The freedom of assembly is one of the fundamental freedoms declared in a series of international legal documents and sanctioned in the domestic law of many states. In recent years, under the influence of economic, social, and political circumstances or those related to the pandemic, this freedom has been a tool in the hands of citizens or different entities to organize together and voice their concerns and grievances. In addition to the progress made in Albania, in practice, in many cases, problems have been identified in guaranteeing the exercise of the freedom of assembly of citizens by public authorities due to a lack of understanding of the purpose of the law or the lack of training of State Police employees in regards to taking measures for the management of gatherings. In addressing freedom of assembly in this paper, the methodology based on the assessment of the legal framework has been taken into consideration, as well as the challenges arising in the implementation of this right in an Albanian context. The sources of information are based on the reports of various institutions inside and outside Albania, on the legal framework that regulates the freedom of assembly, as well as on concrete situations of the organization of assemblies and emerging problems. The paper in conclusion reflects some recommendations in the context of improving legal guarantees as well as the taking of measures by public authorities in Albania in the exercise of freedom of assembly. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"The Right to Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and its Implementation in Albania","authors":"Ermonela Ruspi","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s116","url":null,"abstract":"The freedom of assembly is one of the fundamental freedoms declared in a series of international legal documents and sanctioned in the domestic law of many states. In recent years, under the influence of economic, social, and political circumstances or those related to the pandemic, this freedom has been a tool in the hands of citizens or different entities to organize together and voice their concerns and grievances. In addition to the progress made in Albania, in practice, in many cases, problems have been identified in guaranteeing the exercise of the freedom of assembly of citizens by public authorities due to a lack of understanding of the purpose of the law or the lack of training of State Police employees in regards to taking measures for the management of gatherings. In addressing freedom of assembly in this paper, the methodology based on the assessment of the legal framework has been taken into consideration, as well as the challenges arising in the implementation of this right in an Albanian context. The sources of information are based on the reports of various institutions inside and outside Albania, on the legal framework that regulates the freedom of assembly, as well as on concrete situations of the organization of assemblies and emerging problems. The paper in conclusion reflects some recommendations in the context of improving legal guarantees as well as the taking of measures by public authorities in Albania in the exercise of freedom of assembly. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121168224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joseph S. Nye, who is considered one of the most influential scholars on the US politics, has attracted a great attention with his concept of “soft power” in the 1980s. Since then, the term of “soft power” has been used by many academics and politicians with different emphasis. Based on the claim that hard power elements are insufficient alone to reach the goals in modern age, the soft power theory needs to be reinterpreted with the addition of new dimensions in the 21st century. Now it is possible to discuss the use of soft power as a necessity, rather than just a preference for influencing different societies by creating admiration. The 21st century has brought up many new problems and practices to the international agenda. Although the pandemic Covid-19 is the most striking among them, the intertwining of regional wars and cooperations, global warming, environmental issues, migrations and terrorism have both changed the traditional ways of establishing relations between states and created global areas of struggle outside the states. Now the international community and the world public opinion have started to determine their admirable preferences based on the extent of support given to global cooperation and solidarity rather than strong armies or good movies. Using a literature review, this paper aims to draw attention to the new dimensions of soft power in the changing image of the 21st century. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
约瑟夫·奈(Joseph S. Nye)被认为是美国政治领域最具影响力的学者之一，他在上世纪80年代提出的“软实力”概念引起了广泛关注。此后，“软实力”一词被许多学者和政治家以不同的侧重点使用。基于单靠硬实力因素不足以达到现代目标的主张，软实力理论需要在21世纪被重新诠释，并加入新的维度。现在，我们可以把软实力的使用作为一种必要性来讨论，而不仅仅是一种通过制造钦佩来影响不同社会的偏好。21世纪给国际议程提出了许多新问题和新做法。虽然新冠肺炎疫情是其中最引人注目的，但地区战争与合作、全球变暖、环境问题、移民和恐怖主义等问题交织在一起，既改变了国家间建立关系的传统方式，也在国家之外创造了全球斗争领域。现在，国际社会和世界舆论开始根据对国际合作和团结的支持程度，而不是强大的军队或好电影来决定他们的令人钦佩的偏好。通过文献综述，本文旨在引起人们对21世纪形象变化中软实力的新维度的关注。收稿日期:2022年5月05日/收稿日期:2023年5月16日/发表日期:2023年5月20日
{"title":"New Dimensions of Soft Power in the 21st Century","authors":"A. Uste, Ulviyye Aydin","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s129","url":null,"abstract":"Joseph S. Nye, who is considered one of the most influential scholars on the US politics, has attracted a great attention with his concept of “soft power” in the 1980s. Since then, the term of “soft power” has been used by many academics and politicians with different emphasis. Based on the claim that hard power elements are insufficient alone to reach the goals in modern age, the soft power theory needs to be reinterpreted with the addition of new dimensions in the 21st century. Now it is possible to discuss the use of soft power as a necessity, rather than just a preference for influencing different societies by creating admiration. The 21st century has brought up many new problems and practices to the international agenda. Although the pandemic Covid-19 is the most striking among them, the intertwining of regional wars and cooperations, global warming, environmental issues, migrations and terrorism have both changed the traditional ways of establishing relations between states and created global areas of struggle outside the states. Now the international community and the world public opinion have started to determine their admirable preferences based on the extent of support given to global cooperation and solidarity rather than strong armies or good movies. Using a literature review, this paper aims to draw attention to the new dimensions of soft power in the changing image of the 21st century. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116421154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Environmental crimes are illegal acts that directly harm the environment. They can cause considerable damage to ecosystems, increasing the risk of disease, environmental disaster, food chain contamination, pollution, wildlife degradation, reduced life expectancy, and increased rates of human morbidity. Environmental crime is the fourth largest criminal enterprise in the world. (INTERPOL-UN) These crimes include illegal logging, wildlife trafficking, hazardous waste dumping, illegal fishing, and the trade of endangered species, among others. Despite their wide-ranging implications, identifying and prosecuting these offenses remain challenging. This paper explores the nature and scope of environmental crimes, the difficulties in their identification, and the need for improved detection and enforcement mechanisms to tackle these illegal activities effectively. By examining the current state of environmental crime, the paper seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue, contributing to the development of more effective policies and strategies to combat this growing global problem. The European Space Agency is offering technical support and funding to companies developing innovative and commercial services that use space technology to combat environmental crimes. The paper also discusses the role of organized criminal networks and the relationship between environmental crimes and other types of criminal activities such as money laundering, corruption, and human trafficking. From the other side, it examines the challenges posed by the complexity of environmental crimes, the need for specialized knowledge and expertise, and the role of corruption and other factors that hinder effective identification and enforcement. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Environmental Crimes: Their Nature, Scope, and Problems in Identification","authors":"Linert Lirëza, Gentian Koçi","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s135","url":null,"abstract":"Environmental crimes are illegal acts that directly harm the environment. They can cause considerable damage to ecosystems, increasing the risk of disease, environmental disaster, food chain contamination, pollution, wildlife degradation, reduced life expectancy, and increased rates of human morbidity. Environmental crime is the fourth largest criminal enterprise in the world. (INTERPOL-UN) These crimes include illegal logging, wildlife trafficking, hazardous waste dumping, illegal fishing, and the trade of endangered species, among others. Despite their wide-ranging implications, identifying and prosecuting these offenses remain challenging. This paper explores the nature and scope of environmental crimes, the difficulties in their identification, and the need for improved detection and enforcement mechanisms to tackle these illegal activities effectively. By examining the current state of environmental crime, the paper seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue, contributing to the development of more effective policies and strategies to combat this growing global problem. The European Space Agency is offering technical support and funding to companies developing innovative and commercial services that use space technology to combat environmental crimes. The paper also discusses the role of organized criminal networks and the relationship between environmental crimes and other types of criminal activities such as money laundering, corruption, and human trafficking. From the other side, it examines the challenges posed by the complexity of environmental crimes, the need for specialized knowledge and expertise, and the role of corruption and other factors that hinder effective identification and enforcement. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133351826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The integration process in the European Union, being the major national goal, is the political action that leads the agenda of every Albanian government since 1992 up today. Being aware on the importance of integration process as the most efficient way towards the path of fast democratization, governments have undertaken concrete steps in the opening of accession negotiations. The integration process is in a very significant momentum which dictates dialogue and partnership. Every country that has set as a goal the EU integration, should respect the integration criteria’s or as known the ‘Copenhagen criteria’s’, on the basis under which the European Commission deliver the opinion in regard of every application. These criteria’s are defined during the European Council of Copenhagen in 1993 and accomplished during the European Council in Madrid in 1995. These are political criteria’s such as : stability of institutions which guarantee democracy, rule of law, human rights and respect and protection of minorities; economic criteria’s such as the existence of an efficient economy, capacity to challenge competition pressure and internal market forces of the EU; the opportunity to take responsibilities which derive by law and policies of the EU ( acquis communitaire). Stability, peace and the integration of the Western Balkan countries en block, play a fundamental role for the present and the future of Europe. Over the years, it has become more evident the necessity to strengthen the EU policies against countries of this region. Considering the geographic position of Albania in the Mediterranean and its importance in oftentimes weak spots within the region, it deserves a special attention by the European institutions. Since the candidate country’s status up to now, Albania has reached a moderate progress in terms of democracy shifting from a hybrid regime to a flawed democracy. Flawed democracy countries reflect a bold weakness in democratic terms, among others an underdeveloped political culture, low participation in political life and issues concerning governance. Civil rights are still problematic especially when it comes at media censorship or in attacks against country opposition. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Democratic Evolution in Albania in the Aftermath of Candidate Country Status","authors":"L. Medici, Arian Dedej","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s124","url":null,"abstract":"The integration process in the European Union, being the major national goal, is the political action that leads the agenda of every Albanian government since 1992 up today. Being aware on the importance of integration process as the most efficient way towards the path of fast democratization, governments have undertaken concrete steps in the opening of accession negotiations. The integration process is in a very significant momentum which dictates dialogue and partnership. Every country that has set as a goal the EU integration, should respect the integration criteria’s or as known the ‘Copenhagen criteria’s’, on the basis under which the European Commission deliver the opinion in regard of every application. These criteria’s are defined during the European Council of Copenhagen in 1993 and accomplished during the European Council in Madrid in 1995. These are political criteria’s such as : stability of institutions which guarantee democracy, rule of law, human rights and respect and protection of minorities; economic criteria’s such as the existence of an efficient economy, capacity to challenge competition pressure and internal market forces of the EU; the opportunity to take responsibilities which derive by law and policies of the EU ( acquis communitaire). Stability, peace and the integration of the Western Balkan countries en block, play a fundamental role for the present and the future of Europe. Over the years, it has become more evident the necessity to strengthen the EU policies against countries of this region. Considering the geographic position of Albania in the Mediterranean and its importance in oftentimes weak spots within the region, it deserves a special attention by the European institutions. Since the candidate country’s status up to now, Albania has reached a moderate progress in terms of democracy shifting from a hybrid regime to a flawed democracy. Flawed democracy countries reflect a bold weakness in democratic terms, among others an underdeveloped political culture, low participation in political life and issues concerning governance. Civil rights are still problematic especially when it comes at media censorship or in attacks against country opposition. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115591806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The private pensions market, even though it is known as a relatively new market in Albania, its study and analysis takes on a very special importance as this market is directly related to the growth of pensions as a whole. In the doctrine of financial law, three main pillars are recognized for the way the pension scheme works today. The first pillar is a state insurance system of the pay-as-you-go principle. This system is based on the principle of solidarity and continuity of generations. The second pillar is a combination of the state system and the private one, where every insured person in the compulsory state insurance scheme (the first pillar) is legally obliged to pay a part of the individual contributions to a private pension fund. In our opinion, this way remains one of the best ways for the development and growth of this market in Albania, solving at the same time a very big social problem related to the third age in our country. The third pillar is a completely voluntary system with private management, where every person who wants to have higher sources of income for the retirement period enters into an insurance relationship with these private institutions, which, through efficient management, ensure higher income large and additional benefits against the payment of contributions. This paper is a study of the private pension market in Albania and the analysis of some of its constituent elements, in an attempt to answer some important issues related to the development of this market as a whole. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Private Pensions (The Only Way to Increase Pensions System in Albania)","authors":"Ina Petraj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s128","url":null,"abstract":"The private pensions market, even though it is known as a relatively new market in Albania, its study and analysis takes on a very special importance as this market is directly related to the growth of pensions as a whole. In the doctrine of financial law, three main pillars are recognized for the way the pension scheme works today. The first pillar is a state insurance system of the pay-as-you-go principle. This system is based on the principle of solidarity and continuity of generations. The second pillar is a combination of the state system and the private one, where every insured person in the compulsory state insurance scheme (the first pillar) is legally obliged to pay a part of the individual contributions to a private pension fund. In our opinion, this way remains one of the best ways for the development and growth of this market in Albania, solving at the same time a very big social problem related to the third age in our country. The third pillar is a completely voluntary system with private management, where every person who wants to have higher sources of income for the retirement period enters into an insurance relationship with these private institutions, which, through efficient management, ensure higher income large and additional benefits against the payment of contributions. This paper is a study of the private pension market in Albania and the analysis of some of its constituent elements, in an attempt to answer some important issues related to the development of this market as a whole. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122814286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Albanian legislation, the Electoral Code and the Law for political parties, prohibit the financing of the election campaign by foreign governments, institutions and/or public or private entities, for political parties and their candidates. Among the effects that such financing can cause, the main ones are: (i) misgovernance and the promotion of destabilizing situations in the country, (ii) the promotion and generation of destabilizing situations in the Balkan region. For well-known geostrategic reasons, the countries of the Western Balkans, including Albania, are really exposed to the interference of foreign funding in election campaigns. This situation conditions the need for further adjustments in the legislation with the following objectives: (i) preventing the interference of foreign financing in the election campaign (ii) strengthening the sanctions (ii) treating this legal violation as a serious criminal offense that must be included in SPAK jurisdiction. Among the issues that should be treated with priority are also the necessary legal regulations through which must be prevent the use of social media and portals as channels for the realization of the objectives aimed at by foreign fundings. Together with these changes, support for strengthen of the capacities of law enforcement institutions for tracking, identifying and punishing violations of the law that prohibits the financing of the election campaign of political parties and their candidates with foreign fund is necessary. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Legislative Solution to Prevent the Interference of Foreign Financing in the Electoral Campaign and their Destabilizing Effects","authors":"A. Kume","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s118","url":null,"abstract":"The Albanian legislation, the Electoral Code and the Law for political parties, prohibit the financing of the election campaign by foreign governments, institutions and/or public or private entities, for political parties and their candidates. Among the effects that such financing can cause, the main ones are: (i) misgovernance and the promotion of destabilizing situations in the country, (ii) the promotion and generation of destabilizing situations in the Balkan region. For well-known geostrategic reasons, the countries of the Western Balkans, including Albania, are really exposed to the interference of foreign funding in election campaigns. This situation conditions the need for further adjustments in the legislation with the following objectives: (i) preventing the interference of foreign financing in the election campaign (ii) strengthening the sanctions (ii) treating this legal violation as a serious criminal offense that must be included in SPAK jurisdiction. Among the issues that should be treated with priority are also the necessary legal regulations through which must be prevent the use of social media and portals as channels for the realization of the objectives aimed at by foreign fundings. Together with these changes, support for strengthen of the capacities of law enforcement institutions for tracking, identifying and punishing violations of the law that prohibits the financing of the election campaign of political parties and their candidates with foreign fund is necessary. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126182892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Any restriction of freedom must be objectively justified and for a duration no longer than is necessary. In exceptional cases, when the limitation of freedom is considered necessary, it must guarantee the respect of rights and guarantees of a procedural nature, provided for in international acts that are mandatory to be implemented in domestic legislation. The right to liberty means only protection from restriction of physical liberty. It is not easy to define the meaning of the term "restriction of freedom", but in general we will understand this as the obligation to stay in a limited space for a considerable period of time. In every country in the world, people are arrested and detained on suspicion of having committed a criminal offence. Often, these individuals are kept restricted from their freedom for weeks, months or even years before a competent court pronounces a decision on their case on the merits. The conditions in which these individuals are kept are often the worst in the internal penitentiary system. Their legal status is in jeopardy as they are suspects but have not pleaded guilty and they are under enormous pressure, due to the damage they suffer in economic terms or separation from family and community. The extended use of arrest in prison or at home, in the Republic of Albania, evidences a poor recognition of the conditions and criteria for assigning coercive personal security measures, by the actors of the criminal justice system, in particular by the prosecution and the court. However, the role of the courts remains fundamental not only for the correction of procedural actions carried out by the prosecution and the police, but especially for the guarantee of freedoms and fundamental rights, as well as the principles of the rule of law. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Legal Instruments for Determining Personal Insurance Measures in the \"Republic of Albania\"","authors":"Elton Musa, S. Musa","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s111","url":null,"abstract":"Any restriction of freedom must be objectively justified and for a duration no longer than is necessary. In exceptional cases, when the limitation of freedom is considered necessary, it must guarantee the respect of rights and guarantees of a procedural nature, provided for in international acts that are mandatory to be implemented in domestic legislation. The right to liberty means only protection from restriction of physical liberty. It is not easy to define the meaning of the term \"restriction of freedom\", but in general we will understand this as the obligation to stay in a limited space for a considerable period of time. In every country in the world, people are arrested and detained on suspicion of having committed a criminal offence. Often, these individuals are kept restricted from their freedom for weeks, months or even years before a competent court pronounces a decision on their case on the merits. The conditions in which these individuals are kept are often the worst in the internal penitentiary system. Their legal status is in jeopardy as they are suspects but have not pleaded guilty and they are under enormous pressure, due to the damage they suffer in economic terms or separation from family and community. The extended use of arrest in prison or at home, in the Republic of Albania, evidences a poor recognition of the conditions and criteria for assigning coercive personal security measures, by the actors of the criminal justice system, in particular by the prosecution and the court. However, the role of the courts remains fundamental not only for the correction of procedural actions carried out by the prosecution and the police, but especially for the guarantee of freedoms and fundamental rights, as well as the principles of the rule of law. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123948279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first acts of the Albanian government produced during the years 1944 and 1948 passed into the ownership of the state the assets of the occupying states and those of their collaborators as well as those individuals who in some cases were not confirmed by some special legal provisions in force. These acts hit the foundations of the economic, legal and political order of free capital, which, in the ideological notion of "speculator", enabled the absolute limitation of the free private economy and alienated property as the foundation of human freedom. While through the extraordinary tax, radical control over society, industry and foreign trade was established, accompanied by the cancellation of the conventions of the National Bank and the creation of the State Bank. The legal acts issued during March 1946 February 1947, nationalized the means of production of industrial enterprises that were in the hands of Albanian owners or capitalists was done in a short time through the only method without remuneration. The characteristic of the implementation of legal acts was radical, expressing class interests, ideologizing the state of the dictatorship of the majority against the ideologically conceived minority as "declassed" or "kulak". Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"The Nature of the Legal Acts Produced by the Government Essentially Alienated the Nature, Spirit and Constitution of the Albanian State 1944 – 1948","authors":"Lavdosh Ahmetaj, Kamila Karaj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s122","url":null,"abstract":"The first acts of the Albanian government produced during the years 1944 and 1948 passed into the ownership of the state the assets of the occupying states and those of their collaborators as well as those individuals who in some cases were not confirmed by some special legal provisions in force. These acts hit the foundations of the economic, legal and political order of free capital, which, in the ideological notion of \"speculator\", enabled the absolute limitation of the free private economy and alienated property as the foundation of human freedom. While through the extraordinary tax, radical control over society, industry and foreign trade was established, accompanied by the cancellation of the conventions of the National Bank and the creation of the State Bank. The legal acts issued during March 1946 February 1947, nationalized the means of production of industrial enterprises that were in the hands of Albanian owners or capitalists was done in a short time through the only method without remuneration. The characteristic of the implementation of legal acts was radical, expressing class interests, ideologizing the state of the dictatorship of the majority against the ideologically conceived minority as \"declassed\" or \"kulak\". \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121005690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After the fall of the communist regime, one of the challenges and the highest priority for the external politics, is the European integration, that is also the aspiration of all Albanians. The European integration is not merely the implementation of various political, legislation, technical and institutional criteria, but rather a union of democratic, communal and integration values and ideals of the Albanian society into the European community, into the community of freedom and democratic values and norms, where these aspirations take credit. During this transitioning period, the Albania European integration has been constantly replete with political and institutional challenges and political processes that must be developed and progressed by the political parties and the Albanian society in general. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that during this transitioning period, Albania has carried over important problematics related to the development of sustainable political institutions, a functional public administration, a free election process with democratic standards, a sustainable financial system, as well as a sustainable social, cultural and intercommunity processes. Therefore, in this context, the present paper will analyse the Albanian perspective and challenges with the focus on the standards and nature of integration in the European Union. In order to comprehend the changes and development in light of this perspective, this paper will also consider the role and the importance of Public Administration integrating dimensions, aiming at understanding the evolution of Albania and its legislation in the European perspective. The analyses of its integration dynamics are to understand the improvement of Albania's image in the world in terms of these aspects, the change of the policy-making concept, the development of political institutions, as well as the evolution of Albanian legislation to align with that of the EU. Moreover, this analysis shall not simply render this paper actual and coherent with the most essential integration politics, legislation and institutional that relate directly with the Albanian European integration process, but it will rather demonstrate that Albania has yet a very long road ahead to become part of the European Union and the achievement reached so far have been positive and promissory. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 14 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Integration Standards and Public Administration Dimensions in Light of the Integration Perspective of Albania in the EU","authors":"Erjola Aliaj, Edvana Tiri","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s114","url":null,"abstract":"After the fall of the communist regime, one of the challenges and the highest priority for the external politics, is the European integration, that is also the aspiration of all Albanians. The European integration is not merely the implementation of various political, legislation, technical and institutional criteria, but rather a union of democratic, communal and integration values and ideals of the Albanian society into the European community, into the community of freedom and democratic values and norms, where these aspirations take credit. During this transitioning period, the Albania European integration has been constantly replete with political and institutional challenges and political processes that must be developed and progressed by the political parties and the Albanian society in general. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that during this transitioning period, Albania has carried over important problematics related to the development of sustainable political institutions, a functional public administration, a free election process with democratic standards, a sustainable financial system, as well as a sustainable social, cultural and intercommunity processes. Therefore, in this context, the present paper will analyse the Albanian perspective and challenges with the focus on the standards and nature of integration in the European Union. In order to comprehend the changes and development in light of this perspective, this paper will also consider the role and the importance of Public Administration integrating dimensions, aiming at understanding the evolution of Albania and its legislation in the European perspective. The analyses of its integration dynamics are to understand the improvement of Albania's image in the world in terms of these aspects, the change of the policy-making concept, the development of political institutions, as well as the evolution of Albanian legislation to align with that of the EU. Moreover, this analysis shall not simply render this paper actual and coherent with the most essential integration politics, legislation and institutional that relate directly with the Albanian European integration process, but it will rather demonstrate that Albania has yet a very long road ahead to become part of the European Union and the achievement reached so far have been positive and promissory. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 14 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131979195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Constitution of the Republic of Albania in its basic principles defines that sovereignty belongs to the people, to all citizens. The people exercise their sovereignty in the ways and within the limits provided by the Constitution itself. One of the most important ways of expressing popular sovereignty is the election of members of the Assembly. So, citizens participate in the governance of Res Publica through their representatives. Parliament structurally consists of one chamber and is a central institution in our constitutional system. In addition to the representative function, it performs the legislative function and the control function. Parliamentary control over the Government is concretized in several institutions of parliamentary law and aims to highlight its political responsibility towards the Assembly. For the sake of truth, it should be emphasized that it makes sense to talk about parliamentary control only for the period of political pluralism because before this period the Parliament executed the party-State directives. The government, in parliamentary republics, answers to the Parliament for its activity because it is inextricably linked to the vote of confidence it receives from it. One of the most important tools to oversee the Government's activity is the establishment of Investigative Commissions. These Commissions aim to guarantee the transparency and responsibility of the activity of the Government supported by the parliamentary majority. Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023
{"title":"Parliamentary Control and Investigative Commissions: Comparative View","authors":"Anton Gera, Aurela Gera","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv10n1s126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv10n1s126","url":null,"abstract":"The Constitution of the Republic of Albania in its basic principles defines that sovereignty belongs to the people, to all citizens. The people exercise their sovereignty in the ways and within the limits provided by the Constitution itself. One of the most important ways of expressing popular sovereignty is the election of members of the Assembly. So, citizens participate in the governance of Res Publica through their representatives. Parliament structurally consists of one chamber and is a central institution in our constitutional system. In addition to the representative function, it performs the legislative function and the control function. Parliamentary control over the Government is concretized in several institutions of parliamentary law and aims to highlight its political responsibility towards the Assembly. For the sake of truth, it should be emphasized that it makes sense to talk about parliamentary control only for the period of political pluralism because before this period the Parliament executed the party-State directives. The government, in parliamentary republics, answers to the Parliament for its activity because it is inextricably linked to the vote of confidence it receives from it. One of the most important tools to oversee the Government's activity is the establishment of Investigative Commissions. These Commissions aim to guarantee the transparency and responsibility of the activity of the Government supported by the parliamentary majority. \u0000 \u0000Received: 05 May 2022 / Accepted: 16 May 2023 / Published: 20 May 2023","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121057915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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