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A Field Investigation of the Thermal Comfort of Older Adults in Cold Winter Climates 冬季寒冷气候下老年人热舒适的实地调查
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-28 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9185216
María Teresa Baquero, Roger Vergés, Katia Gaspar, Nuria Forcada
Population ageing, extreme weather, and high energy costs are the current and future global scenarios. The present study analyses the factors affecting the thermal comfort of older adults and evaluates their thermal perceptions and preferences in nursing homes in a Continental Mediterranean climate during winter, through environmental measurements and surveys on site. The sample consists of 1065 occupants. Results of this study revealed that the neutral temperature of older adults in nursing homes in cold winter climates is 24.9°C, 2.3°C higher than what PMV predicts. Results also highlight that older adults feel more comfortable in those spaces with higher CO2 concentrations than recommended by regulation. The analysis of factors affecting thermal comfort revealed that the most relevant factors affecting the thermal comfort of older adults in cold winter climates are (i) the type of room, which indirectly implies the metabolic rate of the occupants, the type of ventilation, and the CO2 level; (ii) the occupancy density; and (iii) the relative humidity of the room. These results will help to develop more accurate thermal comfort and indoor environmental quality regulations for older people that improve their health and quality of life. The modification of temperature setpoints in nursing homes based on the results of this study could influence energy use and should be carefully considered by policy makers and facility managers.
人口老龄化、极端天气和高能源成本是当前和未来的全球情景。本研究通过环境测量和现场调查,分析了影响地中海大陆性气候养老院老年人冬季热舒适的因素,并评估了老年人的热感知和偏好。样本由1065名居住者组成。本研究结果显示,冬季寒冷气候下养老院老年人的中性温度为24.9°C,比PMV预测的高2.3°C。研究结果还强调,老年人在二氧化碳浓度高于规定建议的空间里感觉更舒服。影响老年人热舒适的因素分析表明,冬季寒冷气候条件下,影响老年人热舒适的最主要因素是(1)房间类型,这间接暗示了居住者的代谢率、通风方式和CO2水平;(二)占用密度;(三)房间的相对湿度。这些结果将有助于为老年人制定更准确的热舒适和室内环境质量法规,以改善他们的健康和生活质量。根据这项研究的结果修改养老院的温度设定值可能会影响能源使用,政策制定者和设施管理人员应该仔细考虑。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Study on Sleep Quality in Naturally Ventilated Rooms under Moderate Climate Conditions 温和气候条件下自然通风室内睡眠质量的实验研究
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8853643
Kyohei Kondo, Takashi Asawa
Optimizing the thermal environment of a bedroom is desirable for good sleep. In moderate climatic conditions, natural ventilation is a viable method for enhancing the quality of sleep by improving indoor air conditions. This study examined the effects of air temperature and wind speed on sleep quality in naturally ventilated rooms with windows open and closed, during autumn. Thirteen young males in healthy conditions participated in this study. Two adjacent test rooms (for opened and closed conditions) were selected on a university campus, with standardized indoor conditions. Air temperature and wind speed were measured near the height of the participants’ heads. Sleep efficiency and wake after sleep onset (WASO) were calculated using physiological wearable sensors based on heart rate and body movement. The participants completed questionnaires on thermal sensation and comfort before and after sleep. The results showed that the lowest percentage of WASO was observed when the nocturnal mean temperature was 23–24°C with a quadratic regression curve regardless of the window opening conditions. Conversely, subjective sleep satisfaction and WASO did not show any significant differences between the conditions. The results revealed no significant impact of varying thermal and airflow conditions during autumn on thermal/airflow comfort, although significant differences were observed in the thermal/airflow sensation before and after sleep. Thus, these results suggest that natural ventilation through the opening of windows might not affect thermal/airflow comfort, while a nocturnal indoor air temperature of 23–24°C is recommended for good sleep and thermal comfort, regardless of window opening conditions under moderate climate conditions.
优化卧室的热环境是良好睡眠的理想选择。在温和的气候条件下,自然通风是通过改善室内空气条件来提高睡眠质量的可行方法。这项研究调查了秋天在自然通风的房间里,打开和关闭窗户,空气温度和风速对睡眠质量的影响。13名健康的年轻男性参加了这项研究。在某大学校园内选择两个相邻的试验室(开放和封闭),室内条件标准化。温度和风速是在参与者头顶附近测量的。使用基于心率和身体运动的生理可穿戴传感器计算睡眠效率和睡眠后觉醒(WASO)。参与者完成了关于睡眠前后热感觉和舒适度的问卷调查。结果表明,夜间平均气温23 ~ 24℃时WASO比例最低,与开窗条件无关,均呈二次回归曲线;相反,主观睡眠满意度和WASO在两种情况下没有显着差异。结果显示,秋季不同的热/气流条件对热/气流舒适没有显著影响,尽管在睡眠前后观察到热/气流感觉有显著差异。因此,这些结果表明,通过开窗自然通风可能不会影响热/气流舒适,而在温和的气候条件下,无论开窗条件如何,夜间室内空气温度为23-24°C均可获得良好的睡眠和热舒适。
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引用次数: 0
Nontrivial Impact of Relative Humidity on Organic New Particle Formation from Ozonolysis of cis-3-Hexenyl Acetate 相对湿度对臭氧分解醋酸顺-3-己烯酯形成有机新粒子的重要影响
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.3390/air1040017
Austin C. Flueckiger, Christopher N. Snyder, Giuseppe A. Petrucci
The impact of relative humidity (RH) on organic new particle formation (NPF) from the ozonolysis of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) remains an area of active debate. Previous reports provide contradictory results, indicating both the depression and enhancement of NPF under conditions of high RH. Herein, we report on the impact of RH on NPF from the dark ozonolysis of cis-3-hexenyl acetate (CHA), a green-leaf volatile (GLV) emitted by vegetation. We show that RH inhibits NPF by this BVOC, essentially shutting it down at RH levels > 1%. While the mechanism for the inhibition of NPF remains unclear, we demonstrate that it is likely not due to increased losses of CHA to the humid chamber walls. New oxidation products dominant under humid conditions are proposed that, based on estimated vapor pressures (VPs), should enhance NPF; however, it is possible that the vapor phase concentration of these low-volatility products is not sufficient to initiate NPF. Furthermore, the reaction of C3-excited state Criegee intermediates (CIs) with water may lead to the formation of small carboxylic acids that do not contribute to NPF. This hypothesis is supported by experiments with quaternary O3 + CHA + α-pinene + RH systems, which showed decreases in total α-pinene-derived NPF at ~0% RH and subsequent recovery at elevated RH.
相对湿度(RH)对臭氧分解生物源性挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)形成有机新粒子(NPF)的影响仍然是一个活跃的争论领域。以前的报告提供了相互矛盾的结果,表明在高RH条件下NPF既有抑制又有增强。本文报道了RH对植被释放的绿叶挥发物(GLV)顺-3-己烯乙酸酯(CHA)的暗臭氧分解对NPF的影响。我们发现RH通过BVOC抑制NPF,基本上在RH水平下将其关闭。1%。虽然抑制NPF的机制尚不清楚,但我们证明这可能不是由于CHA在潮湿腔壁上的损失增加。根据估计的蒸汽压(VPs),提出了在潮湿条件下占主导地位的新氧化产物,应增强NPF;然而,这些低挥发性产物的气相浓度可能不足以引发NPF。此外,c3 -激发态Criegee中间体(CIs)与水的反应可能导致形成不参与NPF的小羧酸。这一假设得到了季O3 + CHA + α-蒎烯+ RH体系实验的支持,结果表明,在~0% RH时,总α-蒎烯衍生的NPF减少,随后在升高RH时恢复。
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引用次数: 0
Critical Review of the Literature on Thermal Comfort in Educational Buildings: Study of the Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic 教育建筑热舒适研究综述:新冠肺炎疫情影响研究
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-07 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8347598
P. Romero, M. T. Miranda, I. Montero, F. J. Sepúlveda, V. Valero-Amaro
Thermal comfort in educational buildings affects not only the well-being of students but also their academic performance. Over time, various methods have been developed to assess it. However, none of them takes into account the adaptation of students of different ages, which is an important issue. In recent years, the study of thermal comfort has become very important due to energy-saving measures and ventilation protocols to combat the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Therefore, it is necessary to gather all the information to guide future research. Thus, this paper presents a comprehensive review of field studies on thermal comfort in classrooms at different educational levels. The focus is on those conducted during the global pandemic of COVID-19. It has been observed that students from climates with a higher degree of variation have shown a better adaptation. Children also tended to feel less affected by changing temperatures. High school and university students showed a greater range of dissatisfaction with heat than with cold. The adaptive approach is more suitable for recognising the comfort needs of all age groups. However, by using this approach together with the Fanger method, more reliable results have been reported. In most of the studies, comfort levels were found to be lower than those indicated by the standards, highlighting the need for guidelines adapted to the thermal comfort conditions of all students. Finally, the various natural ventilation measures to avoid COVID-19 infection have led to a decrease in comfort levels, especially in winter.
教育建筑的热舒适不仅影响学生的身心健康,也影响学生的学习成绩。随着时间的推移,人们开发了各种方法来评估它。然而,他们都没有考虑到不同年龄的学生的适应,这是一个重要的问题。近年来,由于节能措施和通风协议的出现,热舒适的研究变得非常重要,以对抗SARS-CoV-2冠状病毒的传播。因此,有必要收集所有的信息来指导未来的研究。因此,本文对不同教育水平的教室热舒适的实地研究进行了全面的回顾。重点是在2019冠状病毒病全球大流行期间开展的工作。据观察,来自气候变化程度较高的学生表现出更好的适应能力。儿童受温度变化的影响也较小。高中生和大学生对热的不满程度大于对冷的不满程度。适应性方法更适合于认识到所有年龄组的舒适需求。然而,通过将这种方法与Fanger方法结合使用,已经报道了更可靠的结果。最后,为避免COVID-19感染而采取的各种自然通风措施导致舒适度下降,特别是在冬季。
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引用次数: 0
The Effect of Low-Level Indoor Exposure Toluene on Orienting Network 室内低浓度暴露甲苯对定向网络的影响
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3836418
Changqing Zhan, Liping Pan, Jiajing Wang, Mingrui Cui, Peiran Yu, Jie Liu, Xin Zhang, Zukun Wang, Lei Zhao, Junjie Liu, Yijun Song
Objective. The aim is to explore the effect and mechanism of indoor toluene exposure on orienting network. Methods. Twenty-two healthy adults were exposed to 0 ppb, 17.5 ppb, 35 ppb, and 70 ppb toluene for 4 hours, respectively. All subjects underwent attention network behavioral test, and their electroencephalographic activity was recorded simultaneously. The causal connection strengths of orienting network were calculated through direct transform function (DTF) methods. The DTF values of orienting networks among four groups were compared. Results. (1) The DTF values of parietal outflow (DTF_outflow) in 70 ppb toluene condition were higher than those of the 0 ppb, 17.5 ppb, and 35 ppb conditions, respectively. (2) The DTFCZ-FZ and DTFCZ-FP2 values of 70 ppb toluene condition were found to be lower as compared to 0 ppb condition. The DTFCZ-FP2 values of 70 ppb condition were lower as compared to those of the 17.5 ppb condition. Furthermore, DTFP3-FP2, DTFP4-FP1, and DTFP4-FZ values of 70 ppb condition were higher as compared to those of the 0 ppb condition. The DTFP3-FP2 values of 70 ppb condition were higher as compared to those of the 17.5 ppb condition. The DTFP4-FP1 values of the 70 ppb condition were higher as compared to those of the 17.5 and 35 ppb conditions. Conclusion. Even short-term exposure to indoor toluene at low concentrations significantly impacts orienting network.
目标。目的是探讨室内甲苯暴露对定向网络的影响及其机制。方法。22名健康成人分别暴露于0 ppb、17.5 ppb、35 ppb和70 ppb的甲苯中4小时。所有被试均进行注意网络行为测试,同时记录脑电图活动。利用直接变换函数(DTF)方法计算了定向网络的因果联系强度。比较四组间定向网络的DTF值。结果。(1) 70 ppb条件下顶叶流出量DTF值(DTF_outflow)分别高于0、17.5和35 ppb条件下的DTF值。(2) 70 ppb甲苯条件下DTFCZ-FZ和DTFCZ-FP2值低于0 ppb甲苯条件下。70 ppb条件下DTFCZ-FP2值低于17.5 ppb条件下。此外,70 ppb条件下DTFP3-FP2、DTFP4-FP1和DTFP4-FZ值高于0 ppb条件下的DTFP3-FP2值。70 ppb条件下DTFP3-FP2值高于17.5 ppb条件下的DTFP3-FP2值。与17.5和35 ppb条件相比,70 ppb条件下的DTFP4-FP1值更高。结论。即使短期暴露于室内低浓度的甲苯也会显著影响定向网络。
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引用次数: 0
Combining Chamber Experiments and Model Simulations to Evaluate an Indoor HONO Source with Surface Photochemical Properties 结合室内实验和模型模拟评价具有表面光化学性质的室内HONO源
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3605937
Youfeng Wang, Chong Zhang, Jianshu Wang, Yaru Wang, Yingjie Zhang, Weili Lin, Chunxiang Ye
Nitrous acid (HONO) is an emerging indoor pollutant that can exert adverse health effects. The chemical production of indoor HONO has been attributed to NO2 heterogeneous reactions, and the source strength has been extensively evaluated via laboratory and model simulation studies. Photolysis of surface nitrate has recently been proposed as an indoor HONO source based on correlation analysis between indoor HONO accumulation and visible light radiation. However, neither experimental validation of the proposed mechanism nor source strength characterization is currently available. In this work, we designed an outdoor photochemical chamber (OPC) to simulate indoor HONO accumulation and established an indoor photochemical model (ICM) to calculate the indoor HONO budget. Indoor HONO accumulation revealed a distinct diel variation with a daytime maximum. Only with this indoor HONO source, the ICM reproduced the indoor HONO budget determined in the OPC. The enhanced reactive cross section of surface nitrate in visible light accounted for the major portion of the HONO source budget (77.2%) and the distinct diel variation. Success with the ICM encouraged us to simulate the HONO budget in real indoor environments. The calculated HONO production rates from surface nitrate photolysis at noon ranged from 1.4 to 4.1 ppbv h-1 under different indoor scenarios. On a daily average, this indoor HONO source contributed 42.4–52.7% to the total chemical sources in the living room but only contributed 4.7% to that in the kitchen, where NO2 heterogeneous reactions dominated.
亚硝酸(HONO)是一种新兴的室内污染物,可对健康产生不利影响。室内HONO的化学生成归因于NO2非均相反应,并且通过实验室和模型模拟研究广泛评估了源强度。基于室内HONO积累与可见光辐射的相关性分析,最近提出了表面硝酸盐光解作为室内HONO源。然而,目前既没有对所提出的机制进行实验验证,也没有对源强度进行表征。在这项工作中,我们设计了一个室外光化学室(OPC)来模拟室内HONO积累,并建立了一个室内光化学模型(ICM)来计算室内HONO预算。室内HONO积累表现出明显的日变化,白天最大。只有使用这个室内HONO源,ICM才能再现OPC中确定的室内HONO预算。可见光下表面硝酸盐反应截面的增强占HONO源预算的主要部分(77.2%),且日差变化明显。ICM的成功鼓励我们在真实的室内环境中模拟HONO预算。在不同室内条件下,正午时地表硝酸盐光解产生HONO的速率在1.4 ~ 4.1 ppbv h-1之间。该室内HONO源日平均占客厅总化学源的42.4-52.7%,占厨房总化学源的4.7%,厨房以NO2非均相反应为主。
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引用次数: 0
Elevator Ventilation and SARS-CoV-2-Relevant Particulate Matter Removal in Three Older California Elevators 加州三台旧电梯的通风和sars - cov -2相关颗粒物去除
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7664472
Michael J. Kado, Kelsi Perttula, Elizabeth M. Noth, David Moore, Patton Khuu Nguyen, Charles Perrino, Mark Nicas, S. Katharine Hammond
The objective of this study was to measure particulate matter (PM) total loss rates in three older (1940s, 1960s, and 1980s) elevators in California during two phases and three low-cost intervention modes. Tracer gas decay and <2 μm aerodynamic diameter nontoxic NaCl particles (PM2) were used to calculate PM2 loss rates. The NaCl particles were considered surrogates for smaller particles carrying SARS-CoV-2. Empirical PM2 loss rates were paired with modeled dynamic scenarios to estimate SARS-CoV-2-relevant PM2 removal. Mean loss rates (hr-1) ranged from 1.8 to 184. Compared to a closed-door, stationary elevator, the moving elevators had a fourfold increased mean loss rate (hr-1), while an air cleaner in a stationary elevator increased the mean loss rates sixfold. In a dynamic particle removal simulation of a ten-story elevator, PM was removed 1.38-fold faster with an air cleaner intervention during bottom and top floor stops only (express ride) and 1.12-fold faster with an air cleaner during every other floor stops. The increase in removal rates due to the air cleaner was modest due to the higher moving and open-door removal rates, except during stationary phase. The half-life of PM2 particles in a stationary elevator after all passengers have left can be 8-12 minutes following a single emission and 2-5 minutes with an air cleaner. The low particle removal rate in the stationary elevator requires an intervention so that the particle removal rate will be high to eliminate infectious aerosol. If codes permit, keeping the door open when the elevator is stationary is most effective; otherwise, an air cleaner in a stationary elevator should be used. While an air cleaner is commonly seen as a substantial improvement in reducing potential virus concentration in air, in the moving elevator scenarios, the effect is quite modest. This paper provides empirical particle loss rates inside elevators, the effectiveness of air cleaners in a dynamic elevator space, two approaches to control infectious agents while the elevator is stationary, and support for a precautionary approach towards elevator use amidst a pandemic.
本研究的目的是在两个阶段和三种低成本干预模式下测量加利福尼亚州三台旧电梯(1940年代、1960年代和1980年代)的颗粒物(PM)总损失率。采用示踪气体衰减和<2 μm空气动力学直径的无毒NaCl颗粒(PM2)计算PM2损失率。NaCl颗粒被认为是携带SARS-CoV-2的较小颗粒的替代品。将经验PM2损失率与模拟的动态情景配对,以估计与sars - cov -2相关的PM2去除。平均损失率(hr-1)在1.8 ~ 184之间。与闭门固定电梯相比,移动电梯的平均损失率(hr-1)增加了四倍,而固定电梯中的空气净化器使平均损失率增加了六倍。在一个十层电梯的动态粒子去除模拟中,仅在底层和顶层停车时(特快专车),空气净化器的PM去除速度提高了1.38倍,在其他每层停车时,空气净化器的PM去除速度提高了1.12倍。除固定阶段外,由于较高的移动和开门去除率,空气净化器的去除率增加不大。在固定电梯中,所有乘客离开后,单次排放后PM2颗粒的半衰期为8-12分钟,使用空气净化器后为2-5分钟。固定式升降机的颗粒去除率低,需要进行干预,使颗粒去除率高,以消除传染性气溶胶。如果规范允许,在电梯静止时保持门开着是最有效的;否则,应使用固定电梯内的空气净化器。虽然空气净化器通常被视为在降低空气中潜在病毒浓度方面的重大改进,但在移动电梯的情况下,效果相当有限。本文提供了电梯内的经验颗粒损失率,动态电梯空间中空气净化器的有效性,电梯静止时控制传染性病原体的两种方法,以及支持在大流行期间使用电梯的预防方法。
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引用次数: 0
Ammonia Cycling and Emerging Inorganic Secondary Aerosols from Arable Agriculture 氨循环和新兴的农业无机二次气溶胶
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.3390/air1030016
Vivien Pohl, Alan Gilmer, Vivienne Byers, John Cassidy, Aoife Donnelly, Stig Hellebust, Eoin J. McGillicuddy, Eugene McGovern, David J. O’Connor
Air quality monitoring in Ireland is under the jurisdiction of the Environmental Protection Agency in compliance with the Gothenburg Protocol, EU/national legislation, and the National Clean Air Strategy. Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIAS) have been acknowledged as a key atmospheric pollutant, with serious public health impacts and no safe exposure threshold in place to date. Ammonia (NH3) emissions are linked to the secondary production of aerosols through atmospheric reactions occurring with acidic atmospheric components such as sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acid. These reactions result in the formation of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and ammonium chloride, among others. Approximately 98% of NH3 emissions occurring in Ireland arise from agriculture, with minor contributions from transport and natural sources. A better understanding of NH3 emissions and SIA formation can be achieved through monitoring emissions at the source level. Additionally, mitigation strategies with a more thorough understanding of NH3 dynamics at the source level and consequential SIA formation allow for more efficient action. This project monitored ambient NH3 and SIA on two selected arable agricultural sites and a control site in a rural site close to Dublin on the east coast of Ireland to establish emission levels. Meteorological factors affecting emissions and SIA formation were also measured and cross-correlated to determine micro-meteorological effects. Monitoring at the agricultural sites observed ambient NH3 concentrations ranging from 0.52 µg m−3 to 1.70 µg m−3, with an average of 1.45 µg m−3. At the control site, ambient NH3 measured concentrations ranged from 0.05 µg m−3 to 1.76 µg m−3 with an average of 0.516 µg m−3. Aerosol NH4+ ranged from 0.03 µg m−3 to 1.05 µg m−3 with an average concentration of 0.27 µg m−3 at the agricultural site. The potential effects of meteorological conditions and the implications for the effects of these emissions are discussed, with recommendations to aid compliance with the National Emissions Ceiling and the National Clean Air Strategy (Directive 2001/81/EC).
根据《哥德堡议定书》、欧盟/国家立法和《国家清洁空气战略》,爱尔兰的空气质量监测由环境保护局管辖。二次无机气溶胶(SIAS)已被公认为一种关键的大气污染物,具有严重的公共卫生影响,迄今尚无安全接触阈值。氨(NH3)排放与通过与硫酸、硝酸和盐酸等酸性大气组分发生大气反应而产生的气溶胶的二次生成有关。这些反应产生硫酸铵、硝酸铵和氯化铵等。爱尔兰大约98%的NH3排放来自农业,交通和自然来源的贡献较小。通过监测源水平的排放,可以更好地了解NH3的排放和SIA的形成。此外,通过更全面地了解源级NH3动态和相应的SIA形成,可以采取更有效的减缓策略。该项目监测了两个选定的农业耕地和爱尔兰东海岸都柏林附近农村地区的一个控制地点的环境NH3和SIA,以确定排放水平。还测量了影响排放和SIA形成的气象因子,并相互关联以确定微气象效应。在农业站点监测到的环境NH3浓度范围为0.52µg m - 3至1.70µg m - 3,平均为1.45µg m - 3。在对照组,测得的环境NH3浓度范围为0.05µg m−3 ~ 1.76µg m−3,平均值为0.516µg m−3。气溶胶NH4+浓度范围为0.03 ~ 1.05µg m−3,平均浓度为0.27µg m−3。讨论了气象条件的潜在影响以及这些排放的影响,并提出了有助于遵守国家排放上限和国家清洁空气战略(指令2001/81/EC)的建议。
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引用次数: 0
Indoor Pollutant Reduction Performance of Different Mechanical Ventilation Filters in Apartment Buildings 不同机械通风过滤器对公寓楼室内污染物的减排效果
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8867880
Seong Eun Kim, Jin Chul Park, Yong Woo Song
High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and charcoal filters have been applied to ventilation systems to save energy and reduce pollutants. However, such filters only work for specific types of pollutants, and their performance is not always sustainable. This study compares the pollutant reduction performance of TiO2 photocatalytic filters with HEPA and charcoal filters in mock-up experiments with toluene as the pollutant, changing air volume, and varying ventilation frequencies. The results show that the HEPA filter was ineffective at reducing toluene, and the charcoal filter was found to have the fastest reduction rate until 180 min after the start of the experiment. However, after 180 min when the charcoal filter was saturated, its pollutant reduction performance rapidly declined, resulting in low persistence. Conversely, the TiO2 photocatalytic filter had a lower reduction rate than that of the charcoal filter but had a continuous pollutant reduction performance during 720 min. Comparing the pollutant reduction effect of the TiO2 photocatalyst filter and the charcoal filter with a reduced amount based on the experimental time, the TiO2 photocatalyst filter has a maximum pollutant reduction effect of about seven times and at least about two times. This study confirms that HEPA and charcoal filters reduce gas pollutants, and it was found that combining TiO2 photocatalysts with ventilation devices can improve indoor air quality in apartment buildings.
高效微粒空气过滤器(HEPA)和木炭过滤器已应用于通风系统,以节省能源和减少污染物。然而,这种过滤器只适用于特定类型的污染物,而且它们的性能并不总是可持续的。本研究在甲苯为污染物、改变风量、不同通风频率的模拟实验中,比较了TiO2光催化过滤器与HEPA和木炭过滤器的减污性能。实验结果表明,HEPA过滤器对甲苯的还原效果不佳,直到实验开始后180 min,活性炭过滤器的还原速度最快。但在饱和180min后,活性炭过滤器的减污性能迅速下降,持久性较低。相反,TiO2光催化过滤器的还原速率低于木炭过滤器,但在720 min内具有连续的污染物还原性能。将TiO2光催化过滤器与基于实验时间的还原量的木炭过滤器的污染物还原效果进行比较,TiO2光催化过滤器的污染物还原效果最大约为7倍,最少约为2倍。本研究证实了HEPA和木炭过滤器可以减少气体污染物,并发现TiO2光催化剂与通风装置结合可以改善公寓楼室内空气质量。
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引用次数: 0
Risk Assessment of Lung Cancer Caused by Indoor Radon Exposure in China during 2006–2016: A Multicity, Longitudinal Analysis 2006-2016年中国室内氡暴露致肺癌风险评估:多城市纵向分析
2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-14 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6943333
Ziqi Qiang, Yupeng Yao, Zhiling Li, Dapeng Lin, Huan Li, Haidong Kan, Weihai Zhuo, Bo Chen
Indoor radon is a well-documented environmental factor as a second cause of lung cancer. Based on the chronological data on indoor radon concentration, lung cancer incidence, and the distribution of sex-age-specific population, the risk of lung cancer caused by indoor radon exposure in a total of 15 cities in China was assessed by using the risk model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in this study. The estimate revealed that both the excess relative risk (ERR) and lifetime relative risk (LRR) have obviously increased after 2010. The population attributable risk (PAR) in 2016 was estimated in a range from 6.66% to 22.42%, with a median of 15.33% for the 15 cities. The lung cancer incidence attributed to indoor radon in 2016 ranged from 3.96 to 15.07 per 10,000 population in males and 1.21 to 8.27 per 10,000 population in females. Across age and sex, the risk of lung cancer caused by indoor radon was found more pronounced in males and 40-45 age groups. The chronological variation of radon concentrations was considered in this study; the estimate of lung cancer caused by indoor radon in China is considered more reasonable than ever before.
室内氡是一个有充分证据的环境因素,是肺癌的第二大原因。基于室内氡浓度、肺癌发病率和性别年龄人群分布的时间序列数据,采用美国环境保护署(EPA)开发的风险模型,对中国15个城市室内氡暴露导致肺癌的风险进行了评估。结果表明,2010年以后,城市居民的超额相对危险度(ERR)和终生相对危险度(LRR)均有明显的上升趋势。2016年15个城市的人口归因风险(PAR)在6.66% ~ 22.42%之间,中位数为15.33%。2016年室内氡导致的肺癌发病率男性为3.96 ~ 15.07 /万,女性为1.21 ~ 8.27 /万。在不同年龄和性别中,室内氡引起肺癌的风险在男性和40-45岁年龄组中更为明显。本研究考虑了氡浓度的年代性变化;中国室内氡引起肺癌的估计被认为比以往任何时候都更加合理。
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