Circular Economy is a new challenge, where resource-use efficiency and reduction in waste and pollution are designed to happen in a systematic manner to both production and consumption processes. If the weather patterns deviate from regular to extreme, then the challenge is even greater. Therefore, global warming and the next ice age make it important to understand that behavioral change towards Circular Economy could improve human survival rates. Five indicators will cover a discussion that covers a time period from 2060 to 2079 with global warming causing severe heat, and from 2080 to 2100 with extreme cold and next ice age. Let us assume that the human population is twelve billion in 2060 and increases to thirteen billion by 2079; from 2080 to 2100 human population increases to fifteen billion. The five indicators are: 1. Ecological Management 2. Sustainable Consumption 3. Sustainable Production 4. Energy Consumption 5. Environmental Sustainability.
{"title":"Circular Economy Planning that Address the Conditions of Climatic Extremes: 2060-Global Warming; 2090-2100 New Ice Age","authors":"Seeme Mallick","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3900085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3900085","url":null,"abstract":"Circular Economy is a new challenge, where resource-use efficiency and reduction in waste and pollution are designed to happen in a systematic manner to both production and consumption processes. If the weather patterns deviate from regular to extreme, then the challenge is even greater. Therefore, global warming and the next ice age make it important to understand that behavioral change towards Circular Economy could improve human survival rates. Five indicators will cover a discussion that covers a time period from 2060 to 2079 with global warming causing severe heat, and from 2080 to 2100 with extreme cold and next ice age. Let us assume that the human population is twelve billion in 2060 and increases to thirteen billion by 2079; from 2080 to 2100 human population increases to fifteen billion. The five indicators are: 1. Ecological Management 2. Sustainable Consumption 3. Sustainable Production 4. Energy Consumption 5. Environmental Sustainability.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122159487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Concerns about drinking water contamination through lead service lines, which connect street water mains to homes in many cities in the United States, might hinder resource-constrained municipalities from performing important infrastructure upgrades. Construction on water mains might disturb the service lines and increase lead levels in drinking water. We estimate the effects of water main maintenance on drinking water and children's blood levels by exploiting unique geocoded data and over 2,200 water main replacements in Chicago, a city with almost 400,000 known lead service lines. By comparing water and blood samples in homes at different distances from replaced mains before and after replacement, we find no evidence that water main replacement affects water or children's lead levels.
{"title":"Infrastructure Upgrades and Lead Exposure: Do Cities Face Trade-Offs When Replacing Water Mains?","authors":"L. Gazzè, Jennifer A Heissel","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3651179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3651179","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Concerns about drinking water contamination through lead service lines, which connect street water mains to homes in many cities in the United States, might hinder resource-constrained municipalities from performing important infrastructure upgrades. Construction on water mains might disturb the service lines and increase lead levels in drinking water. We estimate the effects of water main maintenance on drinking water and children's blood levels by exploiting unique geocoded data and over 2,200 water main replacements in Chicago, a city with almost 400,000 known lead service lines. By comparing water and blood samples in homes at different distances from replaced mains before and after replacement, we find no evidence that water main replacement affects water or children's lead levels.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131668109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Indexes simplify and communicate complex information and their primary purpose is to guide an evaluation process by helping policy-makers act and then assess, measure and monitor policy creation. This paper discusses the principles that determine firstly role of cities, we see how development spreads or distributes within the country. We observe how these principles impact the selection of location and how we can predict the future of developing cities. We describe which indicators are important for several reasons: the debate about what should be an indicator triggers discussion as to what is important to a city, it gives the city a goal and action plan by making explicit which target it wants to reach and so creates aspirations, it provides an opportunity to assess strengths and weaknesses and how these might be addressed. Finally, based on the principles discussed, we used Principal Components Analysis to calculate the City Development Index for Armenian cities.
{"title":"Who Cares About #citydevelopment: Determinants of City Development","authors":"S. Avetisyan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3284707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3284707","url":null,"abstract":"Indexes simplify and communicate complex information and their primary purpose is to guide an evaluation process by helping policy-makers act and then assess, measure and monitor policy creation. This paper discusses the principles that determine firstly role of cities, we see how development spreads or distributes within the country. We observe how these principles impact the selection of location and how we can predict the future of developing cities. We describe which indicators are important for several reasons: the debate about what should be an indicator triggers discussion as to what is important to a city, it gives the city a goal and action plan by making explicit which target it wants to reach and so creates aspirations, it provides an opportunity to assess strengths and weaknesses and how these might be addressed. Finally, based on the principles discussed, we used Principal Components Analysis to calculate the City Development Index for Armenian cities.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"2 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120809990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Community gardening has become a growing movement in cities all over the world, where these diverse collectively managed spaces provide various economic, ecological, and social benefits for urban residents. Particularly in developed countries such as Germany, social benefits are the motivation to participate in community gardens more so than the harvests. Although research on community gardens has grown, including the question of their benefits to a sustainable development, there is little literature studying the social importance and social sustainability of community gardens. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine social interaction, participation, and perceived success as a concept to assess social sustainability. The paper further aims to examine the conditions influencing social sustainability within community gardens. With the help of an online survey, we collect data from 123 community gardens throughout Germany, with which we assess diverse degrees of social sustainability. Causalities of gardens’ social sustainability are analyzed with a multiple linear regression model. Results indicate that there is no significant relationship between size of community and social sustainability, rather aspects of trust and management have a strong effect on social sustainability. Findings like these lead to a better understanding of social interaction in urban communities that contribute to more social sustainability.
{"title":"Social Sustainability through Social Interaction — A National Survey on Community Gardens in Germany","authors":"Nicole Rogge, I. Theesfeld, C. Strassner","doi":"10.3390/SU10041085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/SU10041085","url":null,"abstract":"Community gardening has become a growing movement in cities all over the world, where these diverse collectively managed spaces provide various economic, ecological, and social benefits for urban residents. Particularly in developed countries such as Germany, social benefits are the motivation to participate in community gardens more so than the harvests. Although research on community gardens has grown, including the question of their benefits to a sustainable development, there is little literature studying the social importance and social sustainability of community gardens. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine social interaction, participation, and perceived success as a concept to assess social sustainability. The paper further aims to examine the conditions influencing social sustainability within community gardens. With the help of an online survey, we collect data from 123 community gardens throughout Germany, with which we assess diverse degrees of social sustainability. Causalities of gardens’ social sustainability are analyzed with a multiple linear regression model. Results indicate that there is no significant relationship between size of community and social sustainability, rather aspects of trust and management have a strong effect on social sustainability. Findings like these lead to a better understanding of social interaction in urban communities that contribute to more social sustainability.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129139026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a market-based idea to compensate for earthquake damage caused by the extraction of natural gas and applies it to the case of Groningen in the Netherlands. Earthquake certificates give homeowners a right to yearly compensation for both property damage and degradation of living space. The level of compensation is a percentage of the joint annual gas revenues of the Dutch government, Shell and ExxonMobil and may vary based on the intensity of earthquakes in the previous year. These certificates are tradable within the Netherlands to stimulate the illiquid housing market in the province of Groningen. Although frequent earthquakes have decreased property values in this province, a seller will still receive an efficient price for his house because he can also sell his earthquake certificate. A buyer of this certificate receives an annual stream of income and may use these revenues, for instance, to repay his mortgage or to maintain his house at reduced tax levels. However, multiple implementation problems make the viability of this market-based instrument difficult if not questionable, such as the political decision on the aforementioned level of revenue sharing and the behavioral complexity of the options that tradable earthquake certificates offer to homeowners.
{"title":"Tradable Earthquake Certificates","authors":"E. Woerdman, Minne Dulleman","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3001859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3001859","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a market-based idea to compensate for earthquake damage caused by the extraction of natural gas and applies it to the case of Groningen in the Netherlands. Earthquake certificates give homeowners a right to yearly compensation for both property damage and degradation of living space. The level of compensation is a percentage of the joint annual gas revenues of the Dutch government, Shell and ExxonMobil and may vary based on the intensity of earthquakes in the previous year. These certificates are tradable within the Netherlands to stimulate the illiquid housing market in the province of Groningen. Although frequent earthquakes have decreased property values in this province, a seller will still receive an efficient price for his house because he can also sell his earthquake certificate. A buyer of this certificate receives an annual stream of income and may use these revenues, for instance, to repay his mortgage or to maintain his house at reduced tax levels. However, multiple implementation problems make the viability of this market-based instrument difficult if not questionable, such as the political decision on the aforementioned level of revenue sharing and the behavioral complexity of the options that tradable earthquake certificates offer to homeowners.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134434474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of Real Estate Open Data Systems (‘RE-ODS’) is investigated by identifying and reflecting on the real estate backdrop, transparency initiatives and issues in Sydney, London and Dubai. Significant capital flows into these iconic cities has stimulated their housing markets and accentuated their position as global trade, tourism, financial and logistics hubs. However, rapid urban intensification has accentuated housing affordability pressures. The chapter reflects on the extent to which real estate systems in these three metropoli substantively address their respective real estate challenges. It found, first, that the RE-ODS needs to interact with other Spatial Administrative Systems. Second, to attenuate information asymmetry, the RE-ODS needs wide public engagement. Finally, an evolving RE-ODS is underpinned by capable institutions, professional meta-cognition, collaboration and policy learning
{"title":"Designing Transparent Real Estate Open Data Systems: Sydney, Dubai and London","authors":"Hoon Han, S. Huston, Ye Shi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3113463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3113463","url":null,"abstract":"The role of Real Estate Open Data Systems (‘RE-ODS’) is investigated by identifying and reflecting on the real estate backdrop, transparency initiatives and issues in Sydney, London and Dubai. Significant capital flows into these iconic cities has stimulated their housing markets and accentuated their position as global trade, tourism, financial and logistics hubs. However, rapid urban intensification has accentuated housing affordability pressures. The chapter reflects on the extent to which real estate systems in these three metropoli substantively address their respective real estate challenges. It found, first, that the RE-ODS needs to interact with other Spatial Administrative Systems. Second, to attenuate information asymmetry, the RE-ODS needs wide public engagement. Finally, an evolving RE-ODS is underpinned by capable institutions, professional meta-cognition, collaboration and policy learning","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122295292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Saldarriaga, Laura Pulgarín, Paula Cuero, N. Duque
Spanish Abstract: El pilar sobre el que se estructura un curso de Hidráulica de Tuberías es proveer la base teórica del diseño de sistemas con flujo a presión, porque es a partir de esta que se pueden afrontar los retos que supone el diseño, manejo y operación de sistemas complejos como son las redes de distribución de agua potable. Es por esto que, como parte del desarrollo de este tipo de cursos, es necesario contar con una herramienta que apoye el proceso de aprendizaje básico y lo lleve al campo de aplicación y diseño, lo que se logra con el uso de programas. Con esto en mente, la Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, específicamente el Centro de Investigación en Acueductos y Alcantarillados (CIACUA), desarrolló un software para el curso de Hidráulica de Tuberías, el cual se divide en tres: PROGRAMAS, REDES y RIEGOS. El primero se enfoca en el diseño de sistemas con complejidad baja o media, como tuberías simples y redes abiertas; el segundo realiza el diseño optimizados de redes complejas como las de distribución de agua potable y el último diseña sistemas de riego localizado de alta frecuencia. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es describir en detalle estos tres programas y su importancia dentro del proceso de aprendizaje de un estudiante. English Abstract: The pillar on which a Hydraulic Pipeline Systems course is structured is the theoretical basis for the design of pressure systems, because it gives the tools to afford the challenges that design, management and operation of complex systems have. This is why, as part of the development of this type of courses, it is necessary to have a tool, like a software, that supports basic learning process and leads to application and design. Therefore, the University of the Andes, Colombia, specifically the Research Center in Aqueducts and Sewers (CIACUA), developed a software for the course of Hydraulic Pipeline Systems, which is divided into three parts: PROGRAMAS, REDES and RIEGOS. The first one allows to design systems with low or medium complexity, such as simple pipes and open networks; the second one, designs water distribution networks and the third one designs high frequency localized irrigation systems. Hence, the objective of this paper is to describe in detail these three programs and their importance within the learning process of a student.
[Abstract:重要水利管道是课程结构系统设计提供理论基础与压力,因为这是起流可以应对挑战的这个复杂系统的设计、管理和操作就像饮用水销售网络。这就是为什么，作为这类课程开发的一部分，有必要有一个工具来支持基本的学习过程，并将其带到应用和设计领域，这是通过使用程序实现的。考虑到这一点，哥伦比亚洛斯安第斯大学，特别是渡槽和下水道研究中心(CIACUA)，为管道液压课程开发了一个软件，该软件分为三个部分:程序、网络和灌溉。第一种侧重于低到中等复杂性系统的设计，如简单管道和开放网络;前者设计复杂的网络，如饮用水分配网络，后者设计高频局部灌溉系统。因此，本文的目的是详细描述这三个程序及其在学生学习过程中的重要性。English Abstract: The掠夺on which a Hydraulic管道系统52,000 is初级is The理论根据The design of pressure Systems,因为它补救tools保护会消极design, management and operation of complex Systems。这就是为什么，作为这类课程开发的一部分，有必要有一个工具，如软件，支持基本的学习过程，并引导应用和设计。因此，哥伦比亚安第斯大学，特别是水渠和下水道研究中心(CIACUA)为水渠系统课程开发了一个软件，该软件分为三个部分:方案、网络和灌溉。前者允许设计复杂程度低或中等的系统，如简单管道和开放网络;第二种是设计供水网络，第三种是设计高频定位灌溉系统。因此，本文的目的是详细描述这三个项目及其在学生学习过程中的重要性。
{"title":"Software para la enseñanza de hidráulica de tuberías (Pipeline Hydraulics Academic Software)","authors":"J. Saldarriaga, Laura Pulgarín, Paula Cuero, N. Duque","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3113745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3113745","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Spanish Abstract:</b> El pilar sobre el que se estructura un curso de Hidráulica de Tuberías es proveer la base teórica del diseño de sistemas con flujo a presión, porque es a partir de esta que se pueden afrontar los retos que supone el diseño, manejo y operación de sistemas complejos como son las redes de distribución de agua potable. Es por esto que, como parte del desarrollo de este tipo de cursos, es necesario contar con una herramienta que apoye el proceso de aprendizaje básico y lo lleve al campo de aplicación y diseño, lo que se logra con el uso de programas. Con esto en mente, la Universidad de los Andes, Colombia, específicamente el Centro de Investigación en Acueductos y Alcantarillados (CIACUA), desarrolló un software para el curso de Hidráulica de Tuberías, el cual se divide en tres: PROGRAMAS, REDES y RIEGOS. El primero se enfoca en el diseño de sistemas con complejidad baja o media, como tuberías simples y redes abiertas; el segundo realiza el diseño optimizados de redes complejas como las de distribución de agua potable y el último diseña sistemas de riego localizado de alta frecuencia. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es describir en detalle estos tres programas y su importancia dentro del proceso de aprendizaje de un estudiante. <b>English Abstract:</b> The pillar on which a Hydraulic Pipeline Systems course is structured is the theoretical basis for the design of pressure systems, because it gives the tools to afford the challenges that design, management and operation of complex systems have. This is why, as part of the development of this type of courses, it is necessary to have a tool, like a software, that supports basic learning process and leads to application and design. Therefore, the University of the Andes, Colombia, specifically the Research Center in Aqueducts and Sewers (CIACUA), developed a software for the course of Hydraulic Pipeline Systems, which is divided into three parts: PROGRAMAS, REDES and RIEGOS. The first one allows to design systems with low or medium complexity, such as simple pipes and open networks; the second one, designs water distribution networks and the third one designs high frequency localized irrigation systems. Hence, the objective of this paper is to describe in detail these three programs and their importance within the learning process of a student.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122242408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Car parking is a major problem in urban areas in both developed and developing countries. Following the rapid incense of car ownership, many cities are suffering from lacking of car parking areas with imbalance between parking supply and demand which can be considered the initial reason for metropolis parking problems. This imbalance is partially due to ineffective land use planning and miscalculations of space requirements during first stages of planning. Shortage of parking space, high parking tariffs, and traffic congestion due to visitors in search for a parking place are only a few examples of everyday parking problems. The paper examines car parking problem in the city; its different causes and conventional - yet non-successful - approaches. Modern technology has produced a variety of new solutions and techniques in this respect. The paper reviews new planning trends and creative technological solutions which can help alleviate the strain of the problem. Because car parking solutions are not an end in itself, but rather a means of achieving larger community goals in order to improve urban transportation and make cities more livable and efficient, the paper also discusses the environmental impacts which should be taken into considerations for solutions proposed.
{"title":"Car Parking Problem in Urban Areas, Causes and Solutions","authors":"H. Ibrahim","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3163473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3163473","url":null,"abstract":"Car parking is a major problem in urban areas in both developed and developing countries. Following the rapid incense of car ownership, many cities are suffering from lacking of car parking areas with imbalance between parking supply and demand which can be considered the initial reason for metropolis parking problems. This imbalance is partially due to ineffective land use planning and miscalculations of space requirements during first stages of planning. Shortage of parking space, high parking tariffs, and traffic congestion due to visitors in search for a parking place are only a few examples of everyday parking problems. \u0000The paper examines car parking problem in the city; its different causes and conventional - yet non-successful - approaches. Modern technology has produced a variety of new solutions and techniques in this respect. The paper reviews new planning trends and creative technological solutions which can help alleviate the strain of the problem. Because car parking solutions are not an end in itself, but rather a means of achieving larger community goals in order to improve urban transportation and make cities more livable and efficient, the paper also discusses the environmental impacts which should be taken into considerations for solutions proposed.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116276344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Real estate development is the process of creating value by making tangible improvements to real property and determining the maximum benefits from land, so it is a multifaceted business process. It plays a significant role in countries' economies. More than hundred supplementary industries depend on it, which allows millions of working opportunities in all levels of professions. Real estate market is covered by mechanics of supply and demand. It is influenced by environmental and economic factors, political conditions, societal changes, the enact laws and government decisions. Therefore, the paper aims to monitor, study and analyze the real estate development in Egypt as one of the main pillars of the economy during the past five years.
{"title":"The Role of Real Estate Development in Egypt's Economy","authors":"R. Hafez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3163393","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3163393","url":null,"abstract":"Real estate development is the process of creating value by making tangible improvements to real property and determining the maximum benefits from land, so it is a multifaceted business process. It plays a significant role in countries' economies. More than hundred supplementary industries depend on it, which allows millions of working opportunities in all levels of professions. Real estate market is covered by mechanics of supply and demand. It is influenced by environmental and economic factors, political conditions, societal changes, the enact laws and government decisions. Therefore, the paper aims to monitor, study and analyze the real estate development in Egypt as one of the main pillars of the economy during the past five years.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132954274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a dynamic weighted model to measure the connectivity of intercity passenger transportation in China. We consider both quality and quantity of the connections of two transport modes: air and rail. Among the 23 major cities selected, Shanghai is revealed to have the highest connectivity level, leading in both air and rail connectivity. Hong Kong, Kunming, and Urumqi are the three cities that predominantly rely on air transportation whose contribution to the connectivity exceeds 80%. This research also suggests that the connections between international cities and China's domestic network are highly concentrated on a few cities, namely, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou, and that Seoul is the best connected international city in terms of its transport links with China. Shanghai-Nanjing has been found to be the best-connected city pair, primarily due to the significant contribution from high-speed rail (HSR) service. Our study shows that the contribution from train service is more than 80% for 19 of the 20 top-ranking domestic routes measured by connectivity. In addition, HSR has become a preferred and dominant option over air on a number of long-distance routes up to 1,300km. This finding has significant policy implications for transportation infrastructure planning and investment.
{"title":"Connectivity of Intercity Passenger Transportation in China: A Multi-Modal and Network Approach","authors":"Zhenran Zhu, A. Zhang, Yahua Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2897428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2897428","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a dynamic weighted model to measure the connectivity of intercity passenger transportation in China. We consider both quality and quantity of the connections of two transport modes: air and rail. Among the 23 major cities selected, Shanghai is revealed to have the highest connectivity level, leading in both air and rail connectivity. Hong Kong, Kunming, and Urumqi are the three cities that predominantly rely on air transportation whose contribution to the connectivity exceeds 80%. This research also suggests that the connections between international cities and China's domestic network are highly concentrated on a few cities, namely, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou, and that Seoul is the best connected international city in terms of its transport links with China. Shanghai-Nanjing has been found to be the best-connected city pair, primarily due to the significant contribution from high-speed rail (HSR) service. Our study shows that the contribution from train service is more than 80% for 19 of the 20 top-ranking domestic routes measured by connectivity. In addition, HSR has become a preferred and dominant option over air on a number of long-distance routes up to 1,300km. This finding has significant policy implications for transportation infrastructure planning and investment.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126011847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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