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Critical Review of the Literature on Thermal Comfort in Educational Buildings: Study of the Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic 教育建筑热舒适研究综述:新冠肺炎疫情影响研究
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8347598
P. Romero, M. T. Miranda, I. Montero, F. J. Sepúlveda, V. Valero-Amaro
Thermal comfort in educational buildings affects not only the well-being of students but also their academic performance. Over time, various methods have been developed to assess it. However, none of them takes into account the adaptation of students of different ages, which is an important issue. In recent years, the study of thermal comfort has become very important due to energy-saving measures and ventilation protocols to combat the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Therefore, it is necessary to gather all the information to guide future research. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive review of field studies on thermal comfort in classrooms at different educational levels. The focus is on those conducted during the global pandemic of COVID-19. It has been observed that students from climates with a higher degree of variation have shown a better adaptation. Children also tended to feel less affected by changing temperatures. High school and university students showed a greater range of dissatisfaction with heat than with cold. The adaptive approach is more suitable for recognising the comfort needs of all age groups. However, by using this approach together with the Fanger method, more reliable results have been reported. In most of the studies, comfort levels were found to be lower than those indicated by the standards, highlighting the need for guidelines adapted to the thermal comfort conditions of all students. Finally, the various natural ventilation measures to avoid COVID-19 infection have led to a decrease in comfort levels, especially in winter.
教育建筑的热舒适不仅影响学生的身心健康,也影响学生的学习成绩。随着时间的推移,人们开发了各种方法来评估它。然而,他们都没有考虑到不同年龄的学生的适应,这是一个重要的问题。近年来,由于节能措施和通风协议的出现,热舒适的研究变得非常重要,以对抗SARS-CoV-2冠状病毒的传播。因此,有必要收集所有的信息来指导未来的研究。因此,本文对不同教育水平的教室热舒适的实地研究进行了全面的回顾。重点是在2019冠状病毒病全球大流行期间开展的工作。据观察,来自气候变化程度较高的学生表现出更好的适应能力。儿童受温度变化的影响也较小。高中生和大学生对热的不满程度大于对冷的不满程度。适应性方法更适合于认识到所有年龄组的舒适需求。然而,通过将这种方法与Fanger方法结合使用,已经报道了更可靠的结果。最后,为避免COVID-19感染而采取的各种自然通风措施导致舒适度下降,特别是在冬季。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Low-Level Indoor Exposure Toluene on Orienting Network 室内低浓度暴露甲苯对定向网络的影响
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3836418
Changqing Zhan, Liping Pan, Jiajing Wang, Mingrui Cui, Peiran Yu, Jie Liu, Xin Zhang, Zukun Wang, Lei Zhao, Junjie Liu, Yijun Song
Objective. The aim is to explore the effect and mechanism of indoor toluene exposure on orienting network. Methods. Twenty-two healthy adults were exposed to 0 ppb, 17.5 ppb, 35 ppb, and 70 ppb toluene for 4 hours, respectively. All subjects underwent attention network behavioral test, and their electroencephalographic activity was recorded simultaneously. The causal connection strengths of orienting network were calculated through direct transform function (DTF) methods. The DTF values of orienting networks among four groups were compared. Results. (1) The DTF values of parietal outflow (DTF_outflow) in 70 ppb toluene condition were higher than those of the 0 ppb, 17.5 ppb, and 35 ppb conditions, respectively. (2) The DTFCZ-FZ and DTFCZ-FP2 values of 70 ppb toluene condition were found to be lower as compared to 0 ppb condition. The DTFCZ-FP2 values of 70 ppb condition were lower as compared to those of the 17.5 ppb condition. Furthermore, DTFP3-FP2, DTFP4-FP1, and DTFP4-FZ values of 70 ppb condition were higher as compared to those of the 0 ppb condition. The DTFP3-FP2 values of 70 ppb condition were higher as compared to those of the 17.5 ppb condition. The DTFP4-FP1 values of the 70 ppb condition were higher as compared to those of the 17.5 and 35 ppb conditions. Conclusion. Even short-term exposure to indoor toluene at low concentrations significantly impacts orienting network.
目标。目的是探讨室内甲苯暴露对定向网络的影响及其机制。方法。22名健康成人分别暴露于0 ppb、17.5 ppb、35 ppb和70 ppb的甲苯中4小时。所有被试均进行注意网络行为测试,同时记录脑电图活动。利用直接变换函数(DTF)方法计算了定向网络的因果联系强度。比较四组间定向网络的DTF值。结果。(1) 70 ppb条件下顶叶流出量DTF值(DTF_outflow)分别高于0、17.5和35 ppb条件下的DTF值。(2) 70 ppb甲苯条件下DTFCZ-FZ和DTFCZ-FP2值低于0 ppb甲苯条件下。70 ppb条件下DTFCZ-FP2值低于17.5 ppb条件下。此外,70 ppb条件下DTFP3-FP2、DTFP4-FP1和DTFP4-FZ值高于0 ppb条件下的DTFP3-FP2值。70 ppb条件下DTFP3-FP2值高于17.5 ppb条件下的DTFP3-FP2值。与17.5和35 ppb条件相比,70 ppb条件下的DTFP4-FP1值更高。结论。即使短期暴露于室内低浓度的甲苯也会显著影响定向网络。
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引用次数: 0
Combining Chamber Experiments and Model Simulations to Evaluate an Indoor HONO Source with Surface Photochemical Properties 结合室内实验和模型模拟评价具有表面光化学性质的室内HONO源
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3605937
Youfeng Wang, Chong Zhang, Jianshu Wang, Yaru Wang, Yingjie Zhang, Weili Lin, Chunxiang Ye
Nitrous acid (HONO) is an emerging indoor pollutant that can exert adverse health effects. The chemical production of indoor HONO has been attributed to NO2 heterogeneous reactions, and the source strength has been extensively evaluated via laboratory and model simulation studies. Photolysis of surface nitrate has recently been proposed as an indoor HONO source based on correlation analysis between indoor HONO accumulation and visible light radiation. However, neither experimental validation of the proposed mechanism nor source strength characterization is currently available. In this work, we designed an outdoor photochemical chamber (OPC) to simulate indoor HONO accumulation and established an indoor photochemical model (ICM) to calculate the indoor HONO budget. Indoor HONO accumulation revealed a distinct diel variation with a daytime maximum. Only with this indoor HONO source, the ICM reproduced the indoor HONO budget determined in the OPC. The enhanced reactive cross section of surface nitrate in visible light accounted for the major portion of the HONO source budget (77.2%) and the distinct diel variation. Success with the ICM encouraged us to simulate the HONO budget in real indoor environments. The calculated HONO production rates from surface nitrate photolysis at noon ranged from 1.4 to 4.1 ppbv h-1 under different indoor scenarios. On a daily average, this indoor HONO source contributed 42.4–52.7% to the total chemical sources in the living room but only contributed 4.7% to that in the kitchen, where NO2 heterogeneous reactions dominated.
亚硝酸(HONO)是一种新兴的室内污染物,可对健康产生不利影响。室内HONO的化学生成归因于NO2非均相反应,并且通过实验室和模型模拟研究广泛评估了源强度。基于室内HONO积累与可见光辐射的相关性分析,最近提出了表面硝酸盐光解作为室内HONO源。然而,目前既没有对所提出的机制进行实验验证,也没有对源强度进行表征。在这项工作中,我们设计了一个室外光化学室(OPC)来模拟室内HONO积累,并建立了一个室内光化学模型(ICM)来计算室内HONO预算。室内HONO积累表现出明显的日变化,白天最大。只有使用这个室内HONO源,ICM才能再现OPC中确定的室内HONO预算。可见光下表面硝酸盐反应截面的增强占HONO源预算的主要部分(77.2%),且日差变化明显。ICM的成功鼓励我们在真实的室内环境中模拟HONO预算。在不同室内条件下,正午时地表硝酸盐光解产生HONO的速率在1.4 ~ 4.1 ppbv h-1之间。该室内HONO源日平均占客厅总化学源的42.4-52.7%,占厨房总化学源的4.7%,厨房以NO2非均相反应为主。
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引用次数: 0
Elevator Ventilation and SARS-CoV-2-Relevant Particulate Matter Removal in Three Older California Elevators 加州三台旧电梯的通风和sars - cov -2相关颗粒物去除
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7664472
Michael J. Kado, Kelsi Perttula, Elizabeth M. Noth, David Moore, Patton Khuu Nguyen, Charles Perrino, Mark Nicas, S. Katharine Hammond
The objective of this study was to measure particulate matter (PM) total loss rates in three older (1940s, 1960s, and 1980s) elevators in California during two phases and three low-cost intervention modes. Tracer gas decay and <2 μm aerodynamic diameter nontoxic NaCl particles (PM2) were used to calculate PM2 loss rates. The NaCl particles were considered surrogates for smaller particles carrying SARS-CoV-2. Empirical PM2 loss rates were paired with modeled dynamic scenarios to estimate SARS-CoV-2-relevant PM2 removal. Mean loss rates (hr-1) ranged from 1.8 to 184. Compared to a closed-door, stationary elevator, the moving elevators had a fourfold increased mean loss rate (hr-1), while an air cleaner in a stationary elevator increased the mean loss rates sixfold. In a dynamic particle removal simulation of a ten-story elevator, PM was removed 1.38-fold faster with an air cleaner intervention during bottom and top floor stops only (express ride) and 1.12-fold faster with an air cleaner during every other floor stops. The increase in removal rates due to the air cleaner was modest due to the higher moving and open-door removal rates, except during stationary phase. The half-life of PM2 particles in a stationary elevator after all passengers have left can be 8-12 minutes following a single emission and 2-5 minutes with an air cleaner. The low particle removal rate in the stationary elevator requires an intervention so that the particle removal rate will be high to eliminate infectious aerosol. If codes permit, keeping the door open when the elevator is stationary is most effective; otherwise, an air cleaner in a stationary elevator should be used. While an air cleaner is commonly seen as a substantial improvement in reducing potential virus concentration in air, in the moving elevator scenarios, the effect is quite modest. This paper provides empirical particle loss rates inside elevators, the effectiveness of air cleaners in a dynamic elevator space, two approaches to control infectious agents while the elevator is stationary, and support for a precautionary approach towards elevator use amidst a pandemic.
本研究的目的是在两个阶段和三种低成本干预模式下测量加利福尼亚州三台旧电梯(1940年代、1960年代和1980年代)的颗粒物(PM)总损失率。采用示踪气体衰减和<2 μm空气动力学直径的无毒NaCl颗粒(PM2)计算PM2损失率。NaCl颗粒被认为是携带SARS-CoV-2的较小颗粒的替代品。将经验PM2损失率与模拟的动态情景配对,以估计与sars - cov -2相关的PM2去除。平均损失率(hr-1)在1.8 ~ 184之间。与闭门固定电梯相比,移动电梯的平均损失率(hr-1)增加了四倍,而固定电梯中的空气净化器使平均损失率增加了六倍。在一个十层电梯的动态粒子去除模拟中,仅在底层和顶层停车时(特快专车),空气净化器的PM去除速度提高了1.38倍,在其他每层停车时,空气净化器的PM去除速度提高了1.12倍。除固定阶段外,由于较高的移动和开门去除率,空气净化器的去除率增加不大。在固定电梯中,所有乘客离开后,单次排放后PM2颗粒的半衰期为8-12分钟,使用空气净化器后为2-5分钟。固定式升降机的颗粒去除率低,需要进行干预,使颗粒去除率高,以消除传染性气溶胶。如果规范允许,在电梯静止时保持门开着是最有效的;否则,应使用固定电梯内的空气净化器。虽然空气净化器通常被视为在降低空气中潜在病毒浓度方面的重大改进,但在移动电梯的情况下,效果相当有限。本文提供了电梯内的经验颗粒损失率,动态电梯空间中空气净化器的有效性,电梯静止时控制传染性病原体的两种方法,以及支持在大流行期间使用电梯的预防方法。
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引用次数: 0
Ammonia Cycling and Emerging Inorganic Secondary Aerosols from Arable Agriculture 氨循环和新兴的农业无机二次气溶胶
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.3390/air1030016
Vivien Pohl, Alan Gilmer, Vivienne Byers, John Cassidy, Aoife Donnelly, Stig Hellebust, Eoin J. McGillicuddy, Eugene McGovern, David J. O’Connor
Air quality monitoring in Ireland is under the jurisdiction of the Environmental Protection Agency in compliance with the Gothenburg Protocol, EU/national legislation, and the National Clean Air Strategy. Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAS) have been acknowledged as a key atmospheric pollutant, with serious public health impacts and no safe exposure threshold in place to date. Ammonia (NH3) emissions are linked to the secondary production of aerosols through atmospheric reactions occurring with acidic atmospheric components such as sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid. These reactions result in the formation of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride, among others. Approximately 98% of NH3 emissions occurring in Ireland arise from agriculture, with minor contributions from transport and natural sources. A better understanding of NH3 emissions and SIA formation can be achieved through monitoring emissions at the source level. Additionally, mitigation strategies with a more thorough understanding of NH3 dynamics at the source level and consequential SIA formation allow for more efficient action. This project monitored ambient NH3 and SIA on two selected arable agricultural sites and a control site in a rural site close to Dublin on the east coast of Ireland to establish emission levels. Meteorological factors affecting emissions and SIA formation were also measured and cross-correlated to determine micro-meteorological effects. Monitoring at the agricultural sites observed ambient NH3 concentrations ranging from 0.52 µg m−3 to 1.70 µg m−3, with an average of 1.45 µg m−3. At the control site, ambient NH3 measured concentrations ranged from 0.05 µg m−3 to 1.76 µg m−3 with an average of 0.516 µg m−3. Aerosol NH4+ ranged from 0.03 µg m−3 to 1.05 µg m−3 with an average concentration of 0.27 µg m−3 at the agricultural site. The potential effects of meteorological conditions and the implications for the effects of these emissions are discussed, with recommendations to aid compliance with the National Emissions Ceiling and the National Clean Air Strategy (Directive 2001/81/EC).
根据《哥德堡议定书》、欧盟/国家立法和《国家清洁空气战略》,爱尔兰的空气质量监测由环境保护局管辖。二次无机气溶胶(SIAS)已被公认为一种关键的大气污染物,具有严重的公共卫生影响,迄今尚无安全接触阈值。氨(NH3)排放与通过与硫酸、硝酸和盐酸等酸性大气组分发生大气反应而产生的气溶胶的二次生成有关。这些反应产生硫酸铵、硝酸铵和氯化铵等。爱尔兰大约98%的NH3排放来自农业,交通和自然来源的贡献较小。通过监测源水平的排放,可以更好地了解NH3的排放和SIA的形成。此外,通过更全面地了解源级NH3动态和相应的SIA形成,可以采取更有效的减缓策略。该项目监测了两个选定的农业耕地和爱尔兰东海岸都柏林附近农村地区的一个控制地点的环境NH3和SIA,以确定排放水平。还测量了影响排放和SIA形成的气象因子,并相互关联以确定微气象效应。在农业站点监测到的环境NH3浓度范围为0.52µg m - 3至1.70µg m - 3,平均为1.45µg m - 3。在对照组,测得的环境NH3浓度范围为0.05µg m−3 ~ 1.76µg m−3,平均值为0.516µg m−3。气溶胶NH4+浓度范围为0.03 ~ 1.05µg m−3,平均浓度为0.27µg m−3。讨论了气象条件的潜在影响以及这些排放的影响,并提出了有助于遵守国家排放上限和国家清洁空气战略(指令2001/81/EC)的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Indoor Pollutant Reduction Performance of Different Mechanical Ventilation Filters in Apartment Buildings 不同机械通风过滤器对公寓楼室内污染物的减排效果
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8867880
Seong Eun Kim, Jin Chul Park, Yong Woo Song
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and charcoal filters have been applied to ventilation systems to save energy and reduce pollutants. However, such filters only work for specific types of pollutants, and their performance is not always sustainable. This study compares the pollutant reduction performance of TiO2 photocatalytic filters with HEPA and charcoal filters in mock-up experiments with toluene as the pollutant, changing air volume, and varying ventilation frequencies. The results show that the HEPA filter was ineffective at reducing toluene, and the charcoal filter was found to have the fastest reduction rate until 180 min after the start of the experiment. However, after 180 min when the charcoal filter was saturated, its pollutant reduction performance rapidly declined, resulting in low persistence. Conversely, the TiO2 photocatalytic filter had a lower reduction rate than that of the charcoal filter but had a continuous pollutant reduction performance during 720 min. Comparing the pollutant reduction effect of the TiO2 photocatalyst filter and the charcoal filter with a reduced amount based on the experimental time, the TiO2 photocatalyst filter has a maximum pollutant reduction effect of about seven times and at least about two times. This study confirms that HEPA and charcoal filters reduce gas pollutants, and it was found that combining TiO2 photocatalysts with ventilation devices can improve indoor air quality in apartment buildings.
高效微粒空气过滤器(HEPA)和木炭过滤器已应用于通风系统,以节省能源和减少污染物。然而,这种过滤器只适用于特定类型的污染物,而且它们的性能并不总是可持续的。本研究在甲苯为污染物、改变风量、不同通风频率的模拟实验中,比较了TiO2光催化过滤器与HEPA和木炭过滤器的减污性能。实验结果表明,HEPA过滤器对甲苯的还原效果不佳,直到实验开始后180 min,活性炭过滤器的还原速度最快。但在饱和180min后,活性炭过滤器的减污性能迅速下降,持久性较低。相反,TiO2光催化过滤器的还原速率低于木炭过滤器,但在720 min内具有连续的污染物还原性能。将TiO2光催化过滤器与基于实验时间的还原量的木炭过滤器的污染物还原效果进行比较,TiO2光催化过滤器的污染物还原效果最大约为7倍,最少约为2倍。本研究证实了HEPA和木炭过滤器可以减少气体污染物,并发现TiO2光催化剂与通风装置结合可以改善公寓楼室内空气质量。
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引用次数: 0
Risk Assessment of Lung Cancer Caused by Indoor Radon Exposure in China during 2006–2016: A Multicity, Longitudinal Analysis 2006-2016年中国室内氡暴露致肺癌风险评估:多城市纵向分析
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6943333
Ziqi Qiang, Yupeng Yao, Zhiling Li, Dapeng Lin, Huan Li, Haidong Kan, Weihai Zhuo, Bo Chen
Indoor radon is a well-documented environmental factor as a second cause of lung cancer. Based on the chronological data on indoor radon concentration, lung cancer incidence, and the distribution of sex-age-specific population, the risk of lung cancer caused by indoor radon exposure in a total of 15 cities in China was assessed by using the risk model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in this study. The estimate revealed that both the excess relative risk (ERR) and lifetime relative risk (LRR) have obviously increased after 2010. The population attributable risk (PAR) in 2016 was estimated in a range from 6.66% to 22.42%, with a median of 15.33% for the 15 cities. The lung cancer incidence attributed to indoor radon in 2016 ranged from 3.96 to 15.07 per 10,000 population in males and 1.21 to 8.27 per 10,000 population in females. Across age and sex, the risk of lung cancer caused by indoor radon was found more pronounced in males and 40-45 age groups. The chronological variation of radon concentrations was considered in this study; the estimate of lung cancer caused by indoor radon in China is considered more reasonable than ever before.
室内氡是一个有充分证据的环境因素,是肺癌的第二大原因。基于室内氡浓度、肺癌发病率和性别年龄人群分布的时间序列数据,采用美国环境保护署(EPA)开发的风险模型,对中国15个城市室内氡暴露导致肺癌的风险进行了评估。结果表明,2010年以后,城市居民的超额相对危险度(ERR)和终生相对危险度(LRR)均有明显的上升趋势。2016年15个城市的人口归因风险(PAR)在6.66% ~ 22.42%之间,中位数为15.33%。2016年室内氡导致的肺癌发病率男性为3.96 ~ 15.07 /万,女性为1.21 ~ 8.27 /万。在不同年龄和性别中,室内氡引起肺癌的风险在男性和40-45岁年龄组中更为明显。本研究考虑了氡浓度的年代性变化;中国室内氡引起肺癌的估计被认为比以往任何时候都更加合理。
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引用次数: 0
Unleashing the Casual Impact of House Prices on Air Quality: Evidence from Chinese Cities 释放房价对空气质量的偶然影响:来自中国城市的证据
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-08-30 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1338261
B. Zeng, S. Fahad, Gang Wang, A. Nassani, Rima H. Binsaeed
With the rapid development of the real estate industry in China, urban air quality is inevitably affected. By using data of Chinese cities located in the Yangtze River Delta from 2009 to 2018, this paper is aim at examining the casual impact of house prices on air quality. By considering the endogenous problems, in this study, first, the birth rate of the previous six years and the area of state-owned land supply per capita in the previous year are taken as instrumental variables of house price. Second, the two-stage least squares method is used to assess the causal impact of house price on air quality. The findings of this study show that there is no significant relationship between urban house prices and air quality, and these results are obtained without considering the endogenous problem. While, after considering the endogenous problem, urban house prices showed a significant negative effect on overall air quality, especially for low administrative level cities. The increase in house prices has hindered the improvement of air quality mainly through the blind-scale expansion of real estate development investments and the inhibitory effect of innovation.
随着中国房地产业的快速发展,城市空气质量不可避免地受到影响。本文利用2009年至2018年中国长三角城市的数据,旨在研究房价对空气质量的随机影响。考虑到内生问题,本研究首先将前六年的出生率和前一年人均国有土地供应面积作为房价的工具变量。其次,采用两阶段最小二乘法评估房价对空气质量的因果影响。本文的研究结果表明,城市房价与空气质量之间不存在显著的关系,并且这些结果是在没有考虑内生问题的情况下得出的。而考虑内生问题后,城市房价对整体空气质量呈现显著的负向影响,尤其是对低行政级别城市。房价上涨主要通过房地产开发投资的盲目规模扩张和创新的抑制作用阻碍了空气质量的改善。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence of Unrecognized Indoor Exposure to Toxic Chlorophenols and Odorous Chloroanisoles in Denmark, Finland, and Norway 丹麦、芬兰和挪威室内暴露于有毒氯酚和有气味氯苯甲醚的证据
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2585089
J. Lorentzen, Lars-Erik Harderup, G. Johanson
Production and use of chlorophenols (CPs) are being phased out around the globe, but with considerable lag in some highly populated countries. The process could be incentivized by leading countries sharing their experiences on problems that occurred, including the built environment. We previously reported that Swedish industry and authorities promoted CPs, including pentachlorophenol (PCP), as wood preservatives in buildings for decades. Yet, Swedish indoor research did not recognize exposure to the hazardous CPs and their odor potent derivatives, the chloroanisoles (CAs), which smell like mold and still evolve from legacy preservatives in damp building structures. We hypothesized that the toxic CPs and odorous CAs could be key players for health and odor problems not only in Sweden but also in the neighboring Nordic countries. We found no reports in scientific medical literature of CPs being used in buildings in these countries. However, grey literature shows that CPs were indeed used, even during building booms, in house exteriors, constructions, and interiors, from the 1950s up to the late 1970s (Denmark) and even the 1990s (Finland and Norway). One application of CPs was in houses erected on dampness-prone house foundations, conditions ideal for formation of odorous CAs through microbial methylation. Furthermore, our searches suggest that these problematic chemicals played hitherto unrecognized key roles when indoor air research evolved. Thus, odor became an important aspect of the “sick building syndrome” in Denmark and an early warning sign of health risks in Finland, as asthma and allergy were attributed to “dampness and mold.” None of the countries addressed the possible links between odor and health effects and exposure to CAs and CPs. In conclusion, our results suggest that unrecognized indoor exposure to toxic CPs and odorous CAs has mislead Nordic indoor air research for decades.
氯酚的生产和使用正在全球范围内逐步淘汰,但在一些人口稠密的国家存在相当大的滞后。这一进程可以通过主要国家分享他们在发生的问题上的经验来激励,包括建筑环境。我们之前报道过,瑞典工业和当局几十年来一直在推广CPs,包括五氯酚(PCP),作为建筑物中的木材防腐剂。然而,瑞典的室内研究并没有发现暴露于有害的氯化石蜡及其气味强的衍生物氯苯甲醚(CAs)中,氯苯甲醚闻起来像霉菌,仍然是从潮湿建筑结构中的遗留防腐剂演变而来的。我们假设有毒的氯化石蜡和有气味的氯化石蜡不仅在瑞典而且在邻近的北欧国家都可能是健康和气味问题的关键因素。我们在科学医学文献中没有发现在这些国家的建筑物中使用cp的报告。然而,灰色文献表明,从20世纪50年代到70年代末(丹麦)甚至90年代(芬兰和挪威),即使在建筑繁荣时期,CPs也确实被用于房屋的外部、建筑和内部。CPs的一个应用是在容易受潮的房屋基础上建造的房屋,这是通过微生物甲基化形成有气味的CAs的理想条件。此外,我们的研究表明,这些有问题的化学物质在室内空气研究的发展过程中发挥了迄今为止未被认识到的关键作用。因此,在丹麦,气味成为“病态建筑综合症”的一个重要方面,在芬兰,气味是健康风险的早期预警信号,因为哮喘和过敏被归因于“潮湿和发霉”。没有一个国家涉及气味和健康影响与接触氯化碳和氯化碳之间的可能联系。总之,我们的研究结果表明,几十年来,未被认识到的室内暴露于有毒的CPs和有气味的CAs误导了北欧室内空气研究。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Nicotine Degradation in Cigarette Smoke under Different Storage Conditions (Light and Duration) 不同贮存条件(光照和贮存时间)下卷烟烟气中尼古丁降解的评价
IF 5.8 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-08-17 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8814709
Young-Ji An, Yong-Hyun Kim
Nicotine, the primary component of cigarette smoke, is not only addictive but also indirectly contributes to lung diseases by increasing heart rate and blood pressure upon inhalation. Therefore, managing nicotine content in cigarette smoke necessitates accurate quantitative analysis. Nicotine from cigarette smoke is collected using a Cambridge filter, subjected to solvent extraction, and analyzed using instrumental techniques. However, since nicotine is susceptible to light-induced oxidation, losses may occur during pretreatment, reducing result reliability. This study assesses nicotine loss under various lighting conditions and storage durations. Nicotine collected in Cambridge filters is exposed to dark, visible radiation, and UV radiation (254 nm) for different time intervals (0–48 h), and the nicotine content is analyzed and compared. In dark conditions, a 1.6% decline in nicotine concentration occurs after 48 h. With visible radiation, a 9% reduction is observed, while under UV exposure, the concentration decreases by 16.9%. The UV radiation-associated decrease in nicotine concentration is −0.335% h−1, exhibiting strong linearity ( R 2 = 0.9465 ). Consequently, significant nicotine loss in Cambridge filter-collected samples is influenced by storage duration and lighting conditions. This study’s findings can enhance the accuracy of nicotine quantification in cigarette smoke, thereby improving the understanding of nicotine’s harmful effects in cigarette smoke.
尼古丁是香烟烟雾的主要成分,不仅会使人上瘾,而且吸入后会增加心率和血压,从而间接导致肺部疾病。因此,控制香烟烟雾中的尼古丁含量需要精确的定量分析。香烟烟雾中的尼古丁使用剑桥过滤器收集,经过溶剂萃取,并使用仪器技术进行分析。然而,由于尼古丁易受光诱导氧化,在预处理过程中可能会发生损失,从而降低结果的可靠性。本研究评估了尼古丁在不同光照条件和储存时间下的损失。在不同的时间间隔(0-48 h)下,将Cambridge过滤嘴中收集的尼古丁分别暴露在暗光、可见光和254 nm的紫外线下,分析和比较尼古丁的含量。在黑暗条件下,48小时后尼古丁浓度下降1.6%。在可见光照射下,浓度下降9%,而在紫外线照射下,浓度下降16.9%。与紫外线辐射相关的尼古丁浓度下降为- 0.35% h - 1,呈强线性关系(r2 = 0.9465)。因此,剑桥过滤器收集的样品中尼古丁的显著损失受到储存时间和光照条件的影响。本研究的发现可以提高香烟烟雾中尼古丁定量的准确性,从而提高对香烟烟雾中尼古丁有害影响的认识。
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Indoor air
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