Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.1177/1420326x241236689
Rolains Golchimard Elenga, Li Zhu, Dickson Maigga Tongora, Steivan Defilla
Current building techniques in developing countries have become extremely critical. The net-zero energy concept has emerged as an essential strategy for minimising energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, its implementation, particularly in developing countries, remains a critical challenge. The purpose of this work is to assess the feasibility of achieving a net-zero energy building by combining energy-efficient design practices and renewable energy systems under the climatic conditions of the Republic of Congo. To achieve the stipulated objectives, DesignBuilder software was utilised for building modelling, energy load assessment and multiobjective optimisation of building energy efficiency measures, and the multicriteria energy optimisation was carried out using the HOMER tool. The optimisation results showed that the implementation of energy efficiency measures resulted in 39.15% energy savings, 43.45% thermal load savings and 55.68% discomfort hours reduction. Furthermore, the renewable energy system can provide 100% of the building’s energy load and a total savings of 3341.84 kgCO2eq/year. The system’s levelised cost of energy was estimated at 0.256 $/kWh, with a net present cost of $20,231, while the overall life cycle cost was calculated at 188.91 $/m2.
{"title":"Feasibility and performance analysis of a net-zero energy residential building in tropical climates: A case of Congo-Brazzaville","authors":"Rolains Golchimard Elenga, Li Zhu, Dickson Maigga Tongora, Steivan Defilla","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241236689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241236689","url":null,"abstract":"Current building techniques in developing countries have become extremely critical. The net-zero energy concept has emerged as an essential strategy for minimising energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, its implementation, particularly in developing countries, remains a critical challenge. The purpose of this work is to assess the feasibility of achieving a net-zero energy building by combining energy-efficient design practices and renewable energy systems under the climatic conditions of the Republic of Congo. To achieve the stipulated objectives, DesignBuilder software was utilised for building modelling, energy load assessment and multiobjective optimisation of building energy efficiency measures, and the multicriteria energy optimisation was carried out using the HOMER tool. The optimisation results showed that the implementation of energy efficiency measures resulted in 39.15% energy savings, 43.45% thermal load savings and 55.68% discomfort hours reduction. Furthermore, the renewable energy system can provide 100% of the building’s energy load and a total savings of 3341.84 kgCO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>eq/year. The system’s levelised cost of energy was estimated at 0.256 $/kWh, with a net present cost of $20,231, while the overall life cycle cost was calculated at 188.91 $/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup>.","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.1177/1420326x241236876
Nedhal Al-Tamimi, Abdultawab Qahtan, Badr Saad Alotaibi, Mohammed Awad Abuhussain
Saudi buildings use approximately 29% of the primary energy and about 80% of the electrical energy. Because of the hot and dry climate, air conditioners consume a lot of electrical energy to attain a comfortable temperature indoors. More than 70% of Saudi buildings need to be thermally insulated. The objective of this study is to assess the existing energy saving of public schools in Saudi Arabia. Indoor thermal environment monitoring of three school buildings has been undertaken by employing LSI LASTEM ‘R-LOG’ data loggers, and electric energy bills of the schools were also collected. The school building was modelled using DesignBuilder software, which was utilized to investigate the impact of various modifications made to the building envelopes, including changes to building orientation, the inclusion of thermal insulation layers, various types of glass and shading devices. According to the findings, implementing appropriate building envelope design techniques for existing schools can lead to significant reductions in cooling and overall energy consumption, with savings of 30% and 19%, respectively. After applying these strategies collectively, the school managed to reduce its total annual electricity consumption by nearly 19.2%, resulting in a decrease from 279.13 MWh to 225.5 MWh per year.
{"title":"Innovative retrofitting approaches for energy saving in Saudi public schools","authors":"Nedhal Al-Tamimi, Abdultawab Qahtan, Badr Saad Alotaibi, Mohammed Awad Abuhussain","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241236876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241236876","url":null,"abstract":"Saudi buildings use approximately 29% of the primary energy and about 80% of the electrical energy. Because of the hot and dry climate, air conditioners consume a lot of electrical energy to attain a comfortable temperature indoors. More than 70% of Saudi buildings need to be thermally insulated. The objective of this study is to assess the existing energy saving of public schools in Saudi Arabia. Indoor thermal environment monitoring of three school buildings has been undertaken by employing LSI LASTEM ‘R-LOG’ data loggers, and electric energy bills of the schools were also collected. The school building was modelled using DesignBuilder software, which was utilized to investigate the impact of various modifications made to the building envelopes, including changes to building orientation, the inclusion of thermal insulation layers, various types of glass and shading devices. According to the findings, implementing appropriate building envelope design techniques for existing schools can lead to significant reductions in cooling and overall energy consumption, with savings of 30% and 19%, respectively. After applying these strategies collectively, the school managed to reduce its total annual electricity consumption by nearly 19.2%, resulting in a decrease from 279.13 MWh to 225.5 MWh per year.","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The utilization of the district heating system (DHS) thermal inertia is greatly influenced by heating regulation modes and time steps, however, which has been rarely analysed in almost all integrated heat and power dispatch system (IHPD) models, for the purpose of wind power integration. In this study, an IHPD model considering the thermal inertia of the DHS was established, in which a data interaction problem amongst the power sources, heat sources and district heating networks was solved. Thereafter, four most commonly used heating operation modes and different heating regulation time steps were applied to the IHPD model, respectively, to analyse and compare their effects on the IHPD system under different operation conditions, mainly considering the operation cost and the wind power integration. Results of the case studies showed that the variable flow and variable supply temperature mode produced the lowest operation cost of the IHPD system during a whole heating season. Consequently, this mode is recommended to be applied in the optimization operation of the IHPD system with the wind power integration. Meanwhile, a heating regulation time step within 3 h could make full use of the DHS thermal inertia, thus to improve the operational flexibility of the IHPD system.
{"title":"Operational cost and wind power integration capacities of the integrated heat and power dispatch (IHPD) system under different heating regulation modes and time steps","authors":"Xuexiang Zhang, Jinfu Zheng, Hui Zhu, Songtao Hu, Shimin Liang","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241239237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241239237","url":null,"abstract":"The utilization of the district heating system (DHS) thermal inertia is greatly influenced by heating regulation modes and time steps, however, which has been rarely analysed in almost all integrated heat and power dispatch system (IHPD) models, for the purpose of wind power integration. In this study, an IHPD model considering the thermal inertia of the DHS was established, in which a data interaction problem amongst the power sources, heat sources and district heating networks was solved. Thereafter, four most commonly used heating operation modes and different heating regulation time steps were applied to the IHPD model, respectively, to analyse and compare their effects on the IHPD system under different operation conditions, mainly considering the operation cost and the wind power integration. Results of the case studies showed that the variable flow and variable supply temperature mode produced the lowest operation cost of the IHPD system during a whole heating season. Consequently, this mode is recommended to be applied in the optimization operation of the IHPD system with the wind power integration. Meanwhile, a heating regulation time step within 3 h could make full use of the DHS thermal inertia, thus to improve the operational flexibility of the IHPD system.","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140152164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.1177/1420326x241238914
Zhihong Zhai, Jingfu Cao, Mingcai Li, Jun Shi
Energy consumption of air-conditioning in wet and hot climates is not only for cooling but, to a large extent, for dehumidification. Taking urban agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta region as a case study, this study analysed the cooling and dehumidification loads during the past 20 years. In addition, the impacts of cooling and dehumidification loads on carbon emissions were determined. The results showed that there was large spatial heterogeneity in the variations of the cooling and dehumidification loads. The cooling design loads in 1991–2020 was increased 1.83% to 5.56% compared to those in 1971–2000, while the loads for dehumidification was decreased 0.92% to 5.5%. Carbon emissions from cooling were increased, exceeding the carbon reduction from dehumidification, which leads to a weak increase in total carbon emissions. This study revealed that air-conditioning design should fully consider climate change impact by separating cooling and dehumidification loads, increasing the cooling load to avoid insufficient air-conditioning output but reducing the dehumidification load to promote energy efficiency of the air-conditioning system and to reduce carbon emissions. More importantly, an assessment of design loads with climate change in city or small scales should be made before determining summer air-conditioning system design capacity.
{"title":"Responses of air-conditioning loads to climate change and its impact on carbon emissions in the hot summer and warm winter climate","authors":"Zhihong Zhai, Jingfu Cao, Mingcai Li, Jun Shi","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241238914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241238914","url":null,"abstract":"Energy consumption of air-conditioning in wet and hot climates is not only for cooling but, to a large extent, for dehumidification. Taking urban agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta region as a case study, this study analysed the cooling and dehumidification loads during the past 20 years. In addition, the impacts of cooling and dehumidification loads on carbon emissions were determined. The results showed that there was large spatial heterogeneity in the variations of the cooling and dehumidification loads. The cooling design loads in 1991–2020 was increased 1.83% to 5.56% compared to those in 1971–2000, while the loads for dehumidification was decreased 0.92% to 5.5%. Carbon emissions from cooling were increased, exceeding the carbon reduction from dehumidification, which leads to a weak increase in total carbon emissions. This study revealed that air-conditioning design should fully consider climate change impact by separating cooling and dehumidification loads, increasing the cooling load to avoid insufficient air-conditioning output but reducing the dehumidification load to promote energy efficiency of the air-conditioning system and to reduce carbon emissions. More importantly, an assessment of design loads with climate change in city or small scales should be made before determining summer air-conditioning system design capacity.","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140129798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As an important means of transportation, an aircraft’s environmental control system plays an important role in ensuring the health and thermal comfort of the cabin environment. To guarantee sufficient lift during flight, the aircraft cabin needs to have a certain angle of attack with the horizontal direction. In this study, the flow field, temperature field and vortex structure characteristics of the cabin were analysed using a scaled 28-row cabin model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) under different angles of attack (15° and 8°) conditions. The results show that the velocity and temperature in the local area in the longitudinal section were increased when the angle of attack was increased. Compared with the horizontal state (angle of attack 0°), the longitudinal airflow under the condition of a larger angle of attack was enhanced. The overall trend of forward airflow is presented in this paper. The longitudinal airflow would strengthen the separation of the large vortex at the top of the cabin. The vortex structure shows high instability in different times and spaces.
{"title":"Investigation of longitudinal airflow characteristics in an aircraft cabin based on angle of attack","authors":"Zihan Xing, Yongzhi Zhang, Ping Wang, Jiaxing Zhang","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241237930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241237930","url":null,"abstract":"As an important means of transportation, an aircraft’s environmental control system plays an important role in ensuring the health and thermal comfort of the cabin environment. To guarantee sufficient lift during flight, the aircraft cabin needs to have a certain angle of attack with the horizontal direction. In this study, the flow field, temperature field and vortex structure characteristics of the cabin were analysed using a scaled 28-row cabin model and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) under different angles of attack (15° and 8°) conditions. The results show that the velocity and temperature in the local area in the longitudinal section were increased when the angle of attack was increased. Compared with the horizontal state (angle of attack 0°), the longitudinal airflow under the condition of a larger angle of attack was enhanced. The overall trend of forward airflow is presented in this paper. The longitudinal airflow would strengthen the separation of the large vortex at the top of the cabin. The vortex structure shows high instability in different times and spaces.","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140117061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-07DOI: 10.1177/1420326x241236970
Yiqi Tao, Folong Zhong, Yijia Miao, Haida Tang, Lingling Li
Respiratory infectious diseases have affected the health of the elderly. This study investigated the optimization of physical barriers as a low-cost design strategy to reduce the risk of infection in nursing homes for the elderly in Hong Kong, which were significantly affected by the outbreak of COVID-19. First, data on two types of rooms, single and multi-occupancy, were collected from a field investigation of typical local nursing homes. Subsequently, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were employed to analyse the effects of various barrier heights on the propagation, suspension, deposition and elimination of aerosol particles in these room types, thereby evaluating infection risks. The findings reveal that in single-occupancy rooms, a barrier height of 2.1 m is effective in curtailing the spread of the virus over distances. Conversely, in multi-occupancy rooms, while a 1.8-m barrier is necessary, the rate of particle suspension is considerably higher, necessitating additional ventilation measures. Based on these findings, the study provides quantitative criteria for the implementation of physical barriers as a low-cost physical measure in nursing homes and provides recommendations for the effective prevention of respiratory infectious diseases through design modifications.
{"title":"The impact of barrier arrangements on the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases in nursing homes in Hong Kong","authors":"Yiqi Tao, Folong Zhong, Yijia Miao, Haida Tang, Lingling Li","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241236970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241236970","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory infectious diseases have affected the health of the elderly. This study investigated the optimization of physical barriers as a low-cost design strategy to reduce the risk of infection in nursing homes for the elderly in Hong Kong, which were significantly affected by the outbreak of COVID-19. First, data on two types of rooms, single and multi-occupancy, were collected from a field investigation of typical local nursing homes. Subsequently, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were employed to analyse the effects of various barrier heights on the propagation, suspension, deposition and elimination of aerosol particles in these room types, thereby evaluating infection risks. The findings reveal that in single-occupancy rooms, a barrier height of 2.1 m is effective in curtailing the spread of the virus over distances. Conversely, in multi-occupancy rooms, while a 1.8-m barrier is necessary, the rate of particle suspension is considerably higher, necessitating additional ventilation measures. Based on these findings, the study provides quantitative criteria for the implementation of physical barriers as a low-cost physical measure in nursing homes and provides recommendations for the effective prevention of respiratory infectious diseases through design modifications.","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140070470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wood-based panels are a significant source of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), crucial for managing indoor pollution. The emissions from wood-based panels are influenced by both intrinsic factors, including their composition and manufacturing process, and extrinsic environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity. In this paper, the emission of formaldehyde in plywood was studied under different temperature conditions (15°C, 23°C, 32°C and 37°C) and different humidity conditions (40%, 60% and 80%) by environmental chamber method. To understand the influence of relative humidity on the key parameters of panels from a mechanism perspective, this paper investigates the influence of relative humidity on the initial emittable concentration of formaldehyde, based on the hydrolysis reaction of urea-formaldehyde resin. Concurrently, the molecular dynamics and porous panels model were amalgamated to assess the influence of relative humidity on both the partition and diffusion coefficient. To simulate the emission process in a real environment, a control equation that allows for variations in both temperature and humidity is needed. This paper employs the method of variable separation to derive a simplified control equation. Subsequently, experimental data was utilized to validate the derived equation’s effectiveness within the practical indoor environmental range.
{"title":"Study on the effect of humidity on formaldehyde emission parameters of wood-based panels","authors":"Jiani Chen, Xiaohong Zheng, Chenxue Song, Hua Qian","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241232583","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241232583","url":null,"abstract":"Wood-based panels are a significant source of indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), crucial for managing indoor pollution. The emissions from wood-based panels are influenced by both intrinsic factors, including their composition and manufacturing process, and extrinsic environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity. In this paper, the emission of formaldehyde in plywood was studied under different temperature conditions (15°C, 23°C, 32°C and 37°C) and different humidity conditions (40%, 60% and 80%) by environmental chamber method. To understand the influence of relative humidity on the key parameters of panels from a mechanism perspective, this paper investigates the influence of relative humidity on the initial emittable concentration of formaldehyde, based on the hydrolysis reaction of urea-formaldehyde resin. Concurrently, the molecular dynamics and porous panels model were amalgamated to assess the influence of relative humidity on both the partition and diffusion coefficient. To simulate the emission process in a real environment, a control equation that allows for variations in both temperature and humidity is needed. This paper employs the method of variable separation to derive a simplified control equation. Subsequently, experimental data was utilized to validate the derived equation’s effectiveness within the practical indoor environmental range.","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140043890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1177/1420326x241234490
Guanbai Xin, Zhuangbo Feng, Xingpeng Zhang, Junqi Wang, Shi-Jie Cao
For the purpose of effectively providing protection and utilization of historical earthen sites, the fully-enclosed exhibition halls with electricity driven air-conditioning have been successfully adopted to provide a suitable preservation air environment. However, its electricity consumption and carbon emissions are considerable due to the continuous operation of environmental control, the energy consumption of air cooling in exhibition halls can reach more than 10 times that of office buildings. To further reduce energy consumption, this current study drew on the concept of NBS (Nature Based Solution) and proposed a low-carbon environmental control system for an enclosed exhibition hall for storage of earthen relics by applying natural energy (solar photovoltaic and earth-air-cooling) and space optimization. Firstly, a numerical model was established to simulate the preservation environment in exhibition halls and the electricity consumption of each energy subsystem. Then the model was applied to optimize the design parameters (e.g. earth-air tunnel and airflow pattern) for the environmental control system. Numerical results showed that the electricity consumption was reduced by 58% by applying earth-air-cooling and solar photovoltaic. After optimization of the exhibition hall height, electricity consumption was approximately reduced by 65%. This research is of great value to mitigate energy consumption problems encountered in earthen relics museums and other similar environments.
为了有效保护和利用历史土遗址，采用电力驱动空调的全封闭展览馆已被成功采用，以提供适宜的保存空气环境。然而，由于环境控制的持续运行，其耗电量和碳排放量相当可观，展览馆的空气冷却能耗可达办公楼的 10 倍以上。为进一步降低能耗，本研究借鉴 NBS（Nature Based Solution，基于自然的解决方案）理念，通过应用自然能源（太阳能光伏和土风冷却）和空间优化，提出了土遗址封闭式展览馆的低碳环境控制系统。首先，建立了一个数值模型来模拟展厅的保存环境和各能源子系统的耗电量。然后，应用该模型优化环境控制系统的设计参数（如土风隧道和气流模式）。数值结果表明，采用土风冷却和太阳能光伏发电后，耗电量减少了 58%。优化展厅高度后，耗电量减少了约 65%。这项研究对于缓解土遗址博物馆和其他类似环境中遇到的能耗问题具有重要价值。
{"title":"Low-carbon environmental control system for storage of earthen relics in exhibition hall: From the perspectives of nature based solution","authors":"Guanbai Xin, Zhuangbo Feng, Xingpeng Zhang, Junqi Wang, Shi-Jie Cao","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241234490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241234490","url":null,"abstract":"For the purpose of effectively providing protection and utilization of historical earthen sites, the fully-enclosed exhibition halls with electricity driven air-conditioning have been successfully adopted to provide a suitable preservation air environment. However, its electricity consumption and carbon emissions are considerable due to the continuous operation of environmental control, the energy consumption of air cooling in exhibition halls can reach more than 10 times that of office buildings. To further reduce energy consumption, this current study drew on the concept of NBS (Nature Based Solution) and proposed a low-carbon environmental control system for an enclosed exhibition hall for storage of earthen relics by applying natural energy (solar photovoltaic and earth-air-cooling) and space optimization. Firstly, a numerical model was established to simulate the preservation environment in exhibition halls and the electricity consumption of each energy subsystem. Then the model was applied to optimize the design parameters (e.g. earth-air tunnel and airflow pattern) for the environmental control system. Numerical results showed that the electricity consumption was reduced by 58% by applying earth-air-cooling and solar photovoltaic. After optimization of the exhibition hall height, electricity consumption was approximately reduced by 65%. This research is of great value to mitigate energy consumption problems encountered in earthen relics museums and other similar environments.","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140034283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.1177/1420326x241236692
Xinru Liu, Li Bai, Yongbo Cui, Xiuling Xu
The Chinese Lunar New Year is a significant festival in China that leads to indoor and outdoor air pollution with distinct characteristics compared to normal times. In this study, indoor and outdoor air samples were collected and analysed to investigate the indoor and outdoor pollution of PM2.5 and its metal elements during the Chinese New Year. The findings reveal that there is a notable positive correlation between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 concentrations during the Chinese New Year, with outdoor concentrations being higher on average. The levels of PM2.5 concentrations indoors and outdoors started to increase on Chinese New Year’s Eve and peaked after the early hours of the Chinese New Year. The total concentrations of six metal elements (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb and Zn) in indoor and outdoor PM2.5 during the Chinese New Year in 2022 were 738.73 ± 134.93 mg/kg and 1124.38 ± 553.14 mg/kg, respectively. Principal component analysis suggests that the main sources of indoor metal elements were from outdoor combustion sources and human activities, while outdoor sources were fireworks displays and emissions from coal combustion. Based on the U.S. EPA risk assessment carried out, both indoor and outdoor PM2.5 metal elements could pose a carcinogenic risk to adults.
{"title":"Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of fine particulate matter and its metal elements during Chinese New Year","authors":"Xinru Liu, Li Bai, Yongbo Cui, Xiuling Xu","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241236692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241236692","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese Lunar New Year is a significant festival in China that leads to indoor and outdoor air pollution with distinct characteristics compared to normal times. In this study, indoor and outdoor air samples were collected and analysed to investigate the indoor and outdoor pollution of PM<jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> and its metal elements during the Chinese New Year. The findings reveal that there is a notable positive correlation between indoor and outdoor PM<jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> concentrations during the Chinese New Year, with outdoor concentrations being higher on average. The levels of PM<jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> concentrations indoors and outdoors started to increase on Chinese New Year’s Eve and peaked after the early hours of the Chinese New Year. The total concentrations of six metal elements (Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb and Zn) in indoor and outdoor PM<jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> during the Chinese New Year in 2022 were 738.73 ± 134.93 mg/kg and 1124.38 ± 553.14 mg/kg, respectively. Principal component analysis suggests that the main sources of indoor metal elements were from outdoor combustion sources and human activities, while outdoor sources were fireworks displays and emissions from coal combustion. Based on the U.S. EPA risk assessment carried out, both indoor and outdoor PM<jats:sub>2.5</jats:sub> metal elements could pose a carcinogenic risk to adults.","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140002112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-21DOI: 10.1177/1420326x241234169
Yuan Cheng, Hao Yan, Chuck Wah Yu, Junqi Wang
{"title":"The high-temporal and spatial resolution sea surface temperature brings new opportunities for sustainable development of the built environment in coastal cities","authors":"Yuan Cheng, Hao Yan, Chuck Wah Yu, Junqi Wang","doi":"10.1177/1420326x241234169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x241234169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13578,"journal":{"name":"Indoor and Built Environment","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139955462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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