Religion, Neurosociology and Evolutionary Sociology: Knocking on an Open Door or Why We Need More Interdisciplinary Communication
宗教、神经社会学和进化社会学:敲开一扇敞开的门或为什么我们需要更多的跨学科交流
{"title":"Religion, Neurosociology and Evolutionary Sociology: Knocking on an Open Door or Why We Need More Interdisciplinary Communication","authors":"R. Fischer","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.35724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.35724","url":null,"abstract":"Religion, Neurosociology and Evolutionary Sociology: Knocking on an Open Door or Why We Need More Interdisciplinary Communication","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114664658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Religion emerged as a cognitive capacity and behavioral propensity by virtue of Darwinian natural selection on hominins and then humans to become more social and group oriented. The capacity to be religious is only a modest extension of the Darwinian selection on cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal propensities of all great apes and, hence, early hominins. However, other forms of natural selection need to be added to the explanation of why religion became institutionalized in early human societies, why religious organizations arise and die from competition, and why violence is so often a part of religious revolution. These additional types of natural selection do not obviate Darwinian selection on the human brain, but they become a necessary supplement to Darwinian analysis if the early institutionalization and subsequent evolution of religion are to be more fully explained.
{"title":"The Problem with Too Much Fidelity to the Modern Synthesis When Explaining the Origins and Evolution of the Social Universe","authors":"J. Turner","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.35730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.35730","url":null,"abstract":"Religion emerged as a cognitive capacity and behavioral propensity by virtue of Darwinian natural selection on hominins and then humans to become more social and group oriented. The capacity to be religious is only a modest extension of the Darwinian selection on cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal propensities of all great apes and, hence, early hominins. However, other forms of natural selection need to be added to the explanation of why religion became institutionalized in early human societies, why religious organizations arise and die from competition, and why violence is so often a part of religious revolution. These additional types of natural selection do not obviate Darwinian selection on the human brain, but they become a necessary supplement to Darwinian analysis if the early institutionalization and subsequent evolution of religion are to be more fully explained.","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131086712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Why the Evolutionary Sociology of Religion Should Build on Rather than Reinvent Biological Models
为什么宗教的进化社会学应该建立在生物学模型之上而不是重新发明
{"title":"Why the Evolutionary Sociology of Religion Should Build on Rather than Reinvent Biological Models","authors":"Lloyd L. H. Black, R. Sosis","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.35723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.35723","url":null,"abstract":"Why the Evolutionary Sociology of Religion Should Build on Rather than Reinvent Biological Models","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114763719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Explaining Religion(s) with Deep Historical Time Scales: A Comment from Cognitive Archaeology
用深层历史时间尺度解释宗教：来自认知考古学的评论
{"title":"Explaining Religion(s) with Deep Historical Time Scales: A Comment from Cognitive Archaeology","authors":"N. Johannsen","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.35727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.35727","url":null,"abstract":"Explaining Religion(s) with Deep Historical Time Scales: A Comment from Cognitive Archaeology","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130761547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Turner’s paper covers an impressive scope of evidence and builds a complex theory of how both biological evolution and other evolutionary forces could give rise to human religions. Researchers in other areas of the biological and social sciences have explored similar ideas and have developed parallel theories, which in many ways expand upon the ideas presented here. The need for an evolutionary explanation of religion and the necessity of appealing to selection mechanisms beyond biological ones has been well established within the fields of biology, human ecology, anthropology, and psychology. Researchers have appealed to biological evolution, cultural evolution, and cultural group selection in explaining religion (Atran and Henrich 2010; Gervais et al. 2011; Johnson 2015; Norenzayan et al. 2016). These additional cultural evolutionary mechanisms, and the biological evolutionary mechanisms that have given rise to them, have been well established as processes underlying human culture more generally (see Boyd and Richerson 1985; Henrich and McElreath 2003; Richerson and Boyd 2005). Specifically, work in these fields has established theories for the evolution of the human brain; how religion can be explained by a combination of biological and cultural evolution; and that cultural group selection has played an important role in this process and continues to play an important role in dictating which religious groups succeed and spread, and which decline and disappear. We appeal to some of this evidence and explore how it parallels, compliments, and adds to those that Turner outlines in his paper.
特纳的论文涵盖了令人印象深刻的证据范围，并建立了一个复杂的理论，说明生物进化和其他进化力量如何产生人类宗教。生物和社会科学的其他领域的研究人员已经探索了类似的想法，并发展了平行的理论，这些理论在许多方面扩展了本文提出的观点。在生物学、人类生态学、人类学和心理学等领域中，对宗教进行进化解释的必要性以及诉诸生物学之外的选择机制的必要性已经得到了很好的确立。研究人员在解释宗教时诉诸生物进化、文化进化和文化群体选择(Atran and Henrich 2010;Gervais et al. 2011;约翰逊2015;Norenzayan et al. 2016)。这些额外的文化进化机制，以及产生它们的生物进化机制，已经被很好地确立为更普遍的人类文化基础的过程(见Boyd和Richerson 1985;Henrich and McElreath 2003;Richerson and Boyd, 2005)。具体来说，在这些领域的工作已经为人类大脑的进化建立了理论;如何用生物和文化进化的结合来解释宗教;文化群体选择在这一过程中发挥了重要作用，并继续在决定哪些宗教团体成功和传播，哪些宗教团体衰落和消失方面发挥着重要作用。我们诉诸其中的一些证据，并探索它如何与特纳在他的论文中概述的那些证据相对应、相辅相成、相辅相成。
{"title":"Understanding the Evolution of Religion: An Interdisciplinary Approach","authors":"A. Willard, Adam Baimel","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.35729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.35729","url":null,"abstract":"Turner’s paper covers an impressive scope of evidence and builds a complex theory of how both biological evolution and other evolutionary forces could give rise to human religions. Researchers in other areas of the biological and social sciences have explored similar ideas and have developed parallel theories, which in many ways expand upon the ideas presented here. The need for an evolutionary explanation of religion and the necessity of appealing to selection mechanisms beyond biological ones has been well established within the fields of biology, human ecology, anthropology, and psychology. Researchers have appealed to biological evolution, cultural evolution, and cultural group selection in explaining religion (Atran and Henrich 2010; Gervais et al. 2011; Johnson 2015; Norenzayan et al. 2016). These additional cultural evolutionary mechanisms, and the biological evolutionary mechanisms that have given rise to them, have been well established as processes underlying human culture more generally (see Boyd and Richerson 1985; Henrich and McElreath 2003; Richerson and Boyd 2005). Specifically, work in these fields has established theories for the evolution of the human brain; how religion can be explained by a combination of biological and cultural evolution; and that cultural group selection has played an important role in this process and continues to play an important role in dictating which religious groups succeed and spread, and which decline and disappear. We appeal to some of this evidence and explore how it parallels, compliments, and adds to those that Turner outlines in his paper.","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127852228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Turner’s Definition and Explanation of Religion","authors":"S. Guthrie","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.35725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.35725","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134538640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What Is the Relationship of Spencerian, Durkheimian and Marxian Natural Selections to Darwinian Natural Selection and How Can We Formalize Their Mutual Interaction?
斯宾塞、涂尔干、马克思的自然选择论与达尔文的自然选择论的关系是什么?如何形式化它们之间的相互作用?
{"title":"What Is the Relationship of Spencerian, Durkheimian and Marxian Natural Selections to Darwinian Natural Selection and How Can We Formalize Their Mutual Interaction?","authors":"R. Kundt","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.35728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.35728","url":null,"abstract":"What Is the Relationship of Spencerian, Durkheimian and Marxian Natural Selections to Darwinian Natural Selection and How Can We Formalize Their Mutual Interaction?","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131370734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Divine Forgiveness and Human Support for State-Sanctioned Punishment","authors":"Katherine O'Lone, R. McKay","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.34356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.34356","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126251623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"God is Watching You: How the Fear of God Makes Us Human by Dominic Johnson. Oxford University Press, 2015. 304pp., 7 B&W illustrations, Hb. $27.95. ISBN-13: 9780199895632.","authors":"D. Wiebe","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.35758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.35758","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123790924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present contribution, concerning the ancient Roman cult of Bona Dea, explores the interplay between intuitive healing beliefs, morality, disgust, and coercive control of sexual behaviours. In order to preliminarily investigate cultural variations concerning sex and gender issues in past societies (a somewhat neglected topic in current cognitive studies), this article engages the socio-sexual organization of Roman culture which underpinned the cult devotion, explaining the evolutionary rationale of the underlying mythography as a mate-guarding strategy and the cult itself as a relief valve and a temporary compensation for subordinate women. The essential components of the cult (i.e., wine and snakes) are further analysed via evolutionary psychology and the cognitive science of religion. The final paragraph tackles the problematic scholarly reconstruction of the cult's promise of an afterlife for its worshippers, arguing that a phylogenetic analysis of Graeco-Roman mythographies might help contextualizing this issue.
{"title":"Wine, Brains, and Snakes: An Ancient Roman Cult between Gendered Contaminants, Sexuality, and Pollution Beliefs","authors":"Leonardo Ambasciano","doi":"10.1558/JCSR.30673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/JCSR.30673","url":null,"abstract":"The present contribution, concerning the ancient Roman cult of Bona Dea, explores the interplay between intuitive healing beliefs, morality, disgust, and coercive control of sexual behaviours. In order to preliminarily investigate cultural variations concerning sex and gender issues in past societies (a somewhat neglected topic in current cognitive studies), this article engages the socio-sexual organization of Roman culture which underpinned the cult devotion, explaining the evolutionary rationale of the underlying mythography as a mate-guarding strategy and the cult itself as a relief valve and a temporary compensation for subordinate women. The essential components of the cult (i.e., wine and snakes) are further analysed via evolutionary psychology and the cognitive science of religion. The final paragraph tackles the problematic scholarly reconstruction of the cult's promise of an afterlife for its worshippers, arguing that a phylogenetic analysis of Graeco-Roman mythographies might help contextualizing this issue.","PeriodicalId":135438,"journal":{"name":"The Journal of Cognitive Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131330363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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