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Mechanisms of cooperative cell-cell interactions in skeletal muscle regeneration. 骨骼肌再生中协同细胞-细胞相互作用的机制。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00234-6
Hiroyuki Koike, Ichiro Manabe, Yumiko Oishi

Skeletal muscles have an extraordinary capacity to regenerate themselves when injured. Skeletal muscle stem cells, called satellite cells, play a central role in muscle regeneration via three major steps: activation, proliferation, and differentiation. These steps are affected by multiple types of cells, such as immune cells, fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells, and vascular endothelial cells. The widespread use of single-cell sequencing technologies has enabled the identification of novel cell subpopulations associated with muscle regeneration and their regulatory mechanisms. This review summarizes the dynamism of the cellular community that controls and promotes muscle regeneration, with a particular focus on skeletal muscle stem cells.

骨骼肌在受伤时具有非凡的自我再生能力。骨骼肌干细胞,又称卫星细胞,通过激活、增殖和分化这三个主要步骤在肌肉再生中发挥核心作用。这些步骤受到多种细胞的影响,如免疫细胞、纤维脂肪祖细胞和血管内皮细胞。单细胞测序技术的广泛使用已经能够识别与肌肉再生相关的新细胞亚群及其调节机制。这篇综述总结了控制和促进肌肉再生的细胞群落的活力,特别关注骨骼肌干细胞。
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引用次数: 7
Significance of the multiomics approach to elucidate disease mechanisms in humans. 多组学方法阐明人类疾病机制的意义。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00227-5
Keishi Fujio
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引用次数: 2
IL-6 production through repression of UBASH3A gene via epigenetic dysregulation of super-enhancer in CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. 类风湿关节炎患者CD4+ T细胞超增强子表观遗传失调,通过抑制UBASH3A基因产生IL-6。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00231-9
Kaoru Yamagata, Shingo Nakayamada, Tong Zhang, Anh Phuong Nguyen, Naoaki Ohkubo, Shigeru Iwata, Shigeaki Kato, Yoshiya Tanaka

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with immune dysfunction. UBASH3A as a negative regulator of T cell receptors (TCRs) signaling is a susceptible factor in RA. The aim of this study was to determine the role of UBASH3A in RA pathogenesis, by assessing the role of super-enhancer (SE) in the control of UBASH3A expression in CD4+ T cells and the contribution of the latter in proinflammatory cytokine production in patients with RA.

Methods: UBASH3A mRNA and protein levels were quantified by PCR and western blotting, respectively. The cells were treated with a locked nucleic acid to inhibit enhancer RNA (eRNA) expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to identify the factors recruited to UBASH3A loci displaying SE architecture. CD4+ T cells were transfected with UBASH3A plasmids, and cytokine levels were measured by a cytometric bead array.

Results: UBASH3A was extracted as a RA susceptibility gene associated with SNPs in the SEs that are highly expressed in CD4+ T cells by in silico screening. UBASH3A mRNA and protein expression levels were lower in CD4+ T cells of RA patients than in the control. eRNA_1 and eRNA_3 knockdown reduced UBASH3A mRNA levels. RA patients exhibited accumulation of BTB and CNC homology 2 (BACH2), the silencing transcription factor, at the UBASH3A loci in CD4+ T cells, but not the SE-defining factor, mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1)/bromodomain 4 (BRD4). However, opposite changes were observed in the control. Stimulation of TCRs expressed on CD4+ T cells of RA patients resulted in interleukin (IL)-6 production, while UBASH3A over-expression significantly inhibited the production.

Conclusions: In RA, transcription of UBASH3A is suppressed via epigenetic regulation of SE in CD4+ T cells. Low UBASH3A levels result in excessive TCR signal activation with subsequent enhancement of IL-6 production.

背景:类风湿关节炎(RA)与免疫功能障碍有关。UBASH3A作为T细胞受体(TCRs)信号的负调节因子是RA的易感因子。本研究的目的是通过评估超增强子(superenhancer, SE)在RA患者CD4+ T细胞中控制UBASH3A表达的作用,以及后者在促炎细胞因子产生中的作用,来确定UBASH3A在RA发病中的作用。方法:分别采用PCR和western blotting检测UBASH3A mRNA和蛋白水平。用锁定的核酸处理细胞以抑制增强子RNA (eRNA)的表达。染色质免疫沉淀法用于鉴定被募集到显示SE结构的UBASH3A位点的因子。用UBASH3A质粒转染CD4+ T细胞,通过细胞计数头阵列检测细胞因子水平。结果:通过硅筛选,UBASH3A作为RA易感基因,与CD4+ T细胞中高表达的SEs中的snp相关。RA患者CD4+ T细胞中UBASH3A mRNA和蛋白表达水平低于对照组。eRNA_1和eRNA_3敲低可降低UBASH3A mRNA水平。RA患者在CD4+ T细胞的UBASH3A位点上表现出BTB和CNC同源性2 (BACH2)(沉默转录因子)的积累,但se定义因子,介质复合物亚基1 (MED1)/溴结构域4 (BRD4)没有积累。然而,在对照组中观察到相反的变化。刺激RA患者CD4+ T细胞上表达的TCRs导致白细胞介素(IL)-6的产生,而UBASH3A过表达显著抑制IL -6的产生。结论:在RA中,UBASH3A的转录通过表观遗传调控SE在CD4+ T细胞中被抑制。低UBASH3A水平导致TCR信号过度激活,随后增强IL-6的产生。
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引用次数: 2
Localization and movement of Tregs in gastrointestinal tract: a systematic review. 胃肠道Tregs的定位和运动:系统综述。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00232-8
Yosuke Harada, Kentaro Miyamoto, Akihiko Chida, Anna Tojo Okuzawa, Yusuke Yoshimatsu, Yumi Kudo, Tomohisa Sujino

Background: The intestine is rich in food-derived and microbe-derived antigens. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an essential T-cell population that prevents systemic autoimmune diseases and inhibits inflammation by encountering antigens. Previously, it was reported that the functional loss of Tregs induces systemic inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease and graft-versus-host disease in human and murine models. However, there is a dearth of information about how Tregs localize in different tissues and suppress effector cells.

Main body: The development of Tregs and their molecular mechanism in the digestive tract have been elucidated earlier using murine genetic models, infectious models, and human samples. Tregs suppress immune and other nonimmune cells through direct effect and cytokine production. The recent development of in vivo imaging technology allows us to visualize how Tregs localize and move in the settings of inflammation and homeostasis. This is important because, according to a recent report, Treg characterization and function are regulated by their location. Tregs located in the proximal intestine and its draining lymph nodes induce tolerance against food antigens, and those located in the distal intestine suppress the inflammation induced by microbial antigens. Taken together, various Tregs are induced in a location-specific manner in the gastrointestinal tract and influence the homeostasis of the gut.

Conclusion: In this review, we summarize how Tregs are induced in the digestive tract and the application of in vivo Treg imaging to elucidate immune homeostasis in the digestive tract.

背景:肠道富含食物来源和微生物来源的抗原。调节性T细胞(Tregs)是一种重要的T细胞群,可以预防系统性自身免疫性疾病,并通过与抗原相遇来抑制炎症。此前,有报道称Tregs的功能丧失会在人和小鼠模型中诱发全身性炎症,包括炎症性肠病和移植物抗宿主病。然而,关于Tregs如何定位于不同组织并抑制效应细胞的信息缺乏。正文:Tregs在消化道中的发育及其分子机制已经通过小鼠遗传模型、感染模型和人类样本得到了较早的阐明。Tregs通过直接作用和细胞因子的产生抑制免疫细胞和其他非免疫细胞。体内成像技术的最新发展使我们能够可视化treg在炎症和体内平衡的情况下如何定位和移动。这很重要,因为根据最近的一份报告,Treg的特征和功能是由它们的位置调节的。位于近端肠及其引流淋巴结的treg诱导对食物抗原的耐受性,而位于远端肠的treg则抑制微生物抗原引起的炎症。综上所述,各种treg在胃肠道中以特定位置的方式被诱导,并影响肠道的内稳态。结论:本文综述了Treg在消化道中的诱导机制,以及体内Treg成像在消化道免疫稳态研究中的应用。
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引用次数: 1
Therapy-resistant nature of cancer stem cells in view of iron metabolism. 从铁代谢的角度看癌症干细胞的耐药性。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-03 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00220-y
Wenqian Wang, Kouichi Tabu, Alapati Aimaitijiang, Tetsuya Taga

Due to increased resistance to standard chemo/radiotherapies and relapse, highly tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been proposed as a promising target for the development of effective cancer treatments. In order to develop innovative cancer therapies that target CSCs, much attention has focused on the iron metabolism of CSCs, which has been considered to contribute to self-renewal of CSCs. Here, we review recent advances in iron metabolism and conventional iron metabolism-targeted cancer therapies, as well as therapy resistance of CSCs and potential treatment options to overcome them, which provide important insights into therapeutic strategies against intractable cancers. Potential treatment options targeting iron homeostasis, including small-molecule inhibitors, nanotechnology platforms, ferroptosis, and 5-ALA-PDT, might be a focus of future research for the development of innovative cancer therapies that tackle CSCs.

由于对标准化疗/放疗的耐药性增加和复发,高致瘤性癌症干细胞(CSCs)已被提出作为开发有效癌症治疗的有希望的靶点。为了开发针对CSCs的创新癌症治疗方法,人们非常关注CSCs的铁代谢,这被认为有助于CSCs的自我更新。在这里,我们回顾了铁代谢和传统铁代谢靶向癌症治疗的最新进展,以及CSCs的治疗耐药性和克服它们的潜在治疗选择,这为治疗难治性癌症的治疗策略提供了重要的见解。针对铁稳态的潜在治疗方案,包括小分子抑制剂、纳米技术平台、铁凋亡和5-ALA-PDT,可能是未来研究开发针对csc的创新癌症疗法的重点。
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引用次数: 2
Mesenchymal stromal cells in the thymus. 胸腺间充质间质细胞。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-02 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00219-5
Takeshi Nitta

The microenvironment of the thymus is composed of a group of stromal cells that include endoderm-derived thymic epithelial cells (TECs) and mesenchymal stromal cells such as fibroblasts and serves as a site for the development of T cells. TECs are known to play an essential role in T cell differentiation and selection. Mesenchymal stromal cells have been less studied in terms of their immunological significance compared to TECs. Recently, new technologies have made it possible to identify and characterize mesenchymal stromal cells in the thymus, revealing their unique functions in thymic organogenesis and T cell development. This review outlines the current views on mesenchymal stromal cells in the thymus, particularly highlighting the newly discovered function of thymic fibroblasts in T cell repertoire selection.

胸腺微环境由一组基质细胞组成,包括内胚层来源的胸腺上皮细胞(TECs)和间充质基质细胞(如成纤维细胞),并作为T细胞发育的场所。已知TECs在T细胞分化和选择中起重要作用。与tec相比,间充质基质细胞在免疫学意义方面的研究较少。近年来,新技术使鉴定和表征胸腺间充质间质细胞成为可能,揭示了它们在胸腺器官发生和T细胞发育中的独特功能。本文综述了目前关于胸腺间充质间质细胞的研究进展,重点介绍了新近发现的胸腺成纤维细胞在T细胞库选择中的功能。
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引用次数: 2
Characterization of the human gut virome in metabolic and autoimmune diseases. 代谢性和自身免疫性疾病中人类肠道病毒的特征。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00218-6
Kosuke Fujimoto, Daichi Miyaoka, Satoshi Uematsu

The intestinal microbiome is dominated by bacteria and plays a pivotal role in the occurrence and development of disease, including several metabolic and autoimmune disorders. While intestinal viral communities, primarily made up of bacteriophages, are also thought to play a role in disease pathogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract, they have received much less attention than intestinal bacteria. Thus, there is limited information about the relationship between bacteriophages and disease. This review explores a potential role for the intestinal viral microbiome in various metabolic and autoimmune diseases.

肠道微生物群由细菌主导,在疾病的发生和发展中起着关键作用,包括几种代谢和自身免疫性疾病。虽然主要由噬菌体组成的肠道病毒群落也被认为在胃肠道疾病发病机制中发挥作用,但它们受到的关注远不及肠道细菌。因此,关于噬菌体与疾病之间关系的信息有限。这篇综述探讨了肠道病毒微生物组在各种代谢和自身免疫性疾病中的潜在作用。
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引用次数: 2
A novel cell-free intrathecal approach with PRP for the treatment of spinal cord multiple sclerosis in cats. 一种新的无细胞鞘内入路与PRP治疗猫脊髓多发性硬化。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-10-14 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00230-w
Mariam F Farid, Yara S Abouelela, Noha A E Yasin, Mohamed R Mousa, Marwa A Ibrahim, Abdelbary Prince, Hamdy Rizk

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. To date, there is no effective therapy for it. Our study aimed to determine the potential role of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the treatment of MS in cats.

Methods: The current study was conducted on 15 adult Persian cats that were divided into three groups: control negative, control positive (ethidium bromide (EB)-treated group), and PRP co-treated group (EB-treated group intrathecally injected with PRP on day 14 post-spinal cord injury). PRP was obtained by centrifuging blood on anticoagulant citrate dextrose and activating it with red and green laser diodes. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores were used to assess the motor function recovery on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 20, and 28 following 14 days from EB injection. Moreover, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, histopathological investigations, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies, and immunohistochemical analysis were conducted, and the gene expressions of nerve growth factors (NGFs), brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), and stromal cell-derived factors (SDF) were evaluated.

Results: Our results indicated that PRP had a significant ameliorative effect on the motor function of the hindlimbs as early as day 20 and so on. MRI revealed that the size and intensity of the lesion were significantly reduced in the PRP co-treated group. The histopathological and TEM investigations demonstrated that the PRP co-treated group had a significant improvement in the structure and organization of the white matter, as well as a high remyelination capacity. Furthermore, a significant increase in myelin basic protein and Olig2 immunoreactivity as well as a reduction in Bax and glial fibrillar acidic protein immune markers was observed. NGFs were found to be upregulated by gene expression.

Conclusion: As a result, we concluded that the intrathecal injection of PRP was an effective, safe, and promising method for the treatment of MS.

背景:多发性硬化症(MS)是一种进行性中枢神经系统自身免疫性脱髓鞘疾病。到目前为止,还没有有效的治疗方法。我们的研究旨在确定富血小板血浆(PRP)在治疗猫多发性硬化症中的潜在作用。方法:本研究选取15只成年波斯猫,将其分为三组:对照阴性、对照阳性(溴化乙锭(EB)治疗组)和PRP联合治疗组(EB治疗组脊髓损伤后第14天鞘内注射PRP)。将血液与抗凝剂柠檬酸葡萄糖离心,用红色和绿色激光二极管激活,得到PRP。使用Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB)评分评估注射EB后第1、3、7、14、20和28天的运动功能恢复情况。并进行磁共振成像(MRI)、组织病理学、透射电镜(TEM)、免疫组化分析,评估神经生长因子(NGFs)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)、基质细胞源性因子(SDF)的基因表达。结果:我们的研究结果表明,PRP早在第20天就对后肢运动功能有明显的改善作用。MRI显示,PRP联合治疗组病变的大小和强度明显减小。组织病理学和透射电镜研究表明,PRP联合治疗组的白质结构和组织有明显改善,并有较高的髓鞘再生能力。此外,观察到髓鞘碱性蛋白和Olig2免疫反应性显著增加,Bax和胶质纤维酸性蛋白免疫标记物显著降低。发现NGFs受基因表达上调。结论:鞘内注射PRP是一种有效、安全、有前景的治疗多发性硬化症的方法。
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引用次数: 2
Accelerating skin regeneration and wound healing by controlled ROS from photodynamic treatment. 通过控制光动力处理产生的活性氧加速皮肤再生和伤口愈合。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00226-6
Khatereh Khorsandi, Reza Hosseinzadeh, HomaSadat Esfahani, Kavosh Zandsalimi, Fedora Khatibi Shahidi, Heidi Abrahamse

Cellular metabolisms produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are essential for cellular signaling pathways and physiological functions. Nevertheless, ROS act as "double-edged swords" that have an unstable redox balance between ROS production and removal. A little raise of ROS results in cell proliferation enhancement, survival, and soft immune responses, while a high level of ROS could lead to cellular damage consequently protein, nucleic acid, and lipid damages and finally cell death. ROS play an important role in various pathological circumstances. On the contrary, ROS can show selective toxicity which is used against cancer cells and pathogens. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on three important components including a photosensitizer (PS), oxygen, and light. Upon excitation of the PS at a specific wavelength, the PDT process begins which leads to ROS generation. ROS produced during PDT could induce two different pathways. If PDT produces control and low ROS, it can lead to cell proliferation and differentiation. However, excess production of ROS by PDT causes cellular photo damage which is the main mechanism used in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the functions of ROS in living systems and describes role of PDT in production of controllable ROS and finally a special focus on current ROS-generating therapeutic protocols for regeneration and wound healing.

细胞代谢产生活性氧(ROS),这是细胞信号通路和生理功能所必需的。然而,ROS是一把“双刃剑”,在ROS的产生和去除之间存在不稳定的氧化还原平衡。少量升高的ROS可导致细胞增殖增强、存活和软免疫反应,而高水平的ROS可导致细胞损伤,导致蛋白质、核酸和脂质损伤,最终导致细胞死亡。ROS在各种病理情况下发挥重要作用。相反,活性氧可以表现出选择性毒性,用于对抗癌细胞和病原体。光动力疗法(PDT)是基于三个重要组成部分,包括光敏剂(PS)、氧气和光。在特定波长激发PS后,PDT过程开始,导致ROS生成。PDT过程中产生的ROS可诱导两种不同的途径。如果PDT产生控制和低ROS,则可导致细胞增殖和分化。然而,PDT过量产生ROS会导致细胞光损伤,这是癌症治疗的主要机制。本文综述了活性氧在生命系统中的功能,并描述了PDT在产生可控活性氧中的作用,最后特别关注了目前用于再生和伤口愈合的活性氧产生治疗方案。
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引用次数: 19
Therapeutic non-invasive brain treatments in Alzheimer's disease: recent advances and challenges. 治疗性非侵入性脑治疗阿尔茨海默病:最新进展和挑战。
IF 8.1 3区 医学 Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-10-03 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-022-00216-8
Chongyun Wu, Luoman Yang, Shu Feng, Ling Zhu, Luodan Yang, Timon Cheng-Yi Liu, Rui Duan

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases and the most common form of dementia. Characterized by the loss of learning, memory, problem-solving, language, and other thinking abilities, AD exerts a detrimental effect on both patients' and families' quality of life. Although there have been significant advances in understanding the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis and progression of AD, there is no cure for AD. The failure of numerous molecular targeted pharmacologic clinical trials leads to an emerging research shift toward non-invasive therapies, especially multiple targeted non-invasive treatments. In this paper, we reviewed the advances of the most widely studied non-invasive therapies, including photobiomodulation (PBM), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and exercise therapy. Firstly, we reviewed the pathological changes of AD and the challenges for AD studies. We then introduced these non-invasive therapies and discussed the factors that may affect the effects of these therapies. Additionally, we review the effects of these therapies and the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. Finally, we summarized the challenges of the non-invasive treatments in future AD studies and clinical applications. We concluded that it would be critical to understand the exact underlying mechanisms and find the optimal treatment parameters to improve the translational value of these non-invasive therapies. Moreover, the combined use of non-invasive treatments is also a promising research direction for future studies and sheds light on the future treatment or prevention of AD.

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是主要的神经退行性疾病之一,也是最常见的痴呆形式。AD的特点是学习、记忆、解决问题、语言和其他思维能力的丧失,对患者和家庭的生活质量都有不利的影响。尽管在了解阿尔茨海默病的发病和进展机制方面取得了重大进展,但阿尔茨海默病仍无法治愈。许多分子靶向药理学临床试验的失败导致研究转向非侵入性治疗,特别是多靶向非侵入性治疗。本文综述了目前研究最广泛的非侵入性治疗方法,包括光生物调节(PBM)、经颅磁刺激(TMS)、经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)和运动疗法。首先,我们回顾了阿尔茨海默病的病理变化和阿尔茨海默病研究面临的挑战。然后我们介绍了这些非侵入性疗法,并讨论了可能影响这些疗法效果的因素。此外,我们回顾了这些疗法的作用和这些作用的可能机制。最后,我们总结了非侵入性治疗在未来AD研究和临床应用中面临的挑战。我们的结论是,了解确切的潜在机制并找到最佳治疗参数对于提高这些非侵入性治疗的转化价值至关重要。此外,联合使用非侵入性治疗也是未来研究的一个有希望的研究方向,为未来AD的治疗或预防提供了新的思路。
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引用次数: 16
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Inflammation and Regeneration
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