Pub Date : 2023-11-08DOI: 10.1007/s44189-023-00041-9
M. Mehrabi, K. Goudarzi, S. Davoodabadi Farahani
Abstract One of the most important parts of direct evaporative cooling systems is the cooling pad. Pads vary in materials and construction features. The parameters studied in the performance of the pads are air speed, pad thickness, geometrical characteristics, and its configuration and the provided water flow rate. The performance of the pads is usually determined through saturation efficiency, pressure drop, temperature drop and humidity increase in the treated air, evaporation and water consumption, cooling capacity, coefficient of performance, and heat and mass transfer coefficients. Since the geometry and how to place the pad in the evaporative cooling system is one of the most important issues related to the performance of such systems, the present work experimentally investigates the amount of cooling and evaporation of the direct evaporative cooling system under 5 different angles of placement of the cellulose pad in relation to the vertical position. It includes angles of $$0^circ$$ 0∘ , $$5^circ$$ 5∘ , $$10^circ$$ 10∘ , $$15^circ$$ 15∘ , and $$20^circ$$ 20∘ in 5 different air speeds, 2 different inlet water flow rates, 2 inlet air temperatures, and 2 different inlet water temperatures. Results show that the lowest output temperature, highest air relative humidity, highest coefficient of performance (about 12% more than $$0^circ$$ 0∘ ), highest saturation efficiency, and highest evaporation rate are obtained in the case of a $$15^circ$$ 15∘ of cooling pad placement angle.
摘要冷却垫是直接蒸发冷却系统中最重要的部件之一。护垫的材料和结构特点各不相同。研究了气速、垫层厚度、几何特性、垫层结构和所提供的水流量等参数对垫层性能的影响。通常通过饱和效率、被处理空气中的压降、温度下降和湿度增加、蒸发和用水量、冷却能力、性能系数和传热传质系数来确定垫片的性能。由于几何形状和如何放置垫在蒸发冷却系统中是与这种系统的性能相关的最重要的问题之一，因此本工作实验研究了纤维素垫在垂直位置的5种不同放置角度下直接蒸发冷却系统的冷却量和蒸发量。它包括$$0^circ$$ 0°、$$5^circ$$ 5°、$$10^circ$$ 10°、$$15^circ$$ 15°和$$20^circ$$ 20°的角度，有5种不同的空气速度、2种不同的进水流速、2种进水温度和2种不同的进水温度。实验结果表明，该装置的最低输出温度、最高空气相对湿度、最高性能系数(约为12% more than $$0^circ$$ 0 ∘ ), highest saturation efficiency, and highest evaporation rate are obtained in the case of a $$15^circ$$ 15 ∘ of cooling pad placement angle.
{"title":"Experimental study of the influence of pad angle on the thermal performance of a direct evaporative cooling system","authors":"M. Mehrabi, K. Goudarzi, S. Davoodabadi Farahani","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00041-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00041-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract One of the most important parts of direct evaporative cooling systems is the cooling pad. Pads vary in materials and construction features. The parameters studied in the performance of the pads are air speed, pad thickness, geometrical characteristics, and its configuration and the provided water flow rate. The performance of the pads is usually determined through saturation efficiency, pressure drop, temperature drop and humidity increase in the treated air, evaporation and water consumption, cooling capacity, coefficient of performance, and heat and mass transfer coefficients. Since the geometry and how to place the pad in the evaporative cooling system is one of the most important issues related to the performance of such systems, the present work experimentally investigates the amount of cooling and evaporation of the direct evaporative cooling system under 5 different angles of placement of the cellulose pad in relation to the vertical position. It includes angles of $$0^circ$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , $$5^circ$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , $$10^circ$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , $$15^circ$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>15</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> , and $$20^circ$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>20</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> in 5 different air speeds, 2 different inlet water flow rates, 2 inlet air temperatures, and 2 different inlet water temperatures. Results show that the lowest output temperature, highest air relative humidity, highest coefficient of performance (about 12% more than $$0^circ$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> ), highest saturation efficiency, and highest evaporation rate are obtained in the case of a $$15^circ$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>15</mml:mn> <mml:mo>∘</mml:mo> </mml:msup> </mml:math> of cooling pad placement angle.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135340774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.1007/s44189-023-00040-w
Jong Suk Lee
Abstract Magnetic refrigeration utilizes the magnetocaloric effect of a magnetic material, whose temperature changes according to the change of magnetic field strength. It is regarded as an eco-friendly refrigeration technology in that it uses magnetic materials as refrigerants instead of CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants used in vapor compression refrigeration. It is also regarded as an energy-efficient refrigeration technology in that it does not use noisy and power-consuming compressors. This paper presents thermodynamic analysis on a magnetic refrigeration system using experimental results obtained from a magnetic refrigeration apparatus. The magnetic refrigeration apparatus was built using two sets of concentric Halbach cylinders consisting of permanent magnet segments. Specifically the coefficient of performance (COP) of the magnetic refrigeration system was calculated using the energy removed from the working fluid across an AMR bed and the work input to run electric motors.
{"title":"Thermodynamic analysis on a magnetic refrigeration system","authors":"Jong Suk Lee","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00040-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00040-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Magnetic refrigeration utilizes the magnetocaloric effect of a magnetic material, whose temperature changes according to the change of magnetic field strength. It is regarded as an eco-friendly refrigeration technology in that it uses magnetic materials as refrigerants instead of CFC, HCFC, and HFC refrigerants used in vapor compression refrigeration. It is also regarded as an energy-efficient refrigeration technology in that it does not use noisy and power-consuming compressors. This paper presents thermodynamic analysis on a magnetic refrigeration system using experimental results obtained from a magnetic refrigeration apparatus. The magnetic refrigeration apparatus was built using two sets of concentric Halbach cylinders consisting of permanent magnet segments. Specifically the coefficient of performance (COP) of the magnetic refrigeration system was calculated using the energy removed from the working fluid across an AMR bed and the work input to run electric motors.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136059361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1007/s44189-023-00038-4
B. G. Prashantha, G. S. V. L. Narasimham, S. Seetharamu, Vinayak B. Hemadri
Abstract In this work the design and analysis of 1 kW thermo-acoustic refrigerators with hydrogen and helium for the temperature difference of 38 K is discussed. Helium is the best for thermoacoustic refrigerators compared to the other competent gases. But hydrogen is chosen since it is less expensive and better thermophysical properties compared to helium. The best parallel plates geometry with 15% blockage is chosen for the stack and heat exchangers. The effect of resonance frequency of hydrogen and helium varying from 400–600 Hz on the theoretical performance is discussed. The coefficient of performance and the power density of 1.65 and 40.3 kW/m 3 for hydrogen, and 1.58 and 19.2 kW/m 3 for helium is reported for the optimized designs, respectively. The theoretical results are compared with the DeltaEC software results, shows the cooling power and coefficient of performance of 590 W and 1.11 for hydrogen, and 687 W and 1.25 for helium, respectively.
{"title":"Hydrogen, helium and thermo-acoustic refrigerators","authors":"B. G. Prashantha, G. S. V. L. Narasimham, S. Seetharamu, Vinayak B. Hemadri","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00038-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00038-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this work the design and analysis of 1 kW thermo-acoustic refrigerators with hydrogen and helium for the temperature difference of 38 K is discussed. Helium is the best for thermoacoustic refrigerators compared to the other competent gases. But hydrogen is chosen since it is less expensive and better thermophysical properties compared to helium. The best parallel plates geometry with 15% blockage is chosen for the stack and heat exchangers. The effect of resonance frequency of hydrogen and helium varying from 400–600 Hz on the theoretical performance is discussed. The coefficient of performance and the power density of 1.65 and 40.3 kW/m 3 for hydrogen, and 1.58 and 19.2 kW/m 3 for helium is reported for the optimized designs, respectively. The theoretical results are compared with the DeltaEC software results, shows the cooling power and coefficient of performance of 590 W and 1.11 for hydrogen, and 687 W and 1.25 for helium, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136265899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The application of external stimuli such as the magnetic and electric field in magnetocaloric and electrocaloric materials, and stress and pressure in elastocaloric and barocaloric materials give rise to a new generation of a refrigeration technology based on caloric materials which are considered an emerging alternative to classical refrigeration. Active caloric regenerator (ACR) made in parallel plates is studied under a large number of materials with Comsol multiphysics for a 2D numerical model. In this work, we compare various types of caloric materials, in terms of their thermodynamic properties, working mechanisms, and potential applications as solid refrigerant on caloric refrigeration devices. For this purpose, the energy equation, Navier-Stocks equation, and continuity equation are considered to study the heat transfer phenomena in refrigerator. The water was used as a carrier fluid to transport the thermal energy from the solid refrigerants to heat exchanger. This study is performed at velocity 0.06 m/s and the frequency 2 Hz at room temperature. Among them, Gadolinium show the best results in term temperature span, coefficient of performance, and the cooling power, higher than every other caloric materials, conferring to magnetocaloric cooling globally the most promising system. Our analysis provides insights into the selection and optimization of caloric materials for caloric refrigeration, which can contribute to the development of sustainable energy systems.
{"title":"Numerical and thermal analysis of a caloric refrigeration device operating near room temperature","authors":"Brahim Kehileche, Younes Chiba, Abdelhalim Tlemçani, Noureddine Henini","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00037-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00037-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The application of external stimuli such as the magnetic and electric field in magnetocaloric and electrocaloric materials, and stress and pressure in elastocaloric and barocaloric materials give rise to a new generation of a refrigeration technology based on caloric materials which are considered an emerging alternative to classical refrigeration. Active caloric regenerator (ACR) made in parallel plates is studied under a large number of materials with Comsol multiphysics for a 2D numerical model. In this work, we compare various types of caloric materials, in terms of their thermodynamic properties, working mechanisms, and potential applications as solid refrigerant on caloric refrigeration devices. For this purpose, the energy equation, Navier-Stocks equation, and continuity equation are considered to study the heat transfer phenomena in refrigerator. The water was used as a carrier fluid to transport the thermal energy from the solid refrigerants to heat exchanger. This study is performed at velocity 0.06 m/s and the frequency 2 Hz at room temperature. Among them, Gadolinium show the best results in term temperature span, coefficient of performance, and the cooling power, higher than every other caloric materials, conferring to magnetocaloric cooling globally the most promising system. Our analysis provides insights into the selection and optimization of caloric materials for caloric refrigeration, which can contribute to the development of sustainable energy systems.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-07DOI: 10.1007/s44189-023-00036-6
G. Sachdeva, Ajay Jaiswar, P. Anuradha, V. Jain
{"title":"Comparative performance investigation of a dual evaporator cycle using an ejector with the conventional cycle using a pressure reducing valve","authors":"G. Sachdeva, Ajay Jaiswar, P. Anuradha, V. Jain","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00036-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00036-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80015836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-28DOI: 10.1007/s44189-023-00035-7
Gitaek Jung, Ukmin Han, Hoseong Lee
{"title":"Numerical investigation on flammability of R32 leakage in heat pump outdoor unit with CFD simulation","authors":"Gitaek Jung, Ukmin Han, Hoseong Lee","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00035-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00035-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85578387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-18DOI: 10.1007/s44189-023-00034-8
L. Morozyuk, Viktoriia Sokolovska-Yefymenko, Andrii Moshkatiuk, V. Ierin, A. Basov
{"title":"Experimental study and analysis of an air-cooled condenser with the fouling on the heat exchange surface for small-scale commercial refrigeration systems","authors":"L. Morozyuk, Viktoriia Sokolovska-Yefymenko, Andrii Moshkatiuk, V. Ierin, A. Basov","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00034-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00034-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85421829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-12DOI: 10.1007/s44189-023-00033-9
V. Ierin, Guangming Chen, Xinyue Hao, O. Volovyk
{"title":"Thermodynamic analysis of hybrid two-stage CO2 mechanical compression–ejector cooling cycle","authors":"V. Ierin, Guangming Chen, Xinyue Hao, O. Volovyk","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00033-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00033-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85005807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16DOI: 10.1007/s44189-023-00030-y
Hugo Guillermo Jiménez Pacheco, Juan José Milon Guzmán, Lilia Mary Miranda Ramos, Pavel Kewin Delgado Sarmiento, Antonio Erick Linares Flores Castro, Sergio Leal Braga
{"title":"Influence of hydrodynamic parameters in plate heat exchangers in ice slurry transport","authors":"Hugo Guillermo Jiménez Pacheco, Juan José Milon Guzmán, Lilia Mary Miranda Ramos, Pavel Kewin Delgado Sarmiento, Antonio Erick Linares Flores Castro, Sergio Leal Braga","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00030-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00030-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82410571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-05DOI: 10.1007/s44189-023-00032-w
June Hae Lee, Se-Jeoung Lee, M. Yeo
{"title":"Identification, prevention, and treatment of Legionella in bath facility water systems in South Korea","authors":"June Hae Lee, Se-Jeoung Lee, M. Yeo","doi":"10.1007/s44189-023-00032-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s44189-023-00032-w","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73468979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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