This work will particularly focus on the discrimination against LGBTI+ community with respect to the right to equal employment opportunities, including employment application stage, recruitment process and work environment once a person is already employed. There are different practical and theoretical approaches and theories featuring in the academic and political discussions on the matter. Both academia and praxis provides us with evidence to conclude that the issue of discrimination at work for the LGBTI+ community continues to exist, even though there may be legal and institutional provisions in place that protect them. The aim of the study is to critically analyze the current situation in light of the recommendations that the United Nations’ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) published in 2017 in its report titled “Standards of Conduct for Business on Tackling Discrimination against LGBTI people”. Among others, this paper seeks to identify the relevant legal aspects of the United Nations Standards of Conduct for Business, in particular identifying their innovative and original feature as well as engaging with the criticism that was directed at it. To achieve the aforementioned goals, we will provide conceptual background information with regard to sexual orientation and gender identity as well as employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and its various forms. Secondly, we will focus on the consequences associated with this form of discrimination that have been identified so far. Lastly, we will assess the specific United Nations tool, which constitutes a core theme of this work, aimed at addressing discrimination at workplace of LGBTI+ people. Although sexual orientation and gender identity should in principle have nothing to do with an employee’ performance in the workplace, researchers has documented that almost half (46%) of LGBT employees in the United States feel secluded in the workplace. A key aspect for minimizing the phenomenon of discrimination in work based on sexual orientation and gender identity is a continuing awareness-raising effort with the help of the media, aiming to form all individuals in a belief that no one has the right to judge an employee’s job performance based on his or her sexual preferences. Also, the demonstration of positive practices by the employer and the promotion of a positive environment within the staff are key to avoiding conflicts at work. In addition, an ever-increasing and close cooperation between the institutions that protect the rights of the LGBTI+ community, such as non-profit organizations that focus on protecting LGBTI+ people, and LGBTI+ people themselves could change the situation at work. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"UN Standards of Conduct for Business on Tackling Discrimination against LGBTI+ People","authors":"Mentor Isufaj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s125","url":null,"abstract":"This work will particularly focus on the discrimination against LGBTI+ community with respect to the right to equal employment opportunities, including employment application stage, recruitment process and work environment once a person is already employed. There are different practical and theoretical approaches and theories featuring in the academic and political discussions on the matter. Both academia and praxis provides us with evidence to conclude that the issue of discrimination at work for the LGBTI+ community continues to exist, even though there may be legal and institutional provisions in place that protect them. The aim of the study is to critically analyze the current situation in light of the recommendations that the United Nations’ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) published in 2017 in its report titled “Standards of Conduct for Business on Tackling Discrimination against LGBTI people”. Among others, this paper seeks to identify the relevant legal aspects of the United Nations Standards of Conduct for Business, in particular identifying their innovative and original feature as well as engaging with the criticism that was directed at it. To achieve the aforementioned goals, we will provide conceptual background information with regard to sexual orientation and gender identity as well as employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and its various forms. Secondly, we will focus on the consequences associated with this form of discrimination that have been identified so far. Lastly, we will assess the specific United Nations tool, which constitutes a core theme of this work, aimed at addressing discrimination at workplace of LGBTI+ people. Although sexual orientation and gender identity should in principle have nothing to do with an employee’ performance in the workplace, researchers has documented that almost half (46%) of LGBT employees in the United States feel secluded in the workplace. A key aspect for minimizing the phenomenon of discrimination in work based on sexual orientation and gender identity is a continuing awareness-raising effort with the help of the media, aiming to form all individuals in a belief that no one has the right to judge an employee’s job performance based on his or her sexual preferences. Also, the demonstration of positive practices by the employer and the promotion of a positive environment within the staff are key to avoiding conflicts at work. In addition, an ever-increasing and close cooperation between the institutions that protect the rights of the LGBTI+ community, such as non-profit organizations that focus on protecting LGBTI+ people, and LGBTI+ people themselves could change the situation at work. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127673716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The EU and the Western Balkans are bound together by enduring cultural connections and a shared goal. In order to advance peace and good neighbourly relations, the European Commission decided in July 2019 to strengthen cultural cooperation in the Western Balkans. The Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA II) launched an explicit call based on the Creative Europe Programme, encouraging applicants to suggest a consortium with the majority of partners from the Western Balkans in order to strengthen regional ties and increase local impact. Out of 350 entries, the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) chose 13 projects with 91 partners. In order to most effectively heal the wounds left by the wars in the former Yugoslavia and to foster a sense of common citizenship in Europe, these cultural efforts are instances of cultural soft power. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"European Cultural Cooperation Projects in the Western Balkans","authors":"Arian Dedej, L. Medici","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s108","url":null,"abstract":"The EU and the Western Balkans are bound together by enduring cultural connections and a shared goal. In order to advance peace and good neighbourly relations, the European Commission decided in July 2019 to strengthen cultural cooperation in the Western Balkans. The Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA II) launched an explicit call based on the Creative Europe Programme, encouraging applicants to suggest a consortium with the majority of partners from the Western Balkans in order to strengthen regional ties and increase local impact. Out of 350 entries, the European Education and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) chose 13 projects with 91 partners. In order to most effectively heal the wounds left by the wars in the former Yugoslavia and to foster a sense of common citizenship in Europe, these cultural efforts are instances of cultural soft power. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134141947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Training is an active learning method that refers to the acquisition and improvement of knowledge, abilities, skills and vocal or practical wonts, as well as knowledge related to specific areas of professional activity. The aim of training is to enhance the abilities and performance of an individual or a specific group. The development and training of employees is the strategic investment of time, energy, and resources in improving the company's personnel. Some of most important advantages of trainings are: Improved Employee Performance; Self-Confidence; Self-Esteem; Self-Image; Increased Team Morale; Development of Employee Skills; Consistency; Enhanced the Reputation and Company Profile; The essence of any training relies in the transformation of three key components of an employee’s qualifications: knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Through training, companies "earn" change in these three parameters. Training serves as a mechanism for improving the efficiency of the enterprise by developing the competencies of its personnel. The goal of any training is to develop specific skills, assess opportunities, and aid in achieving desired results. In this article, we will explore and analyse, among other things, practical cases demonstrating how employee training impacts job performance and final company outcomes. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"The Role of Trainings in the Development and Enhancement of Work Performance in the Public and Private Sector","authors":"Ermir Mamaqi","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s115","url":null,"abstract":"Training is an active learning method that refers to the acquisition and improvement of knowledge, abilities, skills and vocal or practical wonts, as well as knowledge related to specific areas of professional activity. The aim of training is to enhance the abilities and performance of an individual or a specific group. The development and training of employees is the strategic investment of time, energy, and resources in improving the company's personnel. Some of most important advantages of trainings are: Improved Employee Performance; Self-Confidence; Self-Esteem; Self-Image; Increased Team Morale; Development of Employee Skills; Consistency; Enhanced the Reputation and Company Profile; The essence of any training relies in the transformation of three key components of an employee’s qualifications: knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Through training, companies \"earn\" change in these three parameters. Training serves as a mechanism for improving the efficiency of the enterprise by developing the competencies of its personnel. The goal of any training is to develop specific skills, assess opportunities, and aid in achieving desired results. In this article, we will explore and analyse, among other things, practical cases demonstrating how employee training impacts job performance and final company outcomes. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129923424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the responsibility for damage will be dealt with in the field of European private international law. The historical part of causing damage will be dealt with, where we will focus mainly on the provision of national legislation and what international legislation has dealt with! Responsibility will be addressed from the point of view of Regulation II of Rome, some special obligation relationships, focusing on some specific damages which this regulation deals with, and the scope of the appropriate law! The alignment of Rome II Regulation with Albanian internal legislation will be addressed. First, we will deal with the historical part of the paper, how it was treated at the time of Zog and until today, then we will continue with the treatment of the current and international legislation, bringing the comparative part and the innovation in the domestic legislation and will to conclude with some conclusions which should be in the attention of the legislators for the future. When a damage is caused, which comes as a result of human actions, a civil legal relationship arises. The damager who causes this legal relationship must be held responsible, this requires certain stages to be passed where it is determined what is the damage that has occurred, the conditions that must be met, the calculation of the facts, the legitimacy that the parties have process etc. The cause of damage is divided into two categories, contractual and non-contractual damage. That part of the law that regulates contractual and non-contractual damages recognizes the right of persons to be compensated for the damages that may have been caused to them as a result of the breach of contract or the commission of any illegal action. The other commonality between the two types of damages is the reason for exemption from responsibility for causing these damages, which can be force majeure, extreme necessity. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Liability for Causing Damage under European Private International Law: Albanian Rapprochement Framework during the Integration Process Towards the EU","authors":"E. Çela, R. Çela, Endi Kalemaj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s113","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the responsibility for damage will be dealt with in the field of European private international law. The historical part of causing damage will be dealt with, where we will focus mainly on the provision of national legislation and what international legislation has dealt with! Responsibility will be addressed from the point of view of Regulation II of Rome, some special obligation relationships, focusing on some specific damages which this regulation deals with, and the scope of the appropriate law! The alignment of Rome II Regulation with Albanian internal legislation will be addressed. First, we will deal with the historical part of the paper, how it was treated at the time of Zog and until today, then we will continue with the treatment of the current and international legislation, bringing the comparative part and the innovation in the domestic legislation and will to conclude with some conclusions which should be in the attention of the legislators for the future. When a damage is caused, which comes as a result of human actions, a civil legal relationship arises. The damager who causes this legal relationship must be held responsible, this requires certain stages to be passed where it is determined what is the damage that has occurred, the conditions that must be met, the calculation of the facts, the legitimacy that the parties have process etc. The cause of damage is divided into two categories, contractual and non-contractual damage. That part of the law that regulates contractual and non-contractual damages recognizes the right of persons to be compensated for the damages that may have been caused to them as a result of the breach of contract or the commission of any illegal action. The other commonality between the two types of damages is the reason for exemption from responsibility for causing these damages, which can be force majeure, extreme necessity. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134391938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The need to improve living and working conditions in the European Union, but also the idea of ensuring economic and social progress within it, required that the minimum income of each worker could be determined transparently and predictably by each member state, in accordance with social reality and in accordance with national legislation. Directive 2.041/2022 on the adequate minimum wage in the EU, states that from the moment of its entry into force (October 2022), member states have two years to transpose the provisions into domestic legislation. Not all EU countries will have the same adequate minimum income. Each state will establish its level according to social and economic conditions, purchasing power, productivity level and the evolution of macroeconomic indicators at the national level, but having as a guide precisely the provisions of the European directive and the principles it includes. Thus, countries that already have a minimum wage per economy are committed to changing its level according to a formula that ensures a decent living, is consistent with the inflation rate and can cover the minimum shopping basket for various necessary goods and services. Member States are recommended to update their minimum wages at least every two years, and in countries using an automatic indexation mechanism, at least every four years. In order to correctly calculate this income, the directive recommends that member states take as a starting point the value of the consumption basket (as provided by national statistical reports), or set this income at 60% of the median salary or at 50% of the salary gross average per economy. For example, a consumption basket for a decent living can be composed of costs for: food, clothing and footwear, housing insurance, furnishing and maintenance, household products and personal hygiene, services, education and culture, health care, recreation and vacation, savings fund. Romania (with just over 600 euros) ranks among the last EU countries, in 20th place out of 22, just ahead of Hungary and Bulgaria, on a scale of this indicator between 2,387 euros in Luxembourg and 399 euros in Bulgaria. The EU directive will generate greater transparency, certainty, stability and predictability on the labor market, and in times of crisis it will become an anchor for vulnerable citizens from EU countries, implicitly also for those from Romania. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 15 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Social Protection Through Adequate Minimum Wage in the States of the European Union","authors":"D. Țop, M. Hrestic","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s119","url":null,"abstract":"The need to improve living and working conditions in the European Union, but also the idea of ensuring economic and social progress within it, required that the minimum income of each worker could be determined transparently and predictably by each member state, in accordance with social reality and in accordance with national legislation. Directive 2.041/2022 on the adequate minimum wage in the EU, states that from the moment of its entry into force (October 2022), member states have two years to transpose the provisions into domestic legislation. Not all EU countries will have the same adequate minimum income. Each state will establish its level according to social and economic conditions, purchasing power, productivity level and the evolution of macroeconomic indicators at the national level, but having as a guide precisely the provisions of the European directive and the principles it includes. Thus, countries that already have a minimum wage per economy are committed to changing its level according to a formula that ensures a decent living, is consistent with the inflation rate and can cover the minimum shopping basket for various necessary goods and services. Member States are recommended to update their minimum wages at least every two years, and in countries using an automatic indexation mechanism, at least every four years. In order to correctly calculate this income, the directive recommends that member states take as a starting point the value of the consumption basket (as provided by national statistical reports), or set this income at 60% of the median salary or at 50% of the salary gross average per economy. For example, a consumption basket for a decent living can be composed of costs for: food, clothing and footwear, housing insurance, furnishing and maintenance, household products and personal hygiene, services, education and culture, health care, recreation and vacation, savings fund. Romania (with just over 600 euros) ranks among the last EU countries, in 20th place out of 22, just ahead of Hungary and Bulgaria, on a scale of this indicator between 2,387 euros in Luxembourg and 399 euros in Bulgaria. The EU directive will generate greater transparency, certainty, stability and predictability on the labor market, and in times of crisis it will become an anchor for vulnerable citizens from EU countries, implicitly also for those from Romania. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 15 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130738630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sustainable development of the economy based on growth and territorial development has always been one of the biggest challenges of the central government. Tirana and Durres are two of the largest cities of the Republic of Albania. The expansion of their territorial extent (in some cases formal and in others informal) and the tendency for these two cities to meet brought the need to deal with this situation at the central level. The chaotic constructions, the lack of infrastructure as well as the severe damage to the national natural landscape brought the need to draw up a national strategy for this area. In order to guarantee a sustainable territorial and urban development of this area, the Ministry of Urban Development, in cooperation with the National Territorial Planning Agency, took the initiative to draw up the Intersectional Integrated Plan for the Tirana-Durres area. The main goal of this plan is to create the appropriate infrastructure for a sustainable territorial and economic development. This plan will serve to coordinate and unify local government policies between these areas in order to guarantee the economic, social and environmental development of the region, promoting the economy and improving the environment. At the same time, this strategy will also help as a guarantee for foreign investors and businesses, who are interested in being involved in the further development of the Tirana-Durres metropolitan region. In this paper, some important elements related to the development of this area will be treated, giving a modest contribution to the doctrine of law in Albania. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 15 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Opportunities for the Socio-Economic Development of \"Durana\"","authors":"Andela Petraj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s105","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable development of the economy based on growth and territorial development has always been one of the biggest challenges of the central government. Tirana and Durres are two of the largest cities of the Republic of Albania. The expansion of their territorial extent (in some cases formal and in others informal) and the tendency for these two cities to meet brought the need to deal with this situation at the central level. The chaotic constructions, the lack of infrastructure as well as the severe damage to the national natural landscape brought the need to draw up a national strategy for this area. In order to guarantee a sustainable territorial and urban development of this area, the Ministry of Urban Development, in cooperation with the National Territorial Planning Agency, took the initiative to draw up the Intersectional Integrated Plan for the Tirana-Durres area. The main goal of this plan is to create the appropriate infrastructure for a sustainable territorial and economic development. This plan will serve to coordinate and unify local government policies between these areas in order to guarantee the economic, social and environmental development of the region, promoting the economy and improving the environment. At the same time, this strategy will also help as a guarantee for foreign investors and businesses, who are interested in being involved in the further development of the Tirana-Durres metropolitan region. In this paper, some important elements related to the development of this area will be treated, giving a modest contribution to the doctrine of law in Albania. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 15 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128926014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every policymaker, before drafting a socio-economic policy, must consider the impact of the drafted policy and the effects on all interest groups. In this paper, economic policies that have a direct impact on society, research instruments, and law enforcement reforms will be presented. The methodology for collecting information, and comparison of legal analysis and data to achieve the results of this paper will be used qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as descriptive methods. The paper is based on a detailed analysis of the sources primary and resources. The study, understanding, and then explanation or drafting of social economic policies cannot be achieved without first studying the main object with which this policy deals, which is money. The descriptive method used in this paper aims to reflect the current state of implementing instruments in Albania. The statistical method was used to analyze the study materials. Every individual, business, and institution carries out its expenses depending on the income. The government realizes its income through taxation and depending on this income it draws up the expenditure plan. This is a rule that no one can avoid. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Socio-Economic Perspective in Albania, Objectives and Implementing Instruments","authors":"Albana Demi Mosho, Jona Puci","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s133","url":null,"abstract":"Every policymaker, before drafting a socio-economic policy, must consider the impact of the drafted policy and the effects on all interest groups. In this paper, economic policies that have a direct impact on society, research instruments, and law enforcement reforms will be presented. The methodology for collecting information, and comparison of legal analysis and data to achieve the results of this paper will be used qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as descriptive methods. The paper is based on a detailed analysis of the sources primary and resources. The study, understanding, and then explanation or drafting of social economic policies cannot be achieved without first studying the main object with which this policy deals, which is money. The descriptive method used in this paper aims to reflect the current state of implementing instruments in Albania. The statistical method was used to analyze the study materials. Every individual, business, and institution carries out its expenses depending on the income. The government realizes its income through taxation and depending on this income it draws up the expenditure plan. This is a rule that no one can avoid. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121491279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The “CNN effect” is a term that has been used to describe the influence of 24-hour news coverage on foreign policy decision-making, particularly in the context of the United States. The term was coined in the early 1990s following the Gulf War, during which CNN's live coverage of the conflict was widely credited with shaping public opinion and influencing US foreign policy decisions. Since then, the concept of the “CNN effect” has been the subject of much debate and analysis in the field of media and foreign policy. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the 'CNN effect' on US foreign policy, with a specific focus on its role in shaping public opinion and influencing policy outcomes. Through a case study of US foreign policy initiatives in Somalia, this study analyzes the relationship between media coverage and policy decisions. The methodology used in this study involves conducting an in-depth analysis of media coverage and policy decisions in the selected cases. A combination of primary and secondary sources, including news reports, government documents, and academic literature, was used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the “CNN effect” on US foreign policy decision-making. The findings of this study suggest that the “CNN effect” is a real phenomenon that has had a significant influence on US foreign policy decision-making. Media coverage can create pressure on policymakers to take action by generating a sense of urgency and demand for response among the public and other stakeholders. In addition, media coverage can shape the international community's response to a crisis or conflict, which can further influence policymakers. However, the impact of media coverage on foreign policy decisions is complex and multifaceted, as decision-makers must balance the information presented in the media with other factors, such as strategic interests and long-term goals. This paper contributes to the understanding of the relationship between media coverage and foreign policy decision-making, highlighting the importance of considering the influence of media in policy outcomes. Understanding the “CNN effect” can inform the strategies of policymakers, journalists, and the general public in shaping the discourse and decisions of US foreign policy. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 18 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"The “CNN Effect” and Its Influence on US Foreign Policy Decision-Making","authors":"Alida Tomja","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s104","url":null,"abstract":"The “CNN effect” is a term that has been used to describe the influence of 24-hour news coverage on foreign policy decision-making, particularly in the context of the United States. The term was coined in the early 1990s following the Gulf War, during which CNN's live coverage of the conflict was widely credited with shaping public opinion and influencing US foreign policy decisions. Since then, the concept of the “CNN effect” has been the subject of much debate and analysis in the field of media and foreign policy. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of the 'CNN effect' on US foreign policy, with a specific focus on its role in shaping public opinion and influencing policy outcomes. Through a case study of US foreign policy initiatives in Somalia, this study analyzes the relationship between media coverage and policy decisions. The methodology used in this study involves conducting an in-depth analysis of media coverage and policy decisions in the selected cases. A combination of primary and secondary sources, including news reports, government documents, and academic literature, was used to develop a comprehensive understanding of the “CNN effect” on US foreign policy decision-making. The findings of this study suggest that the “CNN effect” is a real phenomenon that has had a significant influence on US foreign policy decision-making. Media coverage can create pressure on policymakers to take action by generating a sense of urgency and demand for response among the public and other stakeholders. In addition, media coverage can shape the international community's response to a crisis or conflict, which can further influence policymakers. However, the impact of media coverage on foreign policy decisions is complex and multifaceted, as decision-makers must balance the information presented in the media with other factors, such as strategic interests and long-term goals. This paper contributes to the understanding of the relationship between media coverage and foreign policy decision-making, highlighting the importance of considering the influence of media in policy outcomes. Understanding the “CNN effect” can inform the strategies of policymakers, journalists, and the general public in shaping the discourse and decisions of US foreign policy. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 18 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116841722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, the comprehensive approach to the decision-making of local government and the community is increasingly emphasized as an important factor without which there can be no sustainable development. Community participation in decision-making for the allocation of economic resources in the public sector is an important issue that is closely related to the economic efficiency of the use of resources and the consolidation of democracy in a country. Community participation in decision-making, as one of the essential elements of sustainable development, creates appropriate interaction and makes residents self-direct their behavior in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development. The objectives of the study aim to highlight: 1) the important role of the community in public decision-making for the use of economic resources 2) solving problems begins with the participation of residents in local government decision-making, 3) residents' perception of public services provided by the government local, 4) residents' perception of participation in public decision-making for the allocation of economic resources by the local government. The research method in this study is based on the literature study, analysis, and monitoring carried out by independent institutions and organizations on community participation in local government decision-making and on the qualitative technique for collecting primary data through interviewing residents in the study area. The results of the data analysis show that most of the interviewed residents do not know the development plans of their settlement. But the communities themselves have already realized that their participation in the planning process for the development of their settlements is necessary. For this reason, the local government and all other actors must create effective mechanisms to ensure the participation of residents in decision-making for local development, making the process more participatory and inclusive. Received: 10 January 2023 / Accepted: 19 February 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
{"title":"Public Services, Community, and Its Involvement in Decision-Making for Local Development","authors":"Parashqevi Draçi, Anxhela Laska","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n102","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the comprehensive approach to the decision-making of local government and the community is increasingly emphasized as an important factor without which there can be no sustainable development. Community participation in decision-making for the allocation of economic resources in the public sector is an important issue that is closely related to the economic efficiency of the use of resources and the consolidation of democracy in a country. Community participation in decision-making, as one of the essential elements of sustainable development, creates appropriate interaction and makes residents self-direct their behavior in accordance with the objectives of sustainable development. The objectives of the study aim to highlight: 1) the important role of the community in public decision-making for the use of economic resources 2) solving problems begins with the participation of residents in local government decision-making, 3) residents' perception of public services provided by the government local, 4) residents' perception of participation in public decision-making for the allocation of economic resources by the local government. The research method in this study is based on the literature study, analysis, and monitoring carried out by independent institutions and organizations on community participation in local government decision-making and on the qualitative technique for collecting primary data through interviewing residents in the study area. The results of the data analysis show that most of the interviewed residents do not know the development plans of their settlement. But the communities themselves have already realized that their participation in the planning process for the development of their settlements is necessary. For this reason, the local government and all other actors must create effective mechanisms to ensure the participation of residents in decision-making for local development, making the process more participatory and inclusive. \u0000 \u0000Received: 10 January 2023 / Accepted: 19 February 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132679021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Russian aggression against Ukraine has raised the need for accountability and international rule of law. Russia through committing the supreme international crime has deliberately violated basic international principles and norms such as state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine and the prohibition of the use of force. Member states of the United Nations drafted and agreed to create the International Criminal Court to punish the most serious crimes. The Kampala amendments of the Rome Statute on aggression, adopted a decade later, can be activated if the two states concerned have accepted ICC jurisdiction. Russia and Ukraine are not members of ICC, although the unilateral declarations of Ukraine accepting ICC jurisdiction can be exercised for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide committed in the territory of Ukraine. The lack of an international mechanism to punish the crime of aggression against Ukraine have triggered calls and actions to create a special tribunal with a limited focus on that crime, based on the development of international criminal law over the past eighty years. The EU recently agreed to establish an International Center for the prosecution of the crime of aggression – to preserve evidence and prepare the analysis of the evidence for the prosecution for future national or international trials – which is considered a first step in that direction. This research will analyze options to create either a special international tribunal or a hybrid tribunal to investigate whether Russia’s acts of violence in Ukraine constitute a crime of aggression and their prosecution. It will examine the legal basis of its establishment and functioning of the tribunal based on previous precedents, such as the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg), or other specialized courts integrated in a national justice system with international judges – hybrid court. It will also explore the indispensable role of the United Nations in establishing such a tribunal and its implications in ending the conflict. Received: 13 January 2023 / Accepted: 17 March 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023
{"title":"Tribunal for the Russian Aggression in Ukraine: The Need for Accountability","authors":"Elvina Jusufaj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n111","url":null,"abstract":"The Russian aggression against Ukraine has raised the need for accountability and international rule of law. Russia through committing the supreme international crime has deliberately violated basic international principles and norms such as state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine and the prohibition of the use of force. Member states of the United Nations drafted and agreed to create the International Criminal Court to punish the most serious crimes. The Kampala amendments of the Rome Statute on aggression, adopted a decade later, can be activated if the two states concerned have accepted ICC jurisdiction. Russia and Ukraine are not members of ICC, although the unilateral declarations of Ukraine accepting ICC jurisdiction can be exercised for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide committed in the territory of Ukraine. The lack of an international mechanism to punish the crime of aggression against Ukraine have triggered calls and actions to create a special tribunal with a limited focus on that crime, based on the development of international criminal law over the past eighty years. The EU recently agreed to establish an International Center for the prosecution of the crime of aggression – to preserve evidence and prepare the analysis of the evidence for the prosecution for future national or international trials – which is considered a first step in that direction. This research will analyze options to create either a special international tribunal or a hybrid tribunal to investigate whether Russia’s acts of violence in Ukraine constitute a crime of aggression and their prosecution. It will examine the legal basis of its establishment and functioning of the tribunal based on previous precedents, such as the International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg), or other specialized courts integrated in a national justice system with international judges – hybrid court. It will also explore the indispensable role of the United Nations in establishing such a tribunal and its implications in ending the conflict. \u0000 \u0000Received: 13 January 2023 / Accepted: 17 March 2023 / Published: 20 March 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127663987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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