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Evaluation of heating performances of different ventilation methods in an office 某办公室不同通风方式采暖性能评价
3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-11 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231200561
Teng Li, Emmanuel A. Essah, Yuxin Wu, Chunhui Liao, Yong Cheng
In this study, 12 cases were investigated in an office-layout room using experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The heating performances of four ventilation methods (i.e. mixing ventilation (MV), stratum ventilation (SV), deflection ventilation (DeV) and impinging jet ventilation (IJV)) were comprehensively compared by various evaluation indexes (i.e. predicted mean vote (PMV), draught rate (DR), vertical air temperature difference (△T), air diffusion performance index (ADPI), energy utilization coefficient (EUC), air change efficiency (ACE) and contaminant removal efficiency (CRE)). Better thermal comfort was found in rooms heated by SV and DeV. The PMV, DR and △T under SV and DeV complied with Category B of ISO 7730:2005, and the ADPI was in full compliance with the stipulation of ANSI/ASHRAE 113-2022. For the energy-saving characteristic, the targeted-occupied-zone ventilation methods (i.e. SV, DeV and IJV) can effectively deliver warm air to the occupied zone, with the EUC values higher than unity and thus providing a good potential for energy saving. SV and IJV showed slightly higher ACEs in the breathing zone. The contaminant removal effectiveness of SV, DeV and IJV was comparable. Under the combined influence of occupant thermal plumes and locations of exhausts, MV showed a high CRE. However, the CRE under MV decreased significantly when the exhausts were not above occupants. In the case of supply air parameters in this study, the entropy-weight method indicated that DeV and SV had a better overall performance for winter heating, followed by IJV and then MV.
在本研究中,采用实验和计算流体力学(CFD)模拟的方法对12个案例进行了调查。通过预测平均票数(PMV)、风量(DR)、垂直空气温差(△T)、空气扩散性能指数(ADPI)、能量利用系数(EUC)、换气效率(ACE)和污染物去除效率(CRE)等评价指标,对混合通风(MV)、地层通风(SV)、偏转通风(DeV)和冲击射流通风(IJV) 4种通风方式的采暖性能进行综合比较。SV和DeV两种加热方式的室内热舒适性较好。SV和DeV两种加热方式下的PMV、DR和△T符合ISO 7730:2005的B类标准,ADPI完全符合ANSI/ASHRAE 113-2022的规定。在节能方面,目标占用区通风方式(即SV、DeV和IJV)可以有效地将热空气输送到占用区,EUC值大于1,具有良好的节能潜力。SV和IJV呼吸区ace略高。SV、DeV和IJV对污染物的去除效果相当。在乘员热羽流和排气位置的综合影响下,MV表现出较高的CRE。然而,当废气不高于乘员时,MV下的CRE显著下降。以本研究送风参数为例,熵权法分析表明,DeV和SV对冬季采暖的综合性能较好,IJV次之,MV次之。
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引用次数: 0
Healthy and resilient HVAC design for public buildings in post COVID-19 pandemic era 后COVID-19大流行时代公共建筑的健康和弹性HVAC设计
3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-08 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231201440
Na Li, Chunwen Xu, Chuck Wah Francis Yu
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引用次数: 0
A thermal sensation model for naturally ventilated indoor environments based on deep learning algorithms 基于深度学习算法的自然通风室内环境热感觉模型
IF 3.6 3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-05 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231200560
Lei Lei, Suola Shao
In recent years, with the emphasis on sustainability and energy efficiency, natural ventilation has attracted increasing interest from building designers. Natural ventilation is dependent on the outdoor environments which could change rapidly, and the traditional thermal sensation models such as the predicted mean vote (PMV) are not applicable, correspondingly. The deep belief neural network can reveal nonlinear patterns in processing big data, and it can be used to predict target data with high flexibility and accuracy. This study developed a deep belief neural network model for indoor thermal sensation prediction in naturally ventilated environments with outdoor environment parameters and human factors: outdoor air temperature, average radiant temperature, outdoor air relative humidity, outdoor wind speed, clothing thermal resistance, activity level, gender, age and weight collected in 10 semi-open classrooms and 5 laboratories in April and November when natural ventilation was used. The research compared the performance of deep belief neural networks with three neural networks: BP, Elman and fuzzy neural networks. Results showed that the deep belief neural network can enhance the performance of thermal sensation prediction of natural ventilated indoor environments. The research provides a more flexible and effective solution for thermal comfort prediction of natural ventilated indoor environments.
近年来,随着对可持续性和能源效率的重视,自然通风引起了建筑设计师越来越多的兴趣。自然通风依赖于快速变化的室外环境,传统的热感觉模型如预测平均投票(PMV)不适用。深度信念神经网络能够揭示大数据处理过程中的非线性模式,能够以较高的灵活性和准确性对目标数据进行预测。本研究以4月和11月采用自然通风的10间半开放式教室和5间实验室为样本,结合室外环境参数和人为因素:室外空气温度、平均辐射温度、室外空气相对湿度、室外风速、服装热阻、活动水平、性别、年龄和体重,建立了自然通风环境下室内热感觉预测的深度信念神经网络模型。研究比较了深度信念神经网络与BP、Elman和模糊神经网络的性能。结果表明,深度信念神经网络可以提高自然通风室内环境的热感觉预测性能。该研究为自然通风室内环境热舒适预测提供了更为灵活有效的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Are the local sky temperature models and the global thermal standard model EN ISO 6946(2017) numerically compatible? 当地气温模型和全球热标准模型EN ISO 6946(2017)在数值上是否兼容?
IF 3.6 3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231198729
Tomáš Ficker
Local sky temperature models are often used by researchers to improve the estimation of building heat losses. Besides the local sky temperature models, there is a global temperature model implemented in EN ISO 6946(2017) that may also produce reasonable results if it is conveniently applied. To assess the competitiveness of global and local models, it is desirable to perform a direct numerical comparison of their results. Such a comparison has not been published so far. This study aims to analyze the computational differences between three models of sky temperature, namely, the Swinbank model, the universal model and the standard model implemented in EN ISO 6946(2017). The study verifies the robustness of the global thermal standard model to account for the acting of the cold sky on building envelopes compared to local sky models specially designed for this purpose. The quasi-nocturnal conditions are supposed to reveal the main features of the long-wave infrared interactions between the building facade and the sky. The study has proved the capability of the global standard model to successively compete with the local sky temperature models at least within the conditions of the quasi-nocturnal environment.
研究人员经常使用局部天空温度模型来改进对建筑物热损失的估计。除了局部天空温度模型外,EN ISO 6946(2017)中还实施了一个全球温度模型,如果应用方便,该模型也可能产生合理的结果。为了评估全球和本地模型的竞争力,最好对其结果进行直接的数值比较。到目前为止,这样的比较还没有公布。本研究旨在分析三种天空温度模型之间的计算差异,即Swinbank模型、通用模型和EN ISO 6946(2017)中实施的标准模型。与专门为此目的设计的局部天空模型相比,该研究验证了全球热标准模型在考虑寒冷天空对建筑围护结构影响方面的稳健性。准夜间条件被认为揭示了建筑正面和天空之间长波红外相互作用的主要特征。该研究证明了全球标准模型至少在准夜间环境的条件下能够连续与当地气温模型竞争。
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引用次数: 0
Childhood respiratory diseases related to indoor and outdoor extreme thermal environment (air temperature) in Shanghai, China 上海市儿童呼吸道疾病与室内外极端热环境(气温)的关系
IF 3.6 3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-28 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231198137
Shijie Hong, Yajing Luo, Yongsong Zhu, Chen Huang, Yilin Li, Chanjuan Sun
Ambient air temperature could be the most significant factor impacting childhood respiratory health. This paper aims to analyze the relationship between air temperature and childhood respiratory diseases (RDs). Field measurements and meteorological parameters recorded from the weather website were conducted. Health outcomes regarding respiratory diseases amongst preschool children were reported. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results from logistic regression analyses illustrate that extreme air temperature was significantly associated with a high prevalence of RDs amongst children. Indoor high temperature (>28°C) was positively correlated with the long duration of a common cold (≥2 weeks), and outdoor high temperature (>35°C) was positively related to the high prevalence of pneumonia. Indoor and outdoor low temperature (<18°C and <4°C, respectively) was a risk factor for rhinitis amongst children. The largest indoor air temperature difference (IATD) (the 4th quartile, >4°C) and outdoor air temperature difference (OATD) (the 4th quartile, >8°C) were positively related to the high prevalence of pneumonia and diagnosed asthma amongst children. Large differences between indoor and outdoor air temperatures and large indoor air temperature variations should be avoided to reduce the adverse effects on respiratory health, especially in extreme climates.
环境空气温度可能是影响儿童呼吸道健康的最重要因素。本文旨在分析气温与儿童呼吸道疾病(RD)的关系。进行了实地测量和气象网站记录的气象参数。报告了学龄前儿童呼吸系统疾病的健康结果。进行多元逻辑回归分析。逻辑回归分析的结果表明,极端气温与儿童RD的高患病率显著相关。室内高温(>28℃)与普通感冒持续时间长(≥2周)呈正相关,室外高温(>35℃)与肺炎高患病率呈正相关。室内外低温(4°C)和室外空气温差(OATD)(第四个四分位数,>8°C)与儿童肺炎和诊断哮喘的高患病率呈正相关。应避免室内和室外空气温度之间的巨大差异以及室内空气温度的巨大变化,以减少对呼吸健康的不利影响,尤其是在极端气候下。
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引用次数: 0
Removal of indoor aerosol particles generated in a medically relevant space using a portable airborne particle filtration device 使用便携式空气悬浮颗粒过滤装置去除在医学相关空间产生的室内气溶胶颗粒
IF 3.6 3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-27 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231197187
Gregory T. Carroll, D. Kirschman
Aerosol generating procedures expose operating room personnel to pathogens. Applying localized negative pressure within the proximity of a patient’s airway is expected to reduce the amount of bioaerosols dispersed within the vicinity of a healthcare worker applying an aerosol generating procedure. Nebulized saline was used as a proxy for bioaerosols and was produced with an aerosol generator placed near the centre of a simulated operating room. A particle counter was placed nearby to detect aerosols and determine their size distribution. A portable filtration unit was placed at fixed distances from the site of aerosol emittance to reduce the concentration of aerosols. In the presence of vacuum at distances of 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm from the site of aerosol emittance, the reduction in the average concentrations of 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 3.0 μm particles relative to the control ranged from 87 to 99% depending on the distance and particle size. The efficiency of particle capture was dependent on the distance of the vacuum inlet to the aerosol outlet. At all distances tested, significant aerosol reduction was observed ( p < 0.05), indicating that the portable filtration unit has the potential to increase safety without contacting the patient.
产生气溶胶的程序使手术室人员暴露在病原体中。在病人气道附近施加局部负压有望减少分散在医护人员附近的生物气溶胶的数量,并应用气溶胶产生程序。雾化生理盐水被用作生物气雾剂的替代品,并由放置在模拟手术室中心附近的气溶胶发生器产生。附近放置了一个粒子计数器来检测气溶胶并确定它们的大小分布。在离气溶胶发射点一定距离的地方放置一个便携式过滤装置,以降低气溶胶的浓度。在距离气溶胶发射点10、20、30和40 cm处存在真空时,根据距离和粒径的不同,0.5、0.7、1.0和3.0 μm颗粒的平均浓度相对于对照降低了87% ~ 99%。粒子捕获的效率取决于真空入口到气溶胶出口的距离。在所有测试距离上,观察到显著的气溶胶减少(p < 0.05),表明便携式过滤装置有可能在不接触患者的情况下增加安全性。
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引用次数: 0
The comparison between architecture students’ peer learning in informal situations within physical and virtual environments during the COVID-19 pandemic 2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,建筑学生在物理和虚拟环境中非正式情境下的同伴学习比较
IF 3.6 3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231193576
Jierui Wang
This paper aims to evaluate British architecture students’ peer learning experiences in informal situations, that is, outside formal timetables. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the study made a comparison between those students’ learning experiences within physical and virtual environments, to find out if there are changes, difficulties and novelties when those students were introduced to unfamiliar learning contexts. Using the theoretical lens of the community of practice, the author conducted interviews and questionnaires to collect students’ learning experiences and stories when they were engaged in those two environments, respectively. It was found that the physical design studio environment and mutual engagements within it are essential to those students’ individual learning. Therefore, even if those students learned within the virtual environment, they still tried their best to simulate a design studio atmosphere to learn as the form of a community. Another obvious issue is that students normally lack peer-to-peer support, such as architectural knowledge, IT skills and mental health, when they are engaged in virtual environments. Comparatively, those supports are easily obtained via peer learning within physical environments, especially design studios. Based on the finding, future work should determine what architectural knowledge, skills, values and attitudes students developed from the community of practice.
本文旨在评估英国建筑系学生在非正式情况下的同伴学习经历,即在正式时间表之外。由于新冠肺炎疫情,该研究对这些学生在物理环境和虚拟环境中的学习经历进行了比较,以了解当这些学生进入不熟悉的学习环境时,是否存在变化、困难和新奇之处。笔者运用实践共同体的理论视角,通过访谈和问卷调查的方式,分别收集学生在这两种环境下的学习经历和故事。研究发现,物理设计工作室的环境和其中的相互参与对学生的个人学习至关重要。因此,即使这些学生在虚拟环境中学习,他们仍然尽可能地模拟一个设计工作室的氛围,以社区的形式来学习。另一个明显的问题是,学生在虚拟环境中通常缺乏点对点的支持,比如建筑知识、IT技能和心理健康。相比之下,这些支持很容易通过物理环境中的同伴学习获得,尤其是设计工作室。基于这一发现,未来的工作应该确定学生从实践社区中获得的建筑知识、技能、价值观和态度。
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引用次数: 0
The association of voice problems with exposure to indoor air contaminants in health care centres – the effect of remediation on symptom prevalence: A follow-up study 声音问题与卫生保健中心暴露于室内空气污染物的关系——补救措施对症状流行率的影响:一项后续研究
IF 3.6 3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-22 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231197184
L. Vilén, J. Atosuo, T. Putus
Voice problems are common in occupations where there is noise, dust, odours or fumes and microbial contamination. The purpose of this study is to find out the prevalence of hoarseness, its changes over the follow-up and the effect of the remediation on the prevalence. A total of 13 health care buildings were followed, 10 with indoor air problems and 3 as reference buildings. Three buildings were thoroughly remediated, and their effects were analyzed. A health questionnaire was used, before and after the remediation. Blood samples and skin prick tests were performed on all volunteers. Based on findings, 17.0% of the respondents reported hoarseness at least every week. The skin test findings for common environmental allergens, moisture damage microbes and mites were approximately similar in the exposed and reference groups, respectively. Hoarseness had a strong correlation with indoor air problems. Before the remediation, hoarseness and voice problems were more prevalent in the problem buildings. After the remediation, hoarseness was reduced by 50%. In conclusion, this study shows a connection between indoor air exposure and technical damage in buildings. The remediation significantly reduced the prevalence of hoarseness. Mould allergy is rare and does not explain the voice problems.
在有噪音、灰尘、气味或烟雾和微生物污染的职业中,声音问题很常见。本研究的目的是了解沙哑的患病率,其在随访中的变化以及修复对患病率的影响。共有13栋卫生保健建筑被跟踪调查,其中10栋存在室内空气问题,3栋作为参考建筑。对三栋建筑进行了全面整治,并对其效果进行了分析。在补救之前和之后使用了健康问卷。对所有志愿者进行了血液样本和皮肤点刺试验。根据调查结果,17.0%的受访者至少每周报告一次声音嘶哑。在暴露组和参照组中,常见环境过敏原、湿气损害微生物和螨虫的皮肤试验结果分别大致相似。声音嘶哑与室内空气问题密切相关。在修复之前,沙哑和声音问题在问题建筑中更为普遍。修复后,声音减少了50%。总之,这项研究表明室内空气暴露与建筑物的技术损害之间存在联系。补救措施显著降低了声音嘶哑的患病率。霉菌过敏是罕见的,不能解释声音问题。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of indoor air quality in coal-heating rural residential buildings in Northern China based on longtime monitoring 基于长期监测的北方燃煤农村居民楼室内空气质量调查
IF 3.6 3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-21 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231196753
Shengming Dong, Yao Luo, Xiaowei Hu, Weijia Zhu
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is closely related to resident health and has been drawing extensive consideration from academics as well as government regulators. However, few studies have quantitatively investigated IAQ in rural buildings during the heating period, in which the resident time indoors is relatively longer. This study has monitored and quantitatively analyzed the indoor air parameters (temperature, CO2, formaldehyde and PM2.5) of 20 rural houses in Northern China during the heating season (15 days out of 120). After quantitatively analyzing the IAQ parameters, the Pearson correlation model was also adopted to evaluate the relationships between them. Results showed that only 4 households could keep the indoor temperature above 18°C for more than 50% of the heating period. Additionally, there were 7, 2 and 18 households, of which the over-standard time of CO2, formaldehyde and PM2.5 took up more than 40%. The concentration of indoor PM2.5 was higher than outdoors most of the time. Therefore, indoor PM2.5 was mainly caused by indoor activities rather than transported from outside. Correlation analysis showed that CO2 was positively correlated with formaldehyde and PM2.5 in 16 and 12 households.
室内空气质量(IAQ)与居民健康密切相关,一直受到学术界和政府监管机构的广泛关注。然而,对农村建筑采暖期间室内居住时间较长的室内空气质量进行定量研究的研究较少。本研究在采暖季(120天中的15天)对中国北方20户农村住宅的室内空气参数(温度、CO2、甲醛和PM2.5)进行了监测和定量分析。定量分析各室内空气质量参数后,采用Pearson相关模型评价各参数之间的关系。结果表明,只有4户家庭在采暖期50%以上的时间内室内温度保持在18℃以上。另外,有7户、2户和18户,其中CO2、甲醛和PM2.5超标时间占比超过40%。室内PM2.5浓度大部分时间高于室外。因此,室内PM2.5主要是由室内活动引起的,而不是由室外输送的。相关分析显示,16户和12户的CO2与甲醛和PM2.5呈正相关。
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引用次数: 0
The benefit of Daylight-Simulcasted Dynamic Lighting: An experiment isolating simultaneousness from dynamicity 日光模拟动态照明的好处:一项将同时性与动态性分离的实验
IF 3.6 3区 工程技术 Q2 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-08-17 DOI: 10.1177/1420326x231196218
Hang Su, Yuqing Sun, Gang Yu, Biao Yang
Most people today stay in a constant artificial lighting environment for a long time. Lack of sufficient daylight exposure may lead to circadian, sleep or mental problem. Dynamic lighting is an effective countermeasure in consideration of its dynamicity. However, besides its changeability, whether the daylight simultaneousness of dynamic lighting has a beneficial effect is unclear. A lab-based study was carried out to explore the effect of Daylight-Simulcasted Dynamic Lighting (DSDL), which simulates the simultaneous information of daylight conveyed by its variation. A reversed pattern of DSDL (Re-DSDL) was also introduced as one of the test conditions for comparison. The within-subject experiment was performed by 24 participants in four conditions: two dynamic lighting patterns (DSDL and Re-DSDL) in two periods (dawn and dusk). The dependent variables were psychological states, physiological indicators and cognitive performance. The results showed that DSDL brought greater benefit to the psychological state than Re-DSDL in general. During dawn, participants experienced less anger and depression in DSDL than in Re-DSDL; during dusk, participants experienced less anger and vigour in DSDL than in Re-DSDL. DSDL also had a significant effect on some of the physical indicators compared with Re-DSDL, but no effect on cognitive performance.
今天大多数人长时间呆在恒定的人工照明环境中。缺乏充足的日光照射可能会导致昼夜节律、睡眠或精神问题。考虑到其动态性,动态照明是一种有效的对策。然而,除了其可变性外,动态照明的日光同时性是否有有益的影响尚不清楚。一项基于实验室的研究探讨了日光模拟动态照明(DSDL)的效果,该技术模拟了日光变化所传递的同步信息。本文还介绍了一种反向DSDL模式(Re-DSDL),作为比较的试验条件之一。24名被试在4种情况下进行受试者内实验:两种动态光照模式(DSDL和Re-DSDL)在两个时间段(黎明和黄昏)。因变量为心理状态、生理指标和认知表现。结果表明,总体而言,DSDL对心理状态的改善大于Re-DSDL。在黎明,参与者在DSDL中比在Re-DSDL中体验到更少的愤怒和抑郁;在黄昏时,参与者在DSDL中比在Re-DSDL中体验到更少的愤怒和活力。与Re-DSDL相比,DSDL对某些身体指标也有显著影响,但对认知表现没有影响。
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引用次数: 0
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