The main part of the study is the assessment of the current situation of the labor market in Albania, focusing on the analysis of work structures as well as on the main problems faced by the employed, unemployed, and employers. Given the objectives of the main purpose of this paper, primary data were used through questionnaires carried out throughout Albania. To analyze the supply and demand of work, 400 individuals were surveyed on 16 enterprises and 100 private subjects of persons by means using the sea lection technique. Both parties interested in work find it difficult, on the one hand, job seekers find it difficult to find a place to work, and companies also declare that they find it very difficult to feel that they fit the requirements of the sector in which they operate. or that fit the objectives of the companies and their leaders. The results of this work will also be visible to guide scientific research for the determinationa of the instruments and paths that must be followed to verify the working hypotheses, formulated for different issues, and objects of study. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Labor Market in Albania: Overview, Components and Analysis","authors":"Llambi Prendi, Artur Hadroi, Klarida Prendi","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s123","url":null,"abstract":"The main part of the study is the assessment of the current situation of the labor market in Albania, focusing on the analysis of work structures as well as on the main problems faced by the employed, unemployed, and employers. Given the objectives of the main purpose of this paper, primary data were used through questionnaires carried out throughout Albania. To analyze the supply and demand of work, 400 individuals were surveyed on 16 enterprises and 100 private subjects of persons by means using the sea lection technique. Both parties interested in work find it difficult, on the one hand, job seekers find it difficult to find a place to work, and companies also declare that they find it very difficult to feel that they fit the requirements of the sector in which they operate. or that fit the objectives of the companies and their leaders. The results of this work will also be visible to guide scientific research for the determinationa of the instruments and paths that must be followed to verify the working hypotheses, formulated for different issues, and objects of study. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124388079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The close connection of philosophy with science and vice versa, of science with philosophy, makes necessary a brief analysis for the creation of epistemology as a special discipline of philosophy. The importance of this analysis is related to a number of reasons. On the one hand, because it has a long way to go as a separate discipline and that, in a way, even though it has clearly defined its field, and inherited many aspects of philosophy over the centuries. On the other hand, it appears to briefly show the complexity of knowledge, its flows and sources, as well as epistemological features. Therefore, in the following, the historical aspect as well as the establishment of epistemology as a philosophical discipline starts from the origin to the rationalist theories in epistemology. The common denominator of epistemological theories is that they all without exception derive from the history of the development of science, a history which serves to build relevant theories that cover the entire development of science, and at the same time explain that in terms of how the activity scientific should be developed in different researches. The purpose of this paper is to present the specific perspectives of each of the approaches, be they epistemological or scientific. Also, what features do they consider characteristic during the scientific development of science and how do they think that scientific research should be carried out as an activity of scientists. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Historical Epistemological Cycles of the Relationship Between Science and Philosophy","authors":"Jetmira Fekolli","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s121","url":null,"abstract":"The close connection of philosophy with science and vice versa, of science with philosophy, makes necessary a brief analysis for the creation of epistemology as a special discipline of philosophy. The importance of this analysis is related to a number of reasons. On the one hand, because it has a long way to go as a separate discipline and that, in a way, even though it has clearly defined its field, and inherited many aspects of philosophy over the centuries. On the other hand, it appears to briefly show the complexity of knowledge, its flows and sources, as well as epistemological features. Therefore, in the following, the historical aspect as well as the establishment of epistemology as a philosophical discipline starts from the origin to the rationalist theories in epistemology. The common denominator of epistemological theories is that they all without exception derive from the history of the development of science, a history which serves to build relevant theories that cover the entire development of science, and at the same time explain that in terms of how the activity scientific should be developed in different researches. The purpose of this paper is to present the specific perspectives of each of the approaches, be they epistemological or scientific. Also, what features do they consider characteristic during the scientific development of science and how do they think that scientific research should be carried out as an activity of scientists. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124499217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The change of the political and legal system in Albania gave birth to the great hope, not only of the triumph of dignity, but also of the correction of injustices towards former political prisoners. In Albania, from 1991 to 2008, a series of legal measures addressed the issue of former political prisoners. Their purpose was not only to legally consider punishment for crimes of a political nature as unjust, but also to award compensation. But, in the span of 17 years they remained a formal statement on paper, an inadequate legal solution that in very few cases became effective. At the beginning of 2008, with the entry into force of the law on the compensation of former political convicts, an administrative compensation process was sanctioned that offered a reasonable solution in terms of time and amount of compensation. However, the subsequent legal changes recognized the right of the state to carry out a compensation process based on budgetary possibilities and did not condition the realization of this process in terms of time. The paper aims to analyze the concept of transitional justice in international and domestic law, highlighting its main instruments, as well as focusing on compensation for former political prisoners in Albania. The work through the analytical and comparative method supports the hypothesis that the compensation of political prisoners designed as an effective tool for correcting the injustice caused during the years of communism is bringing back new injustices, which are incompatible with the principle of the rule of law and human rights. The compensation scheme for political convicts in Albania has created not only legal uncertainty regarding the time of compensation, but also such a duration can lead to inequality and discrimination. The paper recommends the need for immediate legal changes to build a fair, fast and effective compensation mechanism. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Compensation Scheme of Former Political Prisoners in Albania, as a Matter of Transitional (in) Justice","authors":"Bledar Abdurrahmani","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s107","url":null,"abstract":"The change of the political and legal system in Albania gave birth to the great hope, not only of the triumph of dignity, but also of the correction of injustices towards former political prisoners. In Albania, from 1991 to 2008, a series of legal measures addressed the issue of former political prisoners. Their purpose was not only to legally consider punishment for crimes of a political nature as unjust, but also to award compensation. But, in the span of 17 years they remained a formal statement on paper, an inadequate legal solution that in very few cases became effective. At the beginning of 2008, with the entry into force of the law on the compensation of former political convicts, an administrative compensation process was sanctioned that offered a reasonable solution in terms of time and amount of compensation. However, the subsequent legal changes recognized the right of the state to carry out a compensation process based on budgetary possibilities and did not condition the realization of this process in terms of time. The paper aims to analyze the concept of transitional justice in international and domestic law, highlighting its main instruments, as well as focusing on compensation for former political prisoners in Albania. The work through the analytical and comparative method supports the hypothesis that the compensation of political prisoners designed as an effective tool for correcting the injustice caused during the years of communism is bringing back new injustices, which are incompatible with the principle of the rule of law and human rights. The compensation scheme for political convicts in Albania has created not only legal uncertainty regarding the time of compensation, but also such a duration can lead to inequality and discrimination. The paper recommends the need for immediate legal changes to build a fair, fast and effective compensation mechanism. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121767264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The governance models of Western Balkan states are now based on a liberal democracy and the development of an open and free economy. In the early 2000s, the European Union was very active in the Western Balkans, strongly promoting democratic values for good governance and strengthening the implementation of the rule of law, democratizing state institutions, with the aim of creating a legal order to protect and respect human rights. Despite the engagement of European Union structures, it is now evident that in some countries of the Western Balkans, there are tendencies towards an authoritarian model of the state, away from a functional system for effective governance. The reasons are mainly due to internal factors and circumstances of the region. The international factor has consistently criticized these governance models being created in some Western Balkan countries, which take the form of hybrid democracies. This form of governance has already established its own status quo and is an approach that is resistant to change, both by international factors and by domestic governmental/political structures. The integration of Western Balkan states into Euro-Atlantic institutions, especially the European Union, remains the main topic of discussion for key leaders, not only within the region but also among the main leaders of the European Union member countries. Integration is a complex process that requires mutual cooperation. On the one hand, serious commitment is required from Western Balkan countries to meet the conditionality criteria, and on the other hand, the European Union must be willing to undertake concrete initiatives for their inclusion. These initiatives may also require reforms within the structures of the European Union. Diplomatically, initially, traditional bilateral relations were seen as the most reliable alternative to achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, which the Western Balkan countries aspire to so much. Despite numerous efforts, the Western Balkan countries now feel "fatigued" from the long wait, resulting from difficult conditions and technicalities. The governance of the region's countries is under constant pressure from bureaucracy and the weakness in decision-making of European Union institutions, as well as from the constraints and conditions applied over the years. This situation has led to an "internal upheaval" both within the political class and the civil society of Western Balkan countries. High-ranking political leaders of some Western Balkan countries have now taken joint political initiatives with regional significance. Based on the various developments in a complex region such as the Western Balkans, this paper aims to present the implications that may arise in the Euro-Atlantic integration process from the involvement of actors with different geo-strategic interests. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Hybrid Democracies of the Western Balkans","authors":"Doriana Pano","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s109","url":null,"abstract":"The governance models of Western Balkan states are now based on a liberal democracy and the development of an open and free economy. In the early 2000s, the European Union was very active in the Western Balkans, strongly promoting democratic values for good governance and strengthening the implementation of the rule of law, democratizing state institutions, with the aim of creating a legal order to protect and respect human rights. Despite the engagement of European Union structures, it is now evident that in some countries of the Western Balkans, there are tendencies towards an authoritarian model of the state, away from a functional system for effective governance. The reasons are mainly due to internal factors and circumstances of the region. The international factor has consistently criticized these governance models being created in some Western Balkan countries, which take the form of hybrid democracies. This form of governance has already established its own status quo and is an approach that is resistant to change, both by international factors and by domestic governmental/political structures. The integration of Western Balkan states into Euro-Atlantic institutions, especially the European Union, remains the main topic of discussion for key leaders, not only within the region but also among the main leaders of the European Union member countries. Integration is a complex process that requires mutual cooperation. On the one hand, serious commitment is required from Western Balkan countries to meet the conditionality criteria, and on the other hand, the European Union must be willing to undertake concrete initiatives for their inclusion. These initiatives may also require reforms within the structures of the European Union. Diplomatically, initially, traditional bilateral relations were seen as the most reliable alternative to achieve Euro-Atlantic integration, which the Western Balkan countries aspire to so much. Despite numerous efforts, the Western Balkan countries now feel \"fatigued\" from the long wait, resulting from difficult conditions and technicalities. The governance of the region's countries is under constant pressure from bureaucracy and the weakness in decision-making of European Union institutions, as well as from the constraints and conditions applied over the years. This situation has led to an \"internal upheaval\" both within the political class and the civil society of Western Balkan countries. High-ranking political leaders of some Western Balkan countries have now taken joint political initiatives with regional significance. Based on the various developments in a complex region such as the Western Balkans, this paper aims to present the implications that may arise in the Euro-Atlantic integration process from the involvement of actors with different geo-strategic interests. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126485849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The gender index of 2020, is showing that Albania is placed under the European average with 60.4 points. On the other hand, Albania has been implementing for nearly ten years, the law on gender equity, where the participation of women up to 30% in the decision-making and executive bodies, is assured through the female quota system elections. As a result, the country today has a considerable level of women’s representation in political decision-making, like 30% in parliament, while in the government women mark the majority at 57%. In this paper, we aim to discover what are the challenges that women in politics are facing. Are they fulfilling the mission in terms of positive effects on the quality of democracy? What is missing? Hence, the study will focus, firstly on the steps taken on women’s participation in politics and relevant decision-making. The analysis will follow with the exploitation of the documents, such as laws, normative acts, and strategies on women’s contribution to decision-making. In addition, through the literature review, the study will focus on the reasons women should be equally represented in politics, and what is expected from them in terms of a qualitative democracy. Moreover, through the qualitative methodology, we have interviewed 12 women that are actively engaged in political decision-making, at the national and local levels, in Durrës and Tirana regions. With the interviews, we will try to explore the challenges, the contribution, the mission and the perceptions of women in politics. In the conclusion section, we will identify the good practices that helped the political career of women and some recommendations for future improvement. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Women’s Participation in Political Decision-Making in Albania: Current Challenges and Expectations for the Future: The Case of Durrës and Tirana Regions","authors":"Belina Bedini, Elda Zotaj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s131","url":null,"abstract":"The gender index of 2020, is showing that Albania is placed under the European average with 60.4 points. On the other hand, Albania has been implementing for nearly ten years, the law on gender equity, where the participation of women up to 30% in the decision-making and executive bodies, is assured through the female quota system elections. As a result, the country today has a considerable level of women’s representation in political decision-making, like 30% in parliament, while in the government women mark the majority at 57%. In this paper, we aim to discover what are the challenges that women in politics are facing. Are they fulfilling the mission in terms of positive effects on the quality of democracy? What is missing? Hence, the study will focus, firstly on the steps taken on women’s participation in politics and relevant decision-making. The analysis will follow with the exploitation of the documents, such as laws, normative acts, and strategies on women’s contribution to decision-making. In addition, through the literature review, the study will focus on the reasons women should be equally represented in politics, and what is expected from them in terms of a qualitative democracy. Moreover, through the qualitative methodology, we have interviewed 12 women that are actively engaged in political decision-making, at the national and local levels, in Durrës and Tirana regions. With the interviews, we will try to explore the challenges, the contribution, the mission and the perceptions of women in politics. In the conclusion section, we will identify the good practices that helped the political career of women and some recommendations for future improvement. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129854213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mental health is considered a priority today all over the world; in terms of treatment and especially prevention. Studies also show that, year after year, mental health problems are becoming the cause of problems at work, absenteeism, disability, which, in addition to mental health, also affect productivity at work. For the realization of this study, a qualitative approach has been considered, in order to better understand such a problem, which has not been addressed often in our country. 6 focus groups were conducted: three in the private sector and three in the public sector. Each of them had 8-11 participants. The composition, in terms of sociodemographic variables, was diverse. The study showed that, in institutions, leaders and managers do not yet have the proper awareness to take care of the mental health of employees. Employees state that they cannot complain if they have such problems, that they cannot be absent from work for this reason and that, in general, elements such as relations between employees, etc., are not taken into consideration. No significant difference was observed in the comparison between the private and public sectors. This study brings attention to the need to focus on mental health at work, so that policy makers, managers and employees themselves appreciate its importance. A number of aspects are recommended to be taken into consideration, including division of labor based on skills and opportunities, fostering effective cooperation between employees, working conditions, etc. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"How Much is Understood the Importance of Mental Health at Work?","authors":"Jonida Haxhiu, Marvina Troka","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s120","url":null,"abstract":"Mental health is considered a priority today all over the world; in terms of treatment and especially prevention. Studies also show that, year after year, mental health problems are becoming the cause of problems at work, absenteeism, disability, which, in addition to mental health, also affect productivity at work. For the realization of this study, a qualitative approach has been considered, in order to better understand such a problem, which has not been addressed often in our country. 6 focus groups were conducted: three in the private sector and three in the public sector. Each of them had 8-11 participants. The composition, in terms of sociodemographic variables, was diverse. The study showed that, in institutions, leaders and managers do not yet have the proper awareness to take care of the mental health of employees. Employees state that they cannot complain if they have such problems, that they cannot be absent from work for this reason and that, in general, elements such as relations between employees, etc., are not taken into consideration. No significant difference was observed in the comparison between the private and public sectors. This study brings attention to the need to focus on mental health at work, so that policy makers, managers and employees themselves appreciate its importance. A number of aspects are recommended to be taken into consideration, including division of labor based on skills and opportunities, fostering effective cooperation between employees, working conditions, etc. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132249730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the main goals of the existence of the state, and especially its operative arm, the public administration, is the provision of public services. Through them, it is intended to fulfill the basic needs of people, which are vital for their existence and well-being. Public services are essential for the sustainable economic development of any country and at the same time ensure social cohesion. From the point of view of the law, they are considered an essential mechanism that serves to implement the principles of the rule of law, especially the social state and basic human rights. Their ever-increasing role and dimension have made every jurisdiction pay great attention to the way they are provided to effectively serve the specific rights they aim to fulfill. In Albania, there is a legal framework for over 10 years, which regulates in detail the typology, principles, way of internal organization, nature of the activity, and delegation of functions of state administration. The law defines that the main object of its activity is the provision of public services, without giving us a definition of it. Precisely, this paper gives answers to questions such as how public services should be understood, as an object of the activity of the state administration, and what are the types, ways, and principles of their provision. The paper supports the hypothesis that there is no exhaustive legal definition of the notion of services public, as an object of activity of the state administration, due to the broad, complex, and dynamic nature of the public interest embodied in the notion of public services. Community law has encouraged member states to consider public services between competition mechanisms and the legal reserve of the state. The paper assesses the great impact of community law on domestic law in terms of the categorization of services of general economic interest, the determination of the principles of their exercise, and the inclusion of market mechanisms in the provision of these services. To prove the above hypothesis, the following research questions are raised in the paper: What attitude have other jurisdictions taken about this important legal concept? Given the fact that public services of special jurisdictions can have implications for the common market, what contribution has community law made in terms of defining public services and their categorization? The study uses the desk research method, i.e. theoretical consultation with a series of legal documents of domestic, international, and special jurisdictions, articles, and scientific works that deal with issues and aspects related to public services. Also, in this paper, historical and comparative methods were used to highlight the features, differences, and impact that the law of special jurisdictions or that of the EU has had in shaping a legal framework for public services in Albania. This paper is of interest to researchers, lecturers, and students, as well as to the community of
{"title":"Challenges of Defining Public Services as the Object of State Administration Activity","authors":"Bledar Abdurrahman","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s106","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main goals of the existence of the state, and especially its operative arm, the public administration, is the provision of public services. Through them, it is intended to fulfill the basic needs of people, which are vital for their existence and well-being. Public services are essential for the sustainable economic development of any country and at the same time ensure social cohesion. From the point of view of the law, they are considered an essential mechanism that serves to implement the principles of the rule of law, especially the social state and basic human rights. Their ever-increasing role and dimension have made every jurisdiction pay great attention to the way they are provided to effectively serve the specific rights they aim to fulfill. In Albania, there is a legal framework for over 10 years, which regulates in detail the typology, principles, way of internal organization, nature of the activity, and delegation of functions of state administration. The law defines that the main object of its activity is the provision of public services, without giving us a definition of it. Precisely, this paper gives answers to questions such as how public services should be understood, as an object of the activity of the state administration, and what are the types, ways, and principles of their provision. The paper supports the hypothesis that there is no exhaustive legal definition of the notion of services public, as an object of activity of the state administration, due to the broad, complex, and dynamic nature of the public interest embodied in the notion of public services. Community law has encouraged member states to consider public services between competition mechanisms and the legal reserve of the state. The paper assesses the great impact of community law on domestic law in terms of the categorization of services of general economic interest, the determination of the principles of their exercise, and the inclusion of market mechanisms in the provision of these services. To prove the above hypothesis, the following research questions are raised in the paper: What attitude have other jurisdictions taken about this important legal concept? Given the fact that public services of special jurisdictions can have implications for the common market, what contribution has community law made in terms of defining public services and their categorization? The study uses the desk research method, i.e. theoretical consultation with a series of legal documents of domestic, international, and special jurisdictions, articles, and scientific works that deal with issues and aspects related to public services. Also, in this paper, historical and comparative methods were used to highlight the features, differences, and impact that the law of special jurisdictions or that of the EU has had in shaping a legal framework for public services in Albania. This paper is of interest to researchers, lecturers, and students, as well as to the community of ","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128415084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper "Orientation of the Foreign Policy of King Ahmet Zogu" aims to shed light on the history of Albania's foreign policy for almost 10 years. The years 1928-1939 in the history of Albania are already personified as the period of King Zog. The influence of the personality and the way of governance during this period has left a significant mark on the history of Albania, diplomatic relations and foreign policy. He exercised the legitimacy of his power through the Status of the Albanian Kingdom, a period during which relations with neighbouring countries were intensified in all economic, political, military, cultural aspects, etc., historical facts intertwined with internal political and economic aspects development. The importance of this period is reflected by numerous studies, often in disagreement with each other this is the reason for carrying out this study, which brings innovation by focusing mainly on foreign policy in the light of historical facts and being part of many studies of this period. This is a historical period with significant national and international developments in the history of Albania. In the form of governance, the change in the form of organization and constitutional changes is of particular interest while in terms of foreign policy, the diplomatic and political-economic impact of the Great Powers of Europe on the Albanian state is analyzed, as well as Albania's relations with its neighbours and other countries under the leadership of Ahmet Zogut, King of Albania. The whole paper is based on a historical, political and economic analysis based on historical sources and archival materials of the period 1928-1939. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"The Orientation of Ahmet Zogu's Foreign Policy as King During the Years 1929-1939","authors":"Manjola Xhaferri","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s130","url":null,"abstract":"The paper \"Orientation of the Foreign Policy of King Ahmet Zogu\" aims to shed light on the history of Albania's foreign policy for almost 10 years. The years 1928-1939 in the history of Albania are already personified as the period of King Zog. The influence of the personality and the way of governance during this period has left a significant mark on the history of Albania, diplomatic relations and foreign policy. He exercised the legitimacy of his power through the Status of the Albanian Kingdom, a period during which relations with neighbouring countries were intensified in all economic, political, military, cultural aspects, etc., historical facts intertwined with internal political and economic aspects development. The importance of this period is reflected by numerous studies, often in disagreement with each other this is the reason for carrying out this study, which brings innovation by focusing mainly on foreign policy in the light of historical facts and being part of many studies of this period. This is a historical period with significant national and international developments in the history of Albania. In the form of governance, the change in the form of organization and constitutional changes is of particular interest while in terms of foreign policy, the diplomatic and political-economic impact of the Great Powers of Europe on the Albanian state is analyzed, as well as Albania's relations with its neighbours and other countries under the leadership of Ahmet Zogut, King of Albania. The whole paper is based on a historical, political and economic analysis based on historical sources and archival materials of the period 1928-1939. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120820700","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Developing an effective, competent and forward-looking public service as well as strong but lean state institutions is one of the greatest challenges nations around the world face today. Researchers as well as governors have highlighted the central role of the human capital in the public services offer. Organization scientists have long considered human capital as a strategic asset that contributes to organizational effectiveness. Whereas the strategic importance of human capital has been widely studied in the case of for-profit organizations, measurement difficulties and the role of human capital in the public sector have received little attention. In a democratic, civil, postmodern society, one of the main tasks is the development of systems for managing the efficiency of human capital in the context of public administration, as a means of obtaining higher levels of labor productivity. Actually, it should be acknowledged that orienting the performance management system to support the attraction of new human potential in public administration at all levels can better achieve this efficiency in the utilization of human resources. In this context, a new approach to the human capital management process is being actualized, which includes employee engagement and key factors of employee engagement at every stage. Albania public administration organizations suffer a lack of flexibility in using the human capital management instruments in favor of a better individual and organizational performance because of the rigid legal framework under which it functions. On the other hand, the special character of the public administration organizations and the public services note the added value of the role of the public administrator. This study tends to bridge this gap on the literature on the importance of the human capital and its impact on the performance of the public organizations as well as to practically evaluate the influence of the human capital on the perceived performance of the Albanian public organizations. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Human Capital and Performance Management in the Albanian Public Organizations","authors":"Gentiana Kraja, Suela Spahija","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s134","url":null,"abstract":"Developing an effective, competent and forward-looking public service as well as strong but lean state institutions is one of the greatest challenges nations around the world face today. Researchers as well as governors have highlighted the central role of the human capital in the public services offer. Organization scientists have long considered human capital as a strategic asset that contributes to organizational effectiveness. Whereas the strategic importance of human capital has been widely studied in the case of for-profit organizations, measurement difficulties and the role of human capital in the public sector have received little attention. In a democratic, civil, postmodern society, one of the main tasks is the development of systems for managing the efficiency of human capital in the context of public administration, as a means of obtaining higher levels of labor productivity. Actually, it should be acknowledged that orienting the performance management system to support the attraction of new human potential in public administration at all levels can better achieve this efficiency in the utilization of human resources. In this context, a new approach to the human capital management process is being actualized, which includes employee engagement and key factors of employee engagement at every stage. Albania public administration organizations suffer a lack of flexibility in using the human capital management instruments in favor of a better individual and organizational performance because of the rigid legal framework under which it functions. On the other hand, the special character of the public administration organizations and the public services note the added value of the role of the public administrator. This study tends to bridge this gap on the literature on the importance of the human capital and its impact on the performance of the public organizations as well as to practically evaluate the influence of the human capital on the perceived performance of the Albanian public organizations. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124241751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper, among others, is precisely to understand the causes of this conflict of the use of force by Russian forces in the territory of Ukraine and to understand what can be done and what should be the response that the international community, and in this case the UN represents, must give this new challenge that history is facing. Today, Europe is experiencing the most serious geopolitical crisis that the Balkans has experienced since the collapse of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Just a little over a year and a half ago, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted a request to the Council of the Russian Federation asking for permission to use armed force due to the emergency situation in Ukraine and the ongoing threat to citizens and thus the Forces Russian armed forces were deployed in its territory, in particular in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and then in the entire territory of Ukraine. For us Europeans, who watch this crisis with special attention, not only because of the geographical proximity but also because of the unpredictability of its results, it is still very difficult to fully understand what is happening in Ukraine today. That is why I think it is necessary to review several stages together, which will show us how this crisis at the eastern doors of our house, if it was not preventable, was at least predictable. The principles of "sovereignty" and "self-determination" are two of the basic norms of international law, but sometimes they contradict themselves and the main debate presented in this topic is which principle limits the other, so we have tried to answer we find in the assessment of each case. State sovereignty is no longer an absolute concept as it is directly related to the respect of human rights. Self-determination continues to be a radical concept of this time, and its application depends on a case-by-case basis, taking into account various historical and current factors. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Territorial Integrity of Ukraine in the View of International Law","authors":"Elton Musa, Julinda Shehaj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s112","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper, among others, is precisely to understand the causes of this conflict of the use of force by Russian forces in the territory of Ukraine and to understand what can be done and what should be the response that the international community, and in this case the UN represents, must give this new challenge that history is facing. Today, Europe is experiencing the most serious geopolitical crisis that the Balkans has experienced since the collapse of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Just a little over a year and a half ago, Russian President Vladimir Putin submitted a request to the Council of the Russian Federation asking for permission to use armed force due to the emergency situation in Ukraine and the ongoing threat to citizens and thus the Forces Russian armed forces were deployed in its territory, in particular in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and then in the entire territory of Ukraine. For us Europeans, who watch this crisis with special attention, not only because of the geographical proximity but also because of the unpredictability of its results, it is still very difficult to fully understand what is happening in Ukraine today. That is why I think it is necessary to review several stages together, which will show us how this crisis at the eastern doors of our house, if it was not preventable, was at least predictable. The principles of \"sovereignty\" and \"self-determination\" are two of the basic norms of international law, but sometimes they contradict themselves and the main debate presented in this topic is which principle limits the other, so we have tried to answer we find in the assessment of each case. State sovereignty is no longer an absolute concept as it is directly related to the respect of human rights. Self-determination continues to be a radical concept of this time, and its application depends on a case-by-case basis, taking into account various historical and current factors. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 17 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123245084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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