One of the EU strategies to address the challenges associated with EU membership, and in itself a precondition for membership, is regional co-operation and good neighborly relations. De facto interdependence and cooperation between neighboring countries in one area (such as infrastructure, transport, energy, free trade) is expected to lead to further cooperation in a wider range of areas, but also to regional stability, reconciliation and ultimately towards European integration. Lessons can be learned from examples of co-operation between Visegrad and the Baltic states, but for the Western Balkans, given their ethnic differences and past armed conflicts, building close regional ties and trust is even more important. Although not all countries in the region have opened membership negotiations, they are all involved in the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP), a framework that aims to prepare them for eventual membership. The SAP places particular emphasis on regional co-operation and good neighborly relations. Regional co-operation has advanced and 'taken root' in the Balkans for a number of reasons and has been 'a transformative experience'. In addition to economic arguments (faster economic growth in general and smoother EU integration), there were also political reasons for strengthening regional cooperation. The need to create permanent conditions for security, stability, peace and development has been a major driver. Since the 1990s, numerous formats and initiatives for regional cooperation have been established in the Western Balkans covering a wide range of areas. Starting with the 1999 Stability Pact for Southeast Europe, the Western Balkan countries have joined in a range of formats and initiatives with a wide range, including economic, functional, political and security co-operation . The initiative to create Open Balkan or otherwise known as Mini-Schengen was first proposed by the former Prime Minister of Albania, Fatos Nano in the early 1990s. Nano's idea was to create a common economic zone on the Balkan Peninsula. But this idea was not elaborated due to the start of the wars in the former Yugoslavia. Such an initiative was returned to the table by the Prime Minister of Albania, Edi Rama during the meetings held in the framework of the Berlin Process. In 2018, Rama proposed such an idea to improve political relations between the countries of the region. The successful implementation of the Open Balkans Initiative may be accompanied by several challenges. For example, the abolition of border controls could exacerbate drug trafficking and various criminal activities. The European Commission has already stressed that the so-called Balkan route is one of the main entry points for various types of illegal drugs in the EU. Accompanied by a high level of corruption, with organized crime and officials often involved in acts of corruption with impunity, abandonment of border controls can turn out to be fertile ground for criminal activi
{"title":"The Open Balkans and the Impact on EU Membership","authors":"Endi Kalemaj, E. Çela","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s107","url":null,"abstract":"One of the EU strategies to address the challenges associated with EU membership, and in itself a precondition for membership, is regional co-operation and good neighborly relations. De facto interdependence and cooperation between neighboring countries in one area (such as infrastructure, transport, energy, free trade) is expected to lead to further cooperation in a wider range of areas, but also to regional stability, reconciliation and ultimately towards European integration. Lessons can be learned from examples of co-operation between Visegrad and the Baltic states, but for the Western Balkans, given their ethnic differences and past armed conflicts, building close regional ties and trust is even more important. Although not all countries in the region have opened membership negotiations, they are all involved in the Stabilization and Association Process (SAP), a framework that aims to prepare them for eventual membership. The SAP places particular emphasis on regional co-operation and good neighborly relations. Regional co-operation has advanced and 'taken root' in the Balkans for a number of reasons and has been 'a transformative experience'. In addition to economic arguments (faster economic growth in general and smoother EU integration), there were also political reasons for strengthening regional cooperation. The need to create permanent conditions for security, stability, peace and development has been a major driver. Since the 1990s, numerous formats and initiatives for regional cooperation have been established in the Western Balkans covering a wide range of areas. Starting with the 1999 Stability Pact for Southeast Europe, the Western Balkan countries have joined in a range of formats and initiatives with a wide range, including economic, functional, political and security co-operation . The initiative to create Open Balkan or otherwise known as Mini-Schengen was first proposed by the former Prime Minister of Albania, Fatos Nano in the early 1990s. Nano's idea was to create a common economic zone on the Balkan Peninsula. But this idea was not elaborated due to the start of the wars in the former Yugoslavia. Such an initiative was returned to the table by the Prime Minister of Albania, Edi Rama during the meetings held in the framework of the Berlin Process. In 2018, Rama proposed such an idea to improve political relations between the countries of the region. The successful implementation of the Open Balkans Initiative may be accompanied by several challenges. For example, the abolition of border controls could exacerbate drug trafficking and various criminal activities. The European Commission has already stressed that the so-called Balkan route is one of the main entry points for various types of illegal drugs in the EU. Accompanied by a high level of corruption, with organized crime and officials often involved in acts of corruption with impunity, abandonment of border controls can turn out to be fertile ground for criminal activi","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121081214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper corresponds to one of the most important periods of history relating to the national and international politics of the Albanian state, specifically the isolated political and state cooperation of Albania with the Soviet Union. The Albanian-Soviet relations were very important, as they determined not only the orientation of the Albanian internal politics but also externally the behavior that Albania had to maintain in the international arena, especially in its relationship with Western and neighboring allies. This paper specifically refers to the period from 1949, when Albanian-Soviet relations took their official form and capacity, until 1960 when these relations were destroyed. To better explain the reasons and causes for the establishment of these relations, many internal and external political situations have been touched upon, which go beyond the stated time limits of our study. The main goal of this paper is the analysis of the conditions in which these relations were established, and their unusual, bilateral cooperation in the political, economic, international, and military fields. Very important are the moments of establishing Albanian-Soviet relations, in their development and ending in the most peaceful way possible. According to Albanian-Soviet relations issues in the context of international relations and national security are very difficult, but on the other hand particularly interesting. As well as in the discipline of Security Studies, no writing is considered completely closed, because the past is related to the present, which determined the future. The purpose is enough and the three historical periods (past, present, and future) are quite well connected, without division. Our paper aims to approach this relationship from a new perspective of study, as to understand its true nature, which is also important in that, the authority that the Union Soviet exercised to oriented directly in the function of its interests. geostrategic, in investigating Albanian position. How much space was devoted to Albania in the international communist movement? How important was Albania for the Union Soviet? Not only the economic growth in the years 1950-1960, was an unusual phenomenon for the poor Albanian people, who came from a backward economic tradition, but also it was influential in the social development of Albanian society, housing, employment, health, the fight against illiteracy, Both education and culture, increased confidence in the communist government in Albania, which was part of perfect implementation of the Soviet model, not only politically but also socially. All the "Sovietization" of the Albanian state and society was away in the discipline of Security studies which, at that time, was used by the BS to realize its hegemony in the international arena. In conclusion, I would close with the phrase "Stalin was the political muse for Enver Hoxha this worship, who continued his policy until the end of his life and he refused
{"title":"Albania's Diplomatic Relations with the Soviet Union during 1949-1960","authors":"Manjola Xhaferri","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s114","url":null,"abstract":"This paper corresponds to one of the most important periods of history relating to the national and international politics of the Albanian state, specifically the isolated political and state cooperation of Albania with the Soviet Union. The Albanian-Soviet relations were very important, as they determined not only the orientation of the Albanian internal politics but also externally the behavior that Albania had to maintain in the international arena, especially in its relationship with Western and neighboring allies. This paper specifically refers to the period from 1949, when Albanian-Soviet relations took their official form and capacity, until 1960 when these relations were destroyed. To better explain the reasons and causes for the establishment of these relations, many internal and external political situations have been touched upon, which go beyond the stated time limits of our study. The main goal of this paper is the analysis of the conditions in which these relations were established, and their unusual, bilateral cooperation in the political, economic, international, and military fields. Very important are the moments of establishing Albanian-Soviet relations, in their development and ending in the most peaceful way possible. According to Albanian-Soviet relations issues in the context of international relations and national security are very difficult, but on the other hand particularly interesting. As well as in the discipline of Security Studies, no writing is considered completely closed, because the past is related to the present, which determined the future. The purpose is enough and the three historical periods (past, present, and future) are quite well connected, without division. Our paper aims to approach this relationship from a new perspective of study, as to understand its true nature, which is also important in that, the authority that the Union Soviet exercised to oriented directly in the function of its interests. geostrategic, in investigating Albanian position. How much space was devoted to Albania in the international communist movement? How important was Albania for the Union Soviet? Not only the economic growth in the years 1950-1960, was an unusual phenomenon for the poor Albanian people, who came from a backward economic tradition, but also it was influential in the social development of Albanian society, housing, employment, health, the fight against illiteracy, Both education and culture, increased confidence in the communist government in Albania, which was part of perfect implementation of the Soviet model, not only politically but also socially. All the \"Sovietization\" of the Albanian state and society was away in the discipline of Security studies which, at that time, was used by the BS to realize its hegemony in the international arena. In conclusion, I would close with the phrase \"Stalin was the political muse for Enver Hoxha this worship, who continued his policy until the end of his life and he refused","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126496796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Beyond causing a health crisis, the Pandemic is “forcing” a new, inevitable global economic order. What will happen next, in the new reality? A restructuring of the economic and social order is beginning to happen. This makes us wonder about how the next normal will be? Especially in developing countries like Albania, the path may be more difficult and may require more time. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of establishing the key elements of the new right path. A green approach, according to global standards will help Albania toward sustainable economic development. Based on current theoretical research and following descriptive and explanatory research, the study aims to design the steps for a stable development path and analyze issues related to green growth processes in Albania. A stable economic development requires a lot of engagement from all actors and all leaders. Based on current studies, about other countries around the world, and adapted path for Albania, as a country of the Western Balkans will be proposed. Like all countries around the world, Albania is also engaging in the Covid battle. At the end of the study, it is aimed to design a structure, explaining the necessary steps to the “next normal”. Received: 15 September 2022 / Accepted: 22 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"A New Path to a New “Normal”: Beyond Coronavirus","authors":"Arjana Kadiu, Saimira Tivari","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s105","url":null,"abstract":"Beyond causing a health crisis, the Pandemic is “forcing” a new, inevitable global economic order. What will happen next, in the new reality? A restructuring of the economic and social order is beginning to happen. This makes us wonder about how the next normal will be? Especially in developing countries like Albania, the path may be more difficult and may require more time. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of establishing the key elements of the new right path. A green approach, according to global standards will help Albania toward sustainable economic development. Based on current theoretical research and following descriptive and explanatory research, the study aims to design the steps for a stable development path and analyze issues related to green growth processes in Albania. A stable economic development requires a lot of engagement from all actors and all leaders. Based on current studies, about other countries around the world, and adapted path for Albania, as a country of the Western Balkans will be proposed. Like all countries around the world, Albania is also engaging in the Covid battle. At the end of the study, it is aimed to design a structure, explaining the necessary steps to the “next normal”. \u0000 \u0000Received: 15 September 2022 / Accepted: 22 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125403518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work will particularly focus on the phenomenon of bullying in the workplace, and the misfortune that haunts victims of bullying. In many workplaces, victims of bullying lose their jobs, increase the number of absences or resign. Bullying in the workplace is also associated with loss of self-confidence and self-control. Also other problems related to bullying in the workplace are problems with stress, health problems. The results provide data-driven recommendations to facilitate HR staff to design and develop policies, rules and approaches against bullying, which should be comprehensive and meaningful, to ensure that bullies and victims are not excluded from the workplace, but to educate and regulate staff behavior. In recent years, bullying in the workplace has become a key issue for many companies and the policies developed by these companies have not been effective, at least referring to the workplace in Albania. Therefore, this is an issue that requires the attention and effort of many actors to be properly identified and addressed, for the benefit of all employees involved in this phenomenon.Harassment in the workplace is defined as a situation where an individual has been exposed to negative acts by one or more individuals for a long period of time for which it has been difficult to defend. In Albania 47% of respondents say that bullying situations have started in the last years, so we have a growing tendency to raise awareness about the phenomenon of bullying. In other countries, the respondents indicate that this phenomenon has existed for a long time, an answer that we receive from young people in Albania. This shows that the younger generation is giving more importance to psychological and emotional well-being in the work environment. In European countries, the highest percentages of bullying come from colleagues due to competition to "appear", while in Albania, bullying is committed by direct superiors to show their superiority.Most Albanian employees are not aware of the regulations and norms of the organizations where they work. They are not interested in knowing their rights, and what are worse, human resources do not do their job in the On-boarding process. Employees who fall prey to the phenomenon of bullying have the most serious consequences for the desire for work, which is declining, and for the decline in performance at work. From experience and literature we encounter a very important phenomenon: in European countries, at the moment when the employee has a decrease in efficiency, the task of human resources is to identify the problem and intervene in solving it. While in Albania, in most companies, whether corporations or smaller businesses, this process does not take place. It is preferable to personify the problem with the person, which not only does not solve the situation but further aggravates it. The Constitution of the Republic of Albania, approved by Law no. 8417, dated 21.10.1998, amended by Law no. 9675, dated
{"title":"Prevention of Bullying Situations in the Workplace","authors":"Mentor Isufaj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s115","url":null,"abstract":"This work will particularly focus on the phenomenon of bullying in the workplace, and the misfortune that haunts victims of bullying. In many workplaces, victims of bullying lose their jobs, increase the number of absences or resign. Bullying in the workplace is also associated with loss of self-confidence and self-control. Also other problems related to bullying in the workplace are problems with stress, health problems. The results provide data-driven recommendations to facilitate HR staff to design and develop policies, rules and approaches against bullying, which should be comprehensive and meaningful, to ensure that bullies and victims are not excluded from the workplace, but to educate and regulate staff behavior. In recent years, bullying in the workplace has become a key issue for many companies and the policies developed by these companies have not been effective, at least referring to the workplace in Albania. Therefore, this is an issue that requires the attention and effort of many actors to be properly identified and addressed, for the benefit of all employees involved in this phenomenon.Harassment in the workplace is defined as a situation where an individual has been exposed to negative acts by one or more individuals for a long period of time for which it has been difficult to defend. In Albania 47% of respondents say that bullying situations have started in the last years, so we have a growing tendency to raise awareness about the phenomenon of bullying. In other countries, the respondents indicate that this phenomenon has existed for a long time, an answer that we receive from young people in Albania. This shows that the younger generation is giving more importance to psychological and emotional well-being in the work environment. In European countries, the highest percentages of bullying come from colleagues due to competition to \"appear\", while in Albania, bullying is committed by direct superiors to show their superiority.Most Albanian employees are not aware of the regulations and norms of the organizations where they work. They are not interested in knowing their rights, and what are worse, human resources do not do their job in the On-boarding process. Employees who fall prey to the phenomenon of bullying have the most serious consequences for the desire for work, which is declining, and for the decline in performance at work. From experience and literature we encounter a very important phenomenon: in European countries, at the moment when the employee has a decrease in efficiency, the task of human resources is to identify the problem and intervene in solving it. While in Albania, in most companies, whether corporations or smaller businesses, this process does not take place. It is preferable to personify the problem with the person, which not only does not solve the situation but further aggravates it. The Constitution of the Republic of Albania, approved by Law no. 8417, dated 21.10.1998, amended by Law no. 9675, dated ","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134215492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
War as a phenomenon of crisis as political as economic as a phenomenon and geopolitical are evidenced not just as curiosity, but viewed as clear and concrete tendencies, to attract the political and ideological attention of states and peoples who were found prone naturally towards peace. Whereas, from a geopolitical point of view, it seems that Europe, in dealing with the situation, is not sufficiently prepared for a crisis as deep as military as well as economic, which contradicts the revanchist tendencies of Russia, which in its political history has been shown. Instigator of tensions, in the troubled Balkans. This phenomenon is reflected in the history of the Balkan states since the beginning of the twentieth century. For almost a century, she has been known for inciting nationalism in the Balkans through her puppets, who already seem to be in the crosshairs of the Ukraine crisis, but also internationally. Whereas, in the inter-Balkan relations, the expression of the crisis reflects its symbiosis, which is bringing a dangerous precedent in the world peace. Received: 17 September 2022 / Accepted: 26 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"Contradictions Between War and Natural Trends for Peace in the Concerned Balkan State","authors":"Lavdosh Ahmetaj, Kamila Karaj","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s112","url":null,"abstract":"War as a phenomenon of crisis as political as economic as a phenomenon and geopolitical are evidenced not just as curiosity, but viewed as clear and concrete tendencies, to attract the political and ideological attention of states and peoples who were found prone naturally towards peace. Whereas, from a geopolitical point of view, it seems that Europe, in dealing with the situation, is not sufficiently prepared for a crisis as deep as military as well as economic, which contradicts the revanchist tendencies of Russia, which in its political history has been shown. Instigator of tensions, in the troubled Balkans. This phenomenon is reflected in the history of the Balkan states since the beginning of the twentieth century. For almost a century, she has been known for inciting nationalism in the Balkans through her puppets, who already seem to be in the crosshairs of the Ukraine crisis, but also internationally. Whereas, in the inter-Balkan relations, the expression of the crisis reflects its symbiosis, which is bringing a dangerous precedent in the world peace. \u0000 \u0000Received: 17 September 2022 / Accepted: 26 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131641473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
COVID-19 has had a significant impact on global trade costs (WTO, 2021). Predicting, and managing risks is a necessary and difficult task for policymakers thus to minimize the negative effects coming from these unexpected incoming shocks. Natural disasters, health crisis and political conflicts over the recent decade, are pushing more pressure to developing countries to re-evaluate their trade partners in the international cooperation, as a way to prevent the direct impact of a probable shock on trade. The early stages of the pandemic exposed also how reliant Western Balkans had become on relatively few global producers of critical medical supplies, prompting widespread calls for greater supply chain diversification. This study attempts to answer the question: Did the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on regional trade policies revealed an increase or decrease of economic resilience? Travel restrictions and border closures, which were an important part of the initial policy response to the pandemic, disrupted freight transport, business travel and the supply of services that rely on the presence of individuals abroad. Trade facilitation measures taken at the border made it possible for supply chains to continue delivering and have been critical during the COVID-19 crisis. GDP recovery in the last year has been faster in economies with strong pre-pandemic trade ties to countries with fewer COVID-19 cases. In the post COVID-19 area, the Western Balkan countries are recommended to make sustainability and resilience a baseline requirement for every trade and investment decision. Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"Building Economic Resilience in Western Balkans during COVID-19","authors":"Anisa Balla, Parashqevi Draçi","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s103","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 has had a significant impact on global trade costs (WTO, 2021). Predicting, and managing risks is a necessary and difficult task for policymakers thus to minimize the negative effects coming from these unexpected incoming shocks. Natural disasters, health crisis and political conflicts over the recent decade, are pushing more pressure to developing countries to re-evaluate their trade partners in the international cooperation, as a way to prevent the direct impact of a probable shock on trade. The early stages of the pandemic exposed also how reliant Western Balkans had become on relatively few global producers of critical medical supplies, prompting widespread calls for greater supply chain diversification. This study attempts to answer the question: Did the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on regional trade policies revealed an increase or decrease of economic resilience? Travel restrictions and border closures, which were an important part of the initial policy response to the pandemic, disrupted freight transport, business travel and the supply of services that rely on the presence of individuals abroad. Trade facilitation measures taken at the border made it possible for supply chains to continue delivering and have been critical during the COVID-19 crisis. GDP recovery in the last year has been faster in economies with strong pre-pandemic trade ties to countries with fewer COVID-19 cases. In the post COVID-19 area, the Western Balkan countries are recommended to make sustainability and resilience a baseline requirement for every trade and investment decision. \u0000 \u0000Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130701999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The process of European integration for the Albanian government is characterized by several stages whose cycle has not yet been completed. The first phase, which began in 1992, focused on economic and trade cooperation with the European Economic Community, to be followed 14 years later by the Stabilization and Association Agreement, the signing of which paved the way for the European Union integration process. The third stage is characterized by some important achievements, where at the end of 2010 the visa regime for Albanians in the Schengen Area was abolished, while in 2014 Albania received the status of EU candidate country. However, the final goal has not yet been achieved. The common denominator of all stages remains "professional and depoliticized administration, strengthening the rule of law, the fight against corruption, the fight against organized crime, the protection of human rights" . The effects of this process have been comprehensive regarding reforms, strategies, government plans and international cooperation. Naturally, this process, which is so important for Albania and Albanians, could not stay out of the media spotlight. Due to the extraordinary impact on the Albanian society, this process has opened a wide discourse in the public opinion and has had the predisposition to be placed as the priority agenda of the day. Political discourse has also influenced the prioritization of this issue in different spheres and levels of society. As society and the public do not have a direct connection to the process, much of the news, events and information about integration is conveyed through the media. The media in this case is not only the mediator for conveying information about the European integration process, but also enjoys the potential to influence public opinion through mediatization. Krotz (2007) depicts mediatization as a “metaprocess that affects democracy, society, culture, politics”. While Lundby (2009) adds that "it does not simply refer to an ongoing process that evolves throughout history, but to developments that are highly contemporary" . From this point of view, the media discusses historical contexts, reports the developments, integrates them into the daily events based on the respective features of the type of communication. Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
{"title":"Mediatization of European Union Integration Process","authors":"Blerina Gjerazi","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n4s106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n4s106","url":null,"abstract":"The process of European integration for the Albanian government is characterized by several stages whose cycle has not yet been completed. The first phase, which began in 1992, focused on economic and trade cooperation with the European Economic Community, to be followed 14 years later by the Stabilization and Association Agreement, the signing of which paved the way for the European Union integration process. The third stage is characterized by some important achievements, where at the end of 2010 the visa regime for Albanians in the Schengen Area was abolished, while in 2014 Albania received the status of EU candidate country. However, the final goal has not yet been achieved. The common denominator of all stages remains \"professional and depoliticized administration, strengthening the rule of law, the fight against corruption, the fight against organized crime, the protection of human rights\" . The effects of this process have been comprehensive regarding reforms, strategies, government plans and international cooperation. Naturally, this process, which is so important for Albania and Albanians, could not stay out of the media spotlight. Due to the extraordinary impact on the Albanian society, this process has opened a wide discourse in the public opinion and has had the predisposition to be placed as the priority agenda of the day. Political discourse has also influenced the prioritization of this issue in different spheres and levels of society. As society and the public do not have a direct connection to the process, much of the news, events and information about integration is conveyed through the media. The media in this case is not only the mediator for conveying information about the European integration process, but also enjoys the potential to influence public opinion through mediatization. Krotz (2007) depicts mediatization as a “metaprocess that affects democracy, society, culture, politics”. While Lundby (2009) adds that \"it does not simply refer to an ongoing process that evolves throughout history, but to developments that are highly contemporary\" . From this point of view, the media discusses historical contexts, reports the developments, integrates them into the daily events based on the respective features of the type of communication. \u0000 \u0000Received: 10 September 2022 / Accepted: 21 October 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114666968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Twentieth century anthropologists, starting from the 40s-50s were more focused on language and culture. At the turn of the century, Humboldt hypothesized the unique design of each language, which encodes a distinctly distinct view of the world. This idea was further propagated by Edward Sapir, who argued that “the worlds in which different societies live are different worlds, distinct above the world.” Given Humboldt's hypothesis and Edwart Sapir's idea of language and culture, we will try to answer questions such as: Does the language of a people shape the way things are thought and perceived? Is the view of a people coded in its own language and structured by its own grammar unique? The way language is used to communicate in social situations is increasingly becoming the focus of theoretical interest. Thus the theory of transformational linguistics presupposes that the main function of language is that of reference, that is, to make statements about the world. The world is built and operates on cultural diversity and its being. Received: 5 October 2022 / Accepted: 10 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022
{"title":"Language, Culture and Worldviews by Twentieth-Century Anthropologists","authors":"Alma Dema, Risvan Tërshalla","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n406","url":null,"abstract":"Twentieth century anthropologists, starting from the 40s-50s were more focused on language and culture. At the turn of the century, Humboldt hypothesized the unique design of each language, which encodes a distinctly distinct view of the world. This idea was further propagated by Edward Sapir, who argued that “the worlds in which different societies live are different worlds, distinct above the world.” Given Humboldt's hypothesis and Edwart Sapir's idea of language and culture, we will try to answer questions such as: Does the language of a people shape the way things are thought and perceived? Is the view of a people coded in its own language and structured by its own grammar unique? The way language is used to communicate in social situations is increasingly becoming the focus of theoretical interest. Thus the theory of transformational linguistics presupposes that the main function of language is that of reference, that is, to make statements about the world. The world is built and operates on cultural diversity and its being.\u0000 \u0000Received: 5 October 2022 / Accepted: 10 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116367312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder syndrome characterized by: Insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas; Reduction of the biological action of insulin; Both together. Purpose: It consists of identifying the risk factors that lead to the occurrence of this metabolic disorder. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment depending on the type of diabetes. Follow the treatment advised by the doctor. Material and Methods: Recognize the factors that cause these disorders. Informing the patient about risk factors. Prevention and screening of this disorder through diet and analysis. Care for these patients based on descriptive diagnosis. Care and supervision of the emotional side of these patients, the way they experience this period. Received: 1 October 2022 / Accepted: 10 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022
{"title":"Diabetes and Its Complications","authors":"Violeta Zanaj, Klementina Vogli","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n407","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n407","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder syndrome characterized by: Insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas; Reduction of the biological action of insulin; Both together. Purpose: It consists of identifying the risk factors that lead to the occurrence of this metabolic disorder. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment depending on the type of diabetes. Follow the treatment advised by the doctor. Material and Methods: Recognize the factors that cause these disorders. Informing the patient about risk factors. Prevention and screening of this disorder through diet and analysis. Care for these patients based on descriptive diagnosis. Care and supervision of the emotional side of these patients, the way they experience this period. \u0000 \u0000Received: 1 October 2022 / Accepted: 10 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133887366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents the results of the comparative analysis on the level of meeting the standards in the electoral processes held in the countries of the Western Balkans. The analysis is based on the evaluations published for the Election Integrity Perception Index, for elections held in the period 2011-2021. Montenegro, Serbia, Albania and Kosovo are classified in countries that belong to the "Moderate" category in helding elections according to the requirements of democratic standards. BiH, North Macedonia are classified at the level "Very low" and "Low", respectively. The election campaign and its financing is the main challenge faced by all the countries of the Western Balkans. Except for Albania, which is classified in the group of countries with a "moderate" level, the perception of the role of the media in the election campaign in other countries of the Western Balkans is negative, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Serbia "Very low", BiH and Montenegro "Low" . All the countries of this region, in particular BiH, North Macedonia and Serbia, should be committed to improve the electoral legislation and the list of voters. Among the countries of this region, there are significant differences in relation to the quality of administration of electoral processes by electoral authorities. Received: 6 October 2022 / Accepted: 12 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022
{"title":"On Electoral Processes in the Western Balkan Countries","authors":"A. Kume, Linert Lireza","doi":"10.56345/ijrdv9n409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56345/ijrdv9n409","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of the comparative analysis on the level of meeting the standards in the electoral processes held in the countries of the Western Balkans. The analysis is based on the evaluations published for the Election Integrity Perception Index, for elections held in the period 2011-2021. Montenegro, Serbia, Albania and Kosovo are classified in countries that belong to the \"Moderate\" category in helding elections according to the requirements of democratic standards. BiH, North Macedonia are classified at the level \"Very low\" and \"Low\", respectively. The election campaign and its financing is the main challenge faced by all the countries of the Western Balkans. Except for Albania, which is classified in the group of countries with a \"moderate\" level, the perception of the role of the media in the election campaign in other countries of the Western Balkans is negative, Kosovo, North Macedonia and Serbia \"Very low\", BiH and Montenegro \"Low\" . All the countries of this region, in particular BiH, North Macedonia and Serbia, should be committed to improve the electoral legislation and the list of voters. Among the countries of this region, there are significant differences in relation to the quality of administration of electoral processes by electoral authorities. \u0000 \u0000Received: 6 October 2022 / Accepted: 12 November 2022 / Published: 18 November 2022","PeriodicalId":136623,"journal":{"name":"Interdisciplinary Journal of Research and Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122086210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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