (PHMG) 的加湿器消毒剂后的吸入和沉积剂量估计值
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8815592
Sunju Kim, Chungsik Yoon

We estimated the inhaled and deposited dose in humans using the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and multiple-path particle dosimetry (MPPD) models following exposure to humidifier disinfectant containing polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG). The disinfectant has caused at least 1,810 deaths, with an odds ratio of lung injury of 47.3 (95% confidence interval: 6.1–369.7), because of its application in Korea. In this study, the Oxy product, which is regarded as the causative agent of most lung diseases, was sprayed into a cleanroom at normal (6.5 ppm in solution) and worst case (65 ppm in solution) dilutions; the airborne aerosol was monitored with direct reading instruments. Areas of deposition were divided into the head airway, tracheobronchial, and alveolar regions. Four dose scenarios were considered in this study: adults and children in both daily average and sleep conditions. Most PHMG aerosols were smaller than PM1 (96%). Number-based concentration analysis showed that <100 nm nanoparticles comprised 81% and 69% of the aerosol when the 6.5 and 65 ppm solutions were used, respectively. In all scenarios, the number-based deposited dose increased in the order of alveolar, tracheobronchial, and head airway regions; the mass-based deposited dose increased in the order of the head airway, alveolar, and tracheobronchial regions. The deposited dose per unit body weight was higher in children than in adults in terms of both number- and mass-based concentrations. When the humidifier was sprayed, the highest number-based concentration was found at a particle size of 15.4 nm; the highest deposition fraction or dose by PM1 was observed in the pulmonary and head airways in both models.

我们利用国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)和多径粒子剂量测定(MPPD)模型估算了人体暴露于含有聚六亚甲基胍(PHMG)的加湿器消毒剂后的吸入和沉积剂量。这种消毒剂在韩国的应用已造成至少 1,810 人死亡,肺损伤的几率比为 47.3(95% 置信区间:6.1-369.7)。在这项研究中,以正常(溶液浓度为 6.5 ppm)和最差(溶液浓度为 65 ppm)稀释浓度向洁净室喷洒了被认为是大多数肺病致病因子的氧气产品,并使用直读仪器对空气中的气溶胶进行了监测。沉积区域分为头部气道、气管支气管和肺泡区域。本研究考虑了四种剂量情况:成人和儿童在日均和睡眠条件下的剂量。大多数 PHMG 气溶胶都小于 PM1(96%)。基于数量的浓度分析表明,当使用 6.5 ppm 和 65 ppm 溶液时,小于 100 nm 的纳米粒子分别占气溶胶的 81% 和 69%。在所有情况下,以数量为基础的沉积剂量按肺泡、气管支气管和头部气道区域的顺序增加;以质量为基础的沉积剂量按头部气道、肺泡和气管支气管区域的顺序增加。无论从数量还是质量上看,儿童单位体重的沉积剂量都高于成人。喷洒加湿器时,粒径为15.4纳米时的数量浓度最高;在两种模型中,肺和头部气道的PM1沉积分数或剂量最高。
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引用次数: 0
Link between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Obstructive Sleep Apnea among Nonsmoking U.S General Adults: Finding from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2020 不吸烟的美国成年人中二手烟暴露与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停之间的联系:2015-2020年全国健康与营养调查的结果
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-20 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8604008
Jing-hong Liang, Shao-yi Huang, Mei-ling Liu, Nan Jiang, Shan Huang, Ying-qi Pu, Yu Zhao, Yi-can Chen, Aerziguli Kakaer, Xue-ya Pu, Guang-hui Dong, Ya-jun Chen

The association between secondhand smoke exposure (SHSE) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in general adults remains to be explored and therefore is investigated based on the representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in this study. SHSE was assessed by self-reporting of passive exposure to burning cigarette in an indoor area (home, restaurant or bar, etc.), and OSA was defined by self-reporting OSA-related symptoms and frequency. A survey-weighted regression model and stratified analyses were used to estimate the association between SHSE and odds of OSA. The study involved 9,991 participants who had never smoked, representing a weighted number of 449.9 million adults ranging from 20 to 80 years old in the noninstitutionalized U. S population. There was a strong association between several kinds of SHSEs and OSA that compared with participants staying indoors without exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS), the odds of OSA was 1.2 times higher for those with SHSE at home (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.225, 95% CI: 1.009, 1.484), 1.4 times higher for those with SHSE in car (AOR = 1.404, 95% CI: 1.219, 1.616), and 1.3 times higher for those with e-cigarette SHSE (AOR = 1.302, 95% CI: 1.087, 1.557). Participants with simultaneous exposure to more different SHSs were 36% (one to three kinds of SHSEs (AOR = 1.368, 95% CI: 1.219, 1.534)) and 44% (above four kinds of SHSEs (AOR = 1.444, 95% CI: 1.034, 2.004)) more likely to have OSA, respectively. In general, general adults with SHSE in separate indoor areas, especially those with simultaneous exposure to different SHSs, had higher OSA risk. Identifying causality and health consequences of the association requires future longitudinal studies.

二手烟暴露(SHSE)与普通成年人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSA)之间的关系仍有待探讨,因此本研究以具有代表性的美国国家健康与营养调查(NHANES)为基础进行了调查。SHSE通过自我报告在室内(家庭、餐厅或酒吧等)被动接触燃烧的香烟来评估,OSA则通过自我报告与OSA相关的症状和频率来定义。研究采用调查加权回归模型和分层分析来估计SHSE与OSA几率之间的关系。这项研究涉及 9991 名从未吸烟的参与者,他们代表了美国非住院人口中 20 至 80 岁的 4.499 亿成年人的加权人数。几种SHSE与OSA之间存在密切联系,与在室内不接触二手烟(SHS)的参与者相比,家中有SHSE的人患OSA的几率要高出1.2倍(调整后的几率比AOR=1.225,95% CI:1.009, 1.484),在车内吸入二手烟的人的 OSA 机率高 1.4 倍(AOR=1.404,95% CI:1.219, 1.616),吸入电子烟二手烟的人的 OSA 机率高 1.3 倍(AOR=1.302,95% CI:1.087, 1.557)。同时暴露于更多不同 SHS 的参与者患 OSA 的可能性分别为 36%(一至三种 SHSE(AOR=1.368,95% CI:1.219,1.534))和 44%(四种以上 SHSE(AOR=1.444,95% CI:1.034,2.004))。一般来说,在独立的室内区域接触 SHSE 的普通成人,尤其是同时接触不同 SHS 的成人,患 OSA 的风险较高。要确定这种关联的因果关系和对健康的影响,需要今后进行纵向研究。
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引用次数: 0
Thermal Comfort Model Established by Using Machine Learning Strategies Based on Physiological Parameters in Hot and Cold Environments 利用基于冷热环境生理参数的机器学习策略建立热舒适模型
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9427822
Tseng-Fung Ho, Hsin-Han Tsai, Chi-Chih Chuang, Dasheng Lee, Xi-Wei Huang, Hsiang Chen, Chin–Chi Cheng, Yaw-Wen Kuo, Hsin-Hung Chou, Wei-Han Hsiao, Ching Hsu Yang, Yung-Hui Li

The air-conditioning systems have become an indispensable part of our daily life for keeping the quality of life. However, to improve the thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption is crucial to use the air conditioners effectively with rapid development of artificial intelligence technology. This study explored the correlation between the response of human physiological parameters and thermal sensation voting (TSV) to evaluate the comfort level among various cold and hot stimulations. The variations of the three physiological parameters, which were body surface temperature, skin blood flow (SBF), and sweat area on the skin surface, and TSV values were all positively correlated with the stimulation amount under the stimulation of cold wind, hot wind, and heat radiation, but the relationship was not completely linear. Among the three physiological parameters, the forehead skin temperature has the closest relationship with TSV, followed by the SBF and sweat. Among three stimulations, the cold wind stimulation causes the closest relationship between TSV and forehead temperature, followed by the radiation and hot wind stimulations. Through three different machine learning models, namely, random forest (RF) model, support vector machine (SVM) model, and neural network (NN) model, the stimulation of cold wind, hot wind, and heat radiation was applied to investigate the variation of the three physiological parameters as the input of the models. Moreover, the models were evaluated and verified by TSV. The results revealed that among the three different machine learning methods, RF had the best accuracy. The established thermal comfort models can predict the real-time user’s thermal comfort feeling, so that air-conditioning equipment’s performance can be optimized to create a healthy and energy-saving comfortable environment.

空调系统已成为我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分,以保证生活质量。然而,随着人工智能技术的飞速发展,如何有效使用空调,提高热舒适度和降低能耗至关重要。本研究探讨了人体生理参数响应与热感投票(TSV)之间的相关性,以评估各种冷热刺激的舒适度。在冷风、热风和热辐射刺激下,体表温度、皮肤血流量(SBF)和皮肤表面出汗面积这三个生理参数的变化与TSV值均与刺激量呈正相关,但并非完全线性关系。在三个生理参数中,前额皮肤温度与 TSV 的关系最为密切,其次是 SBF 和汗液。在三种刺激中,冷风刺激与 TSV 和前额温度的关系最密切,其次是热辐射和热风刺激。通过三种不同的机器学习模型,即随机森林(RF)模型、支持向量机(SVM)模型和神经网络(NN)模型,应用冷风、热风和热辐射刺激作为模型的输入,研究了三种生理参数的变化。此外,还通过 TSV 对模型进行了评估和验证。结果显示,在三种不同的机器学习方法中,RF 的准确度最高。所建立的热舒适度模型可以预测用户的实时热舒适度感受,从而优化空调设备性能,营造健康节能的舒适环境。
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Oligomers in Solutions and Aerosols Emitted during Humidifier Use 加湿器使用过程中排放的溶液和气溶胶中聚六亚甲基胍低聚物的特性分析
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-06 DOI: 10.1155/2024/7477565
Sunju Kim, Chungsik Yoon

The behavior of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), the causative agent of many humidifier-induced lung diseases, is not well known because of its various oligomer structures and analytical difficulties. The aim of this study was to identify different PHMG oligomer types both in solution and aerosols and to estimate the airborne concentration of oligomers during humidifier use. Three products containing PHMG as the main component were diluted to the manufacturer’s recommended concentration (6.5 ppm) or the worst-case concentration (65 ppm or 125 ppm). Samples were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed with liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (LC-qToF) mass spectrometry in the diluted solution and in the air at 0.5 m and 1 m. The LC-qToF data were processed using UNIFI software to characterize the PHMG structure. For all products in both the humidifier solution and air, the linear type was predominant over the branched/cyclic structure, but each product had different characteristics. The linear structure in the Oxy product, the main product of lung diseases, accounted for 90.6%, while that of the Scunder and BOC Sciences’ products accounted for 78.6% and 75.8%, respectively. The concentration of the oligomer in air for the Oxy product was estimated to be 35.89 and 390.96 μg/m3 at 6.5 and 65 ppm, respectively. Most of the oligomers in the solution were found in air at a short distance (0.5 m), with a negligible concentration beyond 1 m. Oligomers with 1–7 monomer units were identified in the humidifier solution, whereas mainly monomers, dimers, and trimers were identified in the air. The results of this study will facilitate further investigations of the mechanisms of lung disease by identifying the behaviors and forms of PHMG in the air, along with previously revealed toxicity results.

聚六亚甲基胍(PHMG)是许多由加湿器引发的肺部疾病的致病因子,由于其低聚物结构多样且分析困难,人们对其行为还不甚了解。本研究的目的是识别溶液和气溶胶中不同类型的 PHMG 低聚物,并估算加湿器使用过程中空气中的低聚物浓度。将三种以 PHMG 为主要成分的产品稀释到制造商推荐的浓度(6.5 ppm)或最差情况下的浓度(65 ppm 或 125 ppm)。使用液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间(LC-qToF)质谱法对稀释溶液和 0.5 米和 1 米处空气中的样品进行了定性和定量分析。使用 UNIFI 软件对 LC-qToF 数据进行处理,以确定 PHMG 结构的特征。在加湿器溶液和空气中的所有产品中,线性结构比支化/环状结构占优势,但每种产品的特征各不相同。肺部疾病的主要产品 Oxy 产品中的线性结构占 90.6%,而 Scunder 和 BOC Sciences 产品中的线性结构分别占 78.6% 和 75.8%。据估计,氧气产品在空气中的低聚物浓度分别为 35.89 μg/m3 和 390.96 μg/m3,浓度分别为 6.5 ppm 和 65 ppm。在短距离(0.5 米)的空气中发现了溶液中的大部分低聚物,1 米以外的浓度可以忽略不计。在加湿器溶液中发现了 1-7 个单体单元的低聚物,而在空气中发现的主要是单体、二聚体和三聚体。这项研究的结果将有助于通过确定 PHMG 在空气中的行为和形式,以及之前揭示的毒性结果,进一步研究肺部疾病的发病机制。
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引用次数: 0
Field Investigations on Subjective Perception, Physiological Responses, and Cognitive Performance under Increasing CO2 Concentration in an Underground Confined Space 地下密闭空间二氧化碳浓度增加时主观感知、生理反应和认知能力的实地调查
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-05 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5781565
Zongqiao Xie, Qiwei Wang, Kun Zhou, Linjian Ma, Jing Wang, Yong Li, Shangyuan Chen, Weizhi Wei

The objective of this research was to explore the impacts of heightened CO2 concentrations on human health and wellness in an underground confined space. A total of 180 participants were subjected to CO2 concentrations ranging from 1000 to 10000 ppm within a confined underground environment. The study assessed not only subjective perceptions and physiological responses but also cognitive performance, integrating novel measures such as emotion, skin conductance (SC), and heart rate variability (HRV). The findings demonstrated a notable variation in thermal sensation votes (TSV) and perceived air quality acceptability with the change in CO2 concentration. A significant increase in total mood disturbance (TMD) of 1.5 units was observed at a CO2 concentration of 8500 ppm, compared to 1000 ppm. Cognitive performance remained consistent for concentrations below 8500 ppm; however, a substantial alteration was noted at 10000 ppm. In terms of task difficulty, numerical calculations were perceived to require 0.74 units more effort than letter searches. As CO2 concentration exceeded 7500 ppm, significant variances were noted in physiological parameters such as diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), LF/HF, MF/HF ratios, PNN 50, and frequency domains of HRV (LF, MF, and HF) in comparison to the parameters at 1000 ppm. At 8500 ppm, the LF and HF parameters were found to be 780 and 452.3 units, respectively, higher than at 7000 ppm. These findings suggest that high humidity, low temperature, and elevated CO2 concentrations collectively contribute to the significant human stress responses. This study is of interest as there are limited reported researches on the air quality in underground confined space.

这项研究的目的是探索在地下密闭空间中,二氧化碳浓度升高对人体健康的影响。共有 180 名参与者在地下密闭环境中接受了二氧化碳浓度从 1000 ppm 到 10000 ppm 不等的实验。研究不仅评估了主观感受和生理反应,还评估了认知表现,并整合了情绪、皮肤电导率(SC)和心率变异性(HRV)等新的测量指标。研究结果表明,随着二氧化碳浓度的变化,热感票数(TSV)和对空气质量的可接受性也会发生显著变化。二氧化碳浓度为 8500 ppm 时,与 1000 ppm 相比,总情绪障碍 (TMD) 明显增加了 1.5 个单位。浓度低于 8500 ppm 时,认知表现保持一致;然而,浓度达到 10000 ppm 时,认知表现发生了重大变化。就任务难度而言,数字计算比字母搜索多耗费 0.74 个单位的精力。当二氧化碳浓度超过 7500 ppm 时,舒张压 (DBP)、心率 (HR)、低频/高频、中频/高频比、PNN 50 和心率变异的频域(低频、中频和高频)等生理参数与 1000 ppm 时的参数相比有显著差异。发现在 8500 ppm 时,低频和高频参数分别比 7000 ppm 时高 780 个单位和 452.3 个单位。这些研究结果表明,高湿度、低温和二氧化碳浓度升高共同导致了显著的人体应激反应。由于有关地下密闭空间空气质量的研究报告有限,因此这项研究很有意义。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of the Emission Rate of Particles when Musicians Play Wind, Woodwind, and Brass Instruments 音乐家演奏管乐器、木管乐器和铜管乐器时的粒子发射率调查
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8092828
L. Schumann, Dorothea von Zadow, Alexander Schmidt, I. Fernholz, A. Hartmann, Liliana Ifrim, Martin Kriegel, Joachim Seybold, Dirk Mürbe, M. Fleischer
In the context of the high risk of airborne transmission of COVID-19, the question of the production of particles while playing wind instruments is highly relevant. Therefore, in this study, 23 professional musicians played their instruments in a cleanroom in cleanroom-grade clothing. The most common orchestral wind instruments flute, oboe, clarinet, and trumpet were therefore chosen. Aerosol measurements using a laser particle counter were conducted to quantify the emission rate of respiratory particles. Orchestral excerpts as well as sustained tones in two dynamic levels were played. The emitted particles were mostly in a submicron size range. For all instruments besides the clarinet, an influence of the loudness of playing on the emission rate could be observed. The emission rates for all musical instruments were independent of the passages played. Flute and oboe showed similar emission rates but lower than the values for clarinet and trumpet. While playing a note with a small volume, the flute, oboe, and trumpet have a similar emission rate as found for speaking.
由于 COVID-19 在空气中传播的风险很高,因此在演奏管乐器时产生微粒的问题非常重要。因此,在这项研究中,23 位专业音乐家穿着洁净室级别的服装在洁净室中演奏了他们的乐器。因此,选择了最常见的管弦乐器长笛、双簧管、单簧管和小号。使用激光粒子计数器对气溶胶进行测量,以量化呼吸道粒子的排放率。测量过程中演奏了管弦乐选段以及两种动态水平的持续音调。发射出的微粒大多为亚微米级。除单簧管外,所有乐器的发射率都受演奏音量的影响。所有乐器的发射率都与演奏的段落无关。长笛和双簧管的发射率相似,但低于单簧管和小号的发射率。在演奏小音量的音符时,长笛、双簧管和小号的发射率与说话时的发射率相似。
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引用次数: 0
Airborne Pollutant Removal Effectiveness and Hidden Pollutant Source Identification of Bionic Ventilation Systems: Direct and Inverse CFD Demonstrations 仿生通风系统的空气污染物去除效果和隐性污染源识别:直接和反向 CFD 演示
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-16 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5522169
Hong-Liang Zhang, Bin Li, Jin Shang, Wei-Wei Wang, Fu-Yun Zhao
A healthy and efficient ventilation system is essential for establishing a comfortable indoor environment and significantly reducing a building’s energy demand simultaneously. This paper proposed a novel ventilation system and applied it to the IEA Annex 20 mixing ventilation enclosure to verify its feasibility through mathematical modeling and CFD simulations. First, two bionic ventilation systems, single-side and dual-side ventilations, were compared to a conventional constant-volume supply system using CFD simulations, with the results demonstrating that the bionic ventilation system could provide higher ventilation efficiency and more effective pollutant removal from stagnant regions. Furthermore, the present work exercised these two bionic ventilation systems with different temporal periods of sine and rectangular wave functions, identifying a turning point at a period of 0.06 τ n , which could contribute to further enhancement of these bionic ventilation systems. Finally, a methodology depending on the Bayesian inference algorithm was developed for identifying pollution sources in the bionic ventilation system with unstable flow fields, and factors influencing source identification accuracy were discussed. The results show that the peaks of the KDE distributions and the sampling average values of both the source location and intensity are all consistent with the actual source parameters. The potential of the proposed bionic ventilation systems has been well demonstrated by direct and inverse CFD models, paving the way for further engineering applications.
健康高效的通风系统对于营造舒适的室内环境和同时大幅降低建筑物的能源需求至关重要。本文提出了一种新型通风系统,并将其应用于 IEA Annex 20 混合通风围护结构,通过数学建模和 CFD 模拟验证其可行性。首先,利用 CFD 模拟将单侧通风和双侧通风两种仿生通风系统与传统的恒定风量供给系统进行了比较,结果表明仿生通风系统可以提供更高的通风效率,更有效地去除停滞区域的污染物。此外,本研究还利用正弦波和矩形波函数的不同时间周期对这两种仿生通风系统进行了锻炼,确定了 0.06 τ n 周期的转折点,这有助于进一步提高这些仿生通风系统的性能。最后,开发了一种基于贝叶斯推理算法的方法,用于识别流场不稳定的仿生通风系统中的污染源,并讨论了影响污染源识别准确性的因素。结果表明,KDE 分布的峰值以及污染源位置和强度的采样平均值均与实际污染源参数一致。直接和反向 CFD 模型充分证明了拟议仿生通风系统的潜力,为进一步的工程应用铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Validation of In-Room UV-C-Based Air Cleaners 室内紫外线-C 空气净化器的验证
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5510449
Xing Li, E. R. Blatchley
The risks to human health posed by airborne pathogens can be mitigated by the use of ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation. In general, UV-C-based systems should be applied in a manner that allows effective inactivation of airborne pathogens, while controlling human exposure to below defined limits. Among the methods used to apply UV-C radiation in indoor settings to meet these objectives are UV-C-based air cleaners. These devices can be effective for the control of airborne pathogens, but methods are needed to quantify and validate their performance. To address this need, an experiment-based method and a mathematical model were developed to quantify the effects of UV-C-based air cleaners on the concentration of an aerosolized, viral challenge agent. The method and model were demonstrated to allow quantification of disinfection efficacy and to allow translation of the results from the test environment to the application environment. The primary figure-of-merit from these tests was the clean air delivery rate (CADR), which is commonly used to characterize the disinfection efficacy of these devices. The ability of a validated air cleaner to improve indoor air quality in application settings is simulated based on the measured value of CADR from laboratory tests and the mathematical model.
使用紫外线-C(UV-C)辐射可以减轻空气中的病原体对人体健康造成的危害。一般来说,紫外线-C 系统的应用方式应能有效灭活空气中的病原体,同时将人体暴露量控制在规定的限度以下。在室内环境中应用紫外线-C 辐射以实现这些目标的方法包括紫外线-C 空气净化器。这些设备可以有效控制空气中的病原体,但需要量化和验证其性能的方法。为了满足这一需求,我们开发了一种基于实验的方法和一个数学模型,用于量化紫外线-C 空气净化器对气溶胶病毒挑战剂浓度的影响。实验证明,这种方法和模型可以量化消毒效果,并将结果从测试环境转化到应用环境。这些测试的主要指标是洁净空气输送率 (CADR),该指标通常用于描述这些设备的消毒效果。根据实验室测试的 CADR 测量值和数学模型,可以模拟出经过验证的空气净化器在应用环境中改善室内空气质量的能力。
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引用次数: 0
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Indoor air
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