This paper extends two different metafrontier models proposed by O’Donnell et al. (2008) and Huang et al. (2014) to the input-oriented distance functional form which has been mentioned by O’Donnell et al. (2008, p250) but has not been done so far partly due to endogenous problem. As noted by Kumbhakar (2013, p465), there are a few industries such as public utilizes and banks where the hypothesis of exogenous outputs is satisfied. Thus, the metafrontier framework can be used in those industries without the problem of endogeneity. The extended model is then applied to a panel of Chinese urban water utilities. The estimated results show that the average technical efficiency for Chinese urban water utilities as a whole is below 60%, indicating the presence of much technical inefficiency. Our findings also show that the ownership reform happened in China cannot guarantee the efficiency growth in public utilities. Thus, Chinese regulatory agents should deepen the reform and change the current rate of return regulation to a more incentive-based one and require utilities to improve their efficiency before applying for raising water price.
本文将O 'Donnell et al.(2008)和Huang et al.(2014)提出的两种不同的元前沿模型扩展到O 'Donnell et al. (2008, p250)提到的输入导向的距离函数形式，但由于内生问题，迄今尚未完成。正如Kumbhakar (2013, p465)所指出的，有少数行业如公共设施和银行满足外生产出假设。因此，元前沿框架可以在这些行业中使用，而不会出现内生性问题。将扩展模型应用到中国城市自来水公司的面板上。估算结果表明，我国城市自来水企业整体平均技术效率低于60%，存在较多的技术低效。我们的研究结果也表明，中国的所有制改革并不能保证公用事业效率的提高。因此，中国的监管机构应该深化改革，将现行的回报率监管转变为更基于激励的监管，并要求公用事业公司在申请提高水价之前提高效率。
{"title":"Extending Metafrontier Technique to Input-Oriented Distance Functional Form: An Application to China's Urban Water Utilities","authors":"Hongzhou Li, Yong Yin","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2934704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2934704","url":null,"abstract":"This paper extends two different metafrontier models proposed by O’Donnell et al. (2008) and Huang et al. (2014) to the input-oriented distance functional form which has been mentioned by O’Donnell et al. (2008, p250) but has not been done so far partly due to endogenous problem. As noted by Kumbhakar (2013, p465), there are a few industries such as public utilizes and banks where the hypothesis of exogenous outputs is satisfied. Thus, the metafrontier framework can be used in those industries without the problem of endogeneity. The extended model is then applied to a panel of Chinese urban water utilities. The estimated results show that the average technical efficiency for Chinese urban water utilities as a whole is below 60%, indicating the presence of much technical inefficiency. Our findings also show that the ownership reform happened in China cannot guarantee the efficiency growth in public utilities. Thus, Chinese regulatory agents should deepen the reform and change the current rate of return regulation to a more incentive-based one and require utilities to improve their efficiency before applying for raising water price.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131830495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-10-31DOI: 10.17265/1548-6605/2017.04.003
Shamsuddin Ahmed
This research offers a basis for spatial data management case in point that the land governance strategy denoting as a routine of digital spatial data legacy development is a major stipulation to the “land resources” and the “community services”. Until 2015, Ontario’s municipalities cover just 17% of its landmass where the municipal affairs pace complications in land use reckoned to the seven provincial plans. The Greater Golden Horseshoe Growth Plan often cloaks the multi-jurisdictional constraints, for example, the amendment of the municipal zoning ordinance, land registry and surveys, land claims and conciliations, and housing options and taxations. The emphasis is to contour: first, identification of the key attributes and entity-sets; second, structuring of the geo-relational database connecting the local activities at the dissemination areas; and finally, the thematic features of each municipality and their contiguity. On the contrary, responsible land governance in municipal affairs is obviously substance at least to the three central obligations such as approach in integrated land management, shared periphery negotiation for economic and environmental growth moratoria, and digital data automation properties and protocols. The suggestion is that a massive development of digital spatial data is necessary to readdress the municipal affairs toward responsible land governance.
{"title":"Redressing the Municipal Affairs with Digital Spatial Data Towards Responsible Land Governance","authors":"Shamsuddin Ahmed","doi":"10.17265/1548-6605/2017.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17265/1548-6605/2017.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"This research offers a basis for spatial data management case in point that the land governance strategy denoting as a routine of digital spatial data legacy development is a major stipulation to the “land resources” and the “community services”. Until 2015, Ontario’s municipalities cover just 17% of its landmass where the municipal affairs pace complications in land use reckoned to the seven provincial plans. The Greater Golden Horseshoe Growth Plan often cloaks the multi-jurisdictional constraints, for example, the amendment of the municipal zoning ordinance, land registry and surveys, land claims and conciliations, and housing options and taxations. The emphasis is to contour: first, identification of the key attributes and entity-sets; second, structuring of the geo-relational database connecting the local activities at the dissemination areas; and finally, the thematic features of each municipality and their contiguity. On the contrary, responsible land governance in municipal affairs is obviously substance at least to the three central obligations such as approach in integrated land management, shared periphery negotiation for economic and environmental growth moratoria, and digital data automation properties and protocols. The suggestion is that a massive development of digital spatial data is necessary to readdress the municipal affairs toward responsible land governance.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"105 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125598392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Urbanization has dramatically altered the way in which land generates and forfeits value. The dominant economic significance of patterns of land use and the opportunity costs of foregone complementarities have made the capacity to reconfigure urban property essential. Yet the architecture of our workhorse tenure form — the fee simple — is ill-suited to meet these challenges. The fee simple grants a perpetual monopoly on a piece of physical space — an ideal strategy when temporal spillovers loom large, interdependence among parcels is low, most value is produced within the four corners of the property and cross-boundary externalities come in forms that governance strategies can readily reach. But times have changed. Categories of externalities that were once properly ignored by the fee simple have become too important to continue neglecting. This paper argues for alternative tenure forms that would move away from the endless duration and physical rootedness of the fee simple.
{"title":"Fee Simple Obsolete","authors":"L. Fennell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2717111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2717111","url":null,"abstract":"Urbanization has dramatically altered the way in which land generates and forfeits value. The dominant economic significance of patterns of land use and the opportunity costs of foregone complementarities have made the capacity to reconfigure urban property essential. Yet the architecture of our workhorse tenure form — the fee simple — is ill-suited to meet these challenges. The fee simple grants a perpetual monopoly on a piece of physical space — an ideal strategy when temporal spillovers loom large, interdependence among parcels is low, most value is produced within the four corners of the property and cross-boundary externalities come in forms that governance strategies can readily reach. But times have changed. Categories of externalities that were once properly ignored by the fee simple have become too important to continue neglecting. This paper argues for alternative tenure forms that would move away from the endless duration and physical rootedness of the fee simple.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"2017 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129914191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes caused major upheaval to the people of the region. The second major quake killed 185 people, forced many from their homes, and closed Christchurch’s central business district. This paper examines the consequential effect on jobs and accumulated earnings for workers in Canterbury. In addition, we examine concurrent decisions about employment location, including job-to-job transitions and regional migration. While Canterbury workers’ employment outcomes were adversely affected in the short-run, those workers were more likely to have jobs three years later (relative to a matched control group), and to have higher accumulated earnings. At the same time, they were less likely to be at the same employer, and more likely to have migrated to jobs in other New Zealand regions. Impacts vary substantially by worker characteristics and by the naturally-induced geographic variation in the severity of the shock. We show that the Earthquake Support Subsidy appears to have influenced the extent of outward migration decisions, at least for most types of workers, though not the long-term retention of the pre-quake job under which the subsidy was gained. We interpret these findings as evidence that the subsidy achieved its goal of delaying involuntary job loss and, as a result, fewer workers made immediate decisions to leave the region – decisions that persisted over the long-run.
{"title":"Labour Market Dynamics Following a Regional Disaster","authors":"R. Fabling, A. Grimes, L. Timar","doi":"10.29310/WP.2016.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29310/WP.2016.07","url":null,"abstract":"The 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes caused major upheaval to the people of the region. The second major quake killed 185 people, forced many from their homes, and closed Christchurch’s central business district. This paper examines the consequential effect on jobs and accumulated earnings for workers in Canterbury. In addition, we examine concurrent decisions about employment location, including job-to-job transitions and regional migration. While Canterbury workers’ employment outcomes were adversely affected in the short-run, those workers were more likely to have jobs three years later (relative to a matched control group), and to have higher accumulated earnings. At the same time, they were less likely to be at the same employer, and more likely to have migrated to jobs in other New Zealand regions. Impacts vary substantially by worker characteristics and by the naturally-induced geographic variation in the severity of the shock. We show that the Earthquake Support Subsidy appears to have influenced the extent of outward migration decisions, at least for most types of workers, though not the long-term retention of the pre-quake job under which the subsidy was gained. We interpret these findings as evidence that the subsidy achieved its goal of delaying involuntary job loss and, as a result, fewer workers made immediate decisions to leave the region – decisions that persisted over the long-run.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127186549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While central to early gentrification studies, the idea that social and tenure changes were inseparably linked to displacement has recently fallen out of research in the field. This has led to difficulties in the context of a recent shift in the tenure trajectory associated with gentrification. While the process has historically been linked to an increase in home ownership in the UK, the situation today is marked by the return of the private rental sector, a return associated with the rise of buy-to-let investors, the loss of social housing and quickly escalating rents. Gentrification operating in the UK today must thus be thought of as private rental-led gentrification ? transitions to private rental in the context of social upscaling. This is shown through a detailed comparison of small-area social and tenure data from the 2001 and 2011 UK Censuses. While this tenure shift has been documented in gentrifying areas over the years, little is known about its impacts on local neighbourhoods. This is a dangerous blind-spot as private rental-led gentrification is more pernicious than gentrification linked to ownership: it is currently more widespread and likely to displace poorer residents, creates commodified spaces and its production dispossesses low-income owners.
{"title":"Private Rental-Led Gentrification in England: Displacement, Commodification and Dispossession","authors":"Antoine Paccoud","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2717489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2717489","url":null,"abstract":"While central to early gentrification studies, the idea that social and tenure changes were inseparably linked to displacement has recently fallen out of research in the field. This has led to difficulties in the context of a recent shift in the tenure trajectory associated with gentrification. While the process has historically been linked to an increase in home ownership in the UK, the situation today is marked by the return of the private rental sector, a return associated with the rise of buy-to-let investors, the loss of social housing and quickly escalating rents. Gentrification operating in the UK today must thus be thought of as private rental-led gentrification ? transitions to private rental in the context of social upscaling. This is shown through a detailed comparison of small-area social and tenure data from the 2001 and 2011 UK Censuses. While this tenure shift has been documented in gentrifying areas over the years, little is known about its impacts on local neighbourhoods. This is a dangerous blind-spot as private rental-led gentrification is more pernicious than gentrification linked to ownership: it is currently more widespread and likely to displace poorer residents, creates commodified spaces and its production dispossesses low-income owners.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"11 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120913261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Edlund, Cecilia Machado, María Micaela Sviatschi
In 1980, housing prices in large US cities rose with distance from the city center. By 2010, that relationship had reversed. We propose that the inversion can be traced to more hours worked by the skilled. Scarce non-market time downgrades the importance of residential space and upgrades that of proximity to work, factors favoring the central-city location. Geo- coded census micro data covering the 27 largest US cities and the period 1980-2010 support our hypothesis: full-time skilled workers are more likely to locate in the city center and their growth can account for the observed price changes.
{"title":"Gentrification and the Rising Returns to Skill","authors":"L. Edlund, Cecilia Machado, María Micaela Sviatschi","doi":"10.3386/W21729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W21729","url":null,"abstract":"In 1980, housing prices in large US cities rose with distance from the city center. By 2010, that relationship had reversed. We propose that the inversion can be traced to more hours worked by the skilled. Scarce non-market time downgrades the importance of residential space and upgrades that of proximity to work, factors favoring the central-city location. Geo- coded census micro data covering the 27 largest US cities and the period 1980-2010 support our hypothesis: full-time skilled workers are more likely to locate in the city center and their growth can account for the observed price changes.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124982941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the effects of public investment in infrastructure on private output for Germany. Using a multivariate framework we explore the impact of a diverging selection of variables on the ensuing estimates and document confidence intervals computed following the bootstrap procedure. Our results suggest that the effect of public investment in infrastructure is positive on GDP and private investment while the labor market is negatively affected. However, the size of the estimated effects strongly depends on the choice of the variables. Furthermore, an investigation of a recursive estimation reveals that the estimated effects decrease over time.
{"title":"The Robustness of the Effects of Public Investment in Infrastructure on Private Output: Evidence for Germany","authors":"Tobias Kitlinski","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2618473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2618473","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the effects of public investment in infrastructure on private output for Germany. Using a multivariate framework we explore the impact of a diverging selection of variables on the ensuing estimates and document confidence intervals computed following the bootstrap procedure. Our results suggest that the effect of public investment in infrastructure is positive on GDP and private investment while the labor market is negatively affected. However, the size of the estimated effects strongly depends on the choice of the variables. Furthermore, an investigation of a recursive estimation reveals that the estimated effects decrease over time.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133748641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the main unanswered questions in the field of urban economics is to which extent subsidies to public transit are justified. We examine one of the main benefits of public transit, a reduction in car congestion externalities, the so-called congestion relief benefit, using quasi-natural experimental data on citywide public transit strikes for Rotterdam. On weekdays, a strike induces car speed to decrease only marginally on the highway ring road (by 3 percent) but substantially on inner city roads (by 10 percent). During rush hour, the strike effect is much more pronounced. The congestion relief benefit is substantial, equivalent to about half of the public transit subsidy. We demonstrate that during weekends, car speed does not change noticeable due to strikes. Further, we show that public transit strikes induce similar increases in number of cyclists as number of car travelers suggesting that bicycling-promoting policies to reduce car congestion externalities might be attractive.
{"title":"Does Public Transit Reduce Car Travel Externalities?","authors":"Martin W. Adler, Jos N. van Ommeren","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2553773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2553773","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main unanswered questions in the field of urban economics is to which extent subsidies to public transit are justified. We examine one of the main benefits of public transit, a reduction in car congestion externalities, the so-called congestion relief benefit, using quasi-natural experimental data on citywide public transit strikes for Rotterdam. On weekdays, a strike induces car speed to decrease only marginally on the highway ring road (by 3 percent) but substantially on inner city roads (by 10 percent). During rush hour, the strike effect is much more pronounced. The congestion relief benefit is substantial, equivalent to about half of the public transit subsidy. We demonstrate that during weekends, car speed does not change noticeable due to strikes. Further, we show that public transit strikes induce similar increases in number of cyclists as number of car travelers suggesting that bicycling-promoting policies to reduce car congestion externalities might be attractive.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117109251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thomas J. Fitzpatrick, Lisa Nelson, F. Richter, S. Whitaker
This paper assesses the ability of local housing ordinances to prevent neighborhood destabilization. We evaluate the degree to which vacancy registrations and point-of-sale inspection requirements influenced housing market outcomes following the housing crisis. With comprehensive real property data from Cuyahoga County, Ohio, we measure outcomes that characterize housing market distress including foreclosures, sales below the tax-assessed value, bulk sales, flipping, and property tax delinquency. We compare outcomes across properties in regulated and unregulated municipalities using matching procedures on linked data containing property, loan, and transaction characteristics. We find evidence that vacancy registrations substantially reduce foreclosures. Registrations are also negatively associated with tax delinquency and sales below a property’s tax-assessed value in some specifications. In contrast, we find little evidence that point-of-sale inspections reduce undesirable transactions. Rather, properties in cities with inspection requirements displayed higher levels of foreclosure and tax delinquency relative to the control group during the study period.
{"title":"Can Local Housing Ordinances Prevent Neighborhood Destabilization?","authors":"Thomas J. Fitzpatrick, Lisa Nelson, F. Richter, S. Whitaker","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2515829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2515829","url":null,"abstract":"This paper assesses the ability of local housing ordinances to prevent neighborhood destabilization. We evaluate the degree to which vacancy registrations and point-of-sale inspection requirements influenced housing market outcomes following the housing crisis. With comprehensive real property data from Cuyahoga County, Ohio, we measure outcomes that characterize housing market distress including foreclosures, sales below the tax-assessed value, bulk sales, flipping, and property tax delinquency. We compare outcomes across properties in regulated and unregulated municipalities using matching procedures on linked data containing property, loan, and transaction characteristics. We find evidence that vacancy registrations substantially reduce foreclosures. Registrations are also negatively associated with tax delinquency and sales below a property’s tax-assessed value in some specifications. In contrast, we find little evidence that point-of-sale inspections reduce undesirable transactions. Rather, properties in cities with inspection requirements displayed higher levels of foreclosure and tax delinquency relative to the control group during the study period.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133485731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The main idea of the article is that the position and state of the municipality are directly related to the lives and prosperity of thousands and even millions of people who are carriers of culture, mentality, and employment potential of the area. Sustainability of the municipality is determined by a number of economic, social, environmental, spiritual and moral factors. The authors’ study has showed the importance of the spiritual and moral aspects of sustainable development in the modern conditions. The system stability is reduced due to dependence on external factors. It determines the need for more efficient use of factors related to the internal effects on the municipality and creates the preconditions for growth through its own potential.
{"title":"Sustainable Development of Municipality: Economic, Management, Spiritual and Moral Aspects","authors":"M. Aksenova, M. Gurina, A. Moiseev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2548719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2548719","url":null,"abstract":"The main idea of the article is that the position and state of the municipality are directly related to the lives and prosperity of thousands and even millions of people who are carriers of culture, mentality, and employment potential of the area. Sustainability of the municipality is determined by a number of economic, social, environmental, spiritual and moral factors. The authors’ study has showed the importance of the spiritual and moral aspects of sustainable development in the modern conditions. The system stability is reduced due to dependence on external factors. It determines the need for more efficient use of factors related to the internal effects on the municipality and creates the preconditions for growth through its own potential.","PeriodicalId":135506,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Urban Design & Planning (Topic)","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122083549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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