Pub Date : 2021-08-26DOI: 10.1142/s2010132521300044
P. Jadhav, N. Agrawal
A detailed literature review on the flow characterization of the capillary tubes is presented in this paper. The flow behavior is reviewed for straight, helically, and spirally coiled capillary tubes at different operating and geometric conditions by considering various aspects in the tube. This paper summarizes experimental and numerical study on the adiabatic and nonadiabatic straight and coiled capillary tubes at different geometries conditions. The vital information of the range of the tube geometry and operating conditions are discussed, which can be utilized for further studies on the capillary tube. Various methodologies with generalized correlations are indicated. It has been observed that there are even more studies need to do with environmentally friendly refrigerants with various practical aspects in the capillary tube. It would be interesting to find the coiling effect on the design and simulation of the capillary tube. In addition to that more experimental and numerical studies need to explore the nonadiabatic coiled capillary tube. It would be fascinating to study the metastable condition in the capillary tube and set suitable relations to present its effect on the mass flow rate.
{"title":"A Review on Flow Characteristics of the Straight and Coiled Capillary Tubes","authors":"P. Jadhav, N. Agrawal","doi":"10.1142/s2010132521300044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2010132521300044","url":null,"abstract":"A detailed literature review on the flow characterization of the capillary tubes is presented in this paper. The flow behavior is reviewed for straight, helically, and spirally coiled capillary tubes at different operating and geometric conditions by considering various aspects in the tube. This paper summarizes experimental and numerical study on the adiabatic and nonadiabatic straight and coiled capillary tubes at different geometries conditions. The vital information of the range of the tube geometry and operating conditions are discussed, which can be utilized for further studies on the capillary tube. Various methodologies with generalized correlations are indicated. It has been observed that there are even more studies need to do with environmentally friendly refrigerants with various practical aspects in the capillary tube. It would be interesting to find the coiling effect on the design and simulation of the capillary tube. In addition to that more experimental and numerical studies need to explore the nonadiabatic coiled capillary tube. It would be fascinating to study the metastable condition in the capillary tube and set suitable relations to present its effect on the mass flow rate.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82732164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-23DOI: 10.1142/s2010132521500255
Cleison Henrique de Paula, W. M. Duarte, Thiago Torres Martins Rocha, Raphael Nunes de Oliveira, A. Maia
In this work, a cascade refrigeration system operating with four different ecological refrigerant pairs was modeled. This system uses R744 (Carbon dioxide) in the low-temperature cycle and operates with R290 (propane), R1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene), R152a (1,1-difluorethane), and R717 (ammonia) in the high-temperature cycle. Energetic, exergetic, environmental, and economic performance of the cascade system was investigated to determine the most appropriate ecological refrigerant couple. The parameters used in each mentioned performance were COP (Coefficient of Performance), [Formula: see text] (Exergy Efficiency), TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact), ECOP (Ecological coefficient of performance), and [Formula: see text] (Total plant cost rate), respectively. The results showed that the cascade refrigeration system operating with R744/R717 provided the best performance for the thermodynamic conditions analyzed, presenting a COP of 2.10, [Formula: see text] of 56.9%, [Formula: see text] of 24 334 USD/year, ECOP of 4.86, and TEWI of 25.67 tons of CO2. Finally, evaluating the total plant cost rate of this cascade system, it was noted that the capital and maintenance cost rate [Formula: see text] corresponds to 89.1% of the [Formula: see text] value, the operational cost rate [Formula: see text] corresponds to 10.27% of the [Formula: see text] value and the environmental cost rate [Formula: see text] corresponds to 0.63% of [Formula: see text].
{"title":"Energetic, Exergetic, Environmental, and Economic Assessment of a Cascade Refrigeration System Operating with Four Different Ecological Refrigerant Pairs","authors":"Cleison Henrique de Paula, W. M. Duarte, Thiago Torres Martins Rocha, Raphael Nunes de Oliveira, A. Maia","doi":"10.1142/s2010132521500255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2010132521500255","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, a cascade refrigeration system operating with four different ecological refrigerant pairs was modeled. This system uses R744 (Carbon dioxide) in the low-temperature cycle and operates with R290 (propane), R1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene), R152a (1,1-difluorethane), and R717 (ammonia) in the high-temperature cycle. Energetic, exergetic, environmental, and economic performance of the cascade system was investigated to determine the most appropriate ecological refrigerant couple. The parameters used in each mentioned performance were COP (Coefficient of Performance), [Formula: see text] (Exergy Efficiency), TEWI (Total Equivalent Warming Impact), ECOP (Ecological coefficient of performance), and [Formula: see text] (Total plant cost rate), respectively. The results showed that the cascade refrigeration system operating with R744/R717 provided the best performance for the thermodynamic conditions analyzed, presenting a COP of 2.10, [Formula: see text] of 56.9%, [Formula: see text] of 24 334 USD/year, ECOP of 4.86, and TEWI of 25.67 tons of CO2. Finally, evaluating the total plant cost rate of this cascade system, it was noted that the capital and maintenance cost rate [Formula: see text] corresponds to 89.1% of the [Formula: see text] value, the operational cost rate [Formula: see text] corresponds to 10.27% of the [Formula: see text] value and the environmental cost rate [Formula: see text] corresponds to 0.63% of [Formula: see text].","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85960093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-19DOI: 10.1142/s2010132521300032
S. Salins, Shiva Kumar, S. Reddy, Avin Vivek Kuniyil, S. Kumar
Heating ventilation air conditioning (HVAC) design mainly deals with moisture and its control. The moisture may be present inside ducts, conditioned spaces, or outdoors. The process of humidification and dehumidification requires equipment for mass and heat transfer, where the transfer of energy and mass takes place at varying concentrations and temperatures. The exchange of mass or heat depends on the type of flow and is conceivably in the form of gas to liquid or liquid–vapor. This paper aims to review the effect of moisture in the buildings and modulate its effect with several humidifying and dehumidifying techniques as sustainable techniques depending upon the external weather conditions to maintain thermal comfort. Various humidification and dehumidification techniques have been discussed with both their merits, limitations, applications and future scope to meet sustainable energy demands.
{"title":"Sustainable Energy Techniques Adapted in Buildings to Regulate Moisture Transport and Enhance Thermal Comfort: A Review","authors":"S. Salins, Shiva Kumar, S. Reddy, Avin Vivek Kuniyil, S. Kumar","doi":"10.1142/s2010132521300032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2010132521300032","url":null,"abstract":"Heating ventilation air conditioning (HVAC) design mainly deals with moisture and its control. The moisture may be present inside ducts, conditioned spaces, or outdoors. The process of humidification and dehumidification requires equipment for mass and heat transfer, where the transfer of energy and mass takes place at varying concentrations and temperatures. The exchange of mass or heat depends on the type of flow and is conceivably in the form of gas to liquid or liquid–vapor. This paper aims to review the effect of moisture in the buildings and modulate its effect with several humidifying and dehumidifying techniques as sustainable techniques depending upon the external weather conditions to maintain thermal comfort. Various humidification and dehumidification techniques have been discussed with both their merits, limitations, applications and future scope to meet sustainable energy demands.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87500156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-18DOI: 10.1142/s2010132521500243
Ayça Atamtürk, Serhan Küçüka
In this study, a modified auto-cascade refrigerating cycle is proposed. The cycle includes two evaporators and one compressor, and a separator is located after the refrigerator evaporator. The vapor phase from the separator is condensed through an internal evaporator and is mixed with some amount of the liquid phase taken from the separator. The condensed liquid is sent to the freezer evaporator at low pressure. Thermodynamic properties of the mixture R290/R600a, which is a zeotropic mixture as a cycle fluid, were determined using the REFPROP database. The variation of the cycle performance and total cooling capacity is investigated by changing the ratios of refrigerator and freezer loads. The results show that the volumetric cooling capacity increases and the compressor pressure ratio decreases as the load ratio of the refrigerator increases.
{"title":"Thermodynamic Analysis of an Auto-Cascade Freezer Cycle at Different Loads of Evaporators","authors":"Ayça Atamtürk, Serhan Küçüka","doi":"10.1142/s2010132521500243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s2010132521500243","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a modified auto-cascade refrigerating cycle is proposed. The cycle includes two evaporators and one compressor, and a separator is located after the refrigerator evaporator. The vapor phase from the separator is condensed through an internal evaporator and is mixed with some amount of the liquid phase taken from the separator. The condensed liquid is sent to the freezer evaporator at low pressure. Thermodynamic properties of the mixture R290/R600a, which is a zeotropic mixture as a cycle fluid, were determined using the REFPROP database. The variation of the cycle performance and total cooling capacity is investigated by changing the ratios of refrigerator and freezer loads. The results show that the volumetric cooling capacity increases and the compressor pressure ratio decreases as the load ratio of the refrigerator increases.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"135 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74877890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-15DOI: 10.1142/S2010132521500231
Mohd Waseem Siddiqui, NishithKr. Das, R. Sahoo
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the performance evaluation of Modified Low-Temperature Cascade (MLTC) system, based on two-stage cascade type refrigeration system using the combination of R404A/R23 refrigerants. This system was developed using chilled water (CHW) in the condenser of high-temperature circuit (HTC) and pre-cooler (PC) in the low-temperature circuit (LTC). Isentropic compression efficiency is computed in this work and used here as an important parameter. Performance of MLTC system was compared with or without the introduction of PC into LTC. System’s coefficient of performance (COP) has also been compared with using CHW, cooling tower water (CTW), normal water (NW) into the HTC condenser. It has also been shown that COPs of the system are significantly affected by slight variation in the LTC and HTC evaporating temperatures. Presented parameters and comparisons are likely to help in developing a low-temperature (LT) refrigeration system with higher efficiency for industrial and other applications.
{"title":"Performance Evaluation of Modified Low-Temperature Cascade (MLTC) Type Refrigeration System","authors":"Mohd Waseem Siddiqui, NishithKr. Das, R. Sahoo","doi":"10.1142/S2010132521500231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010132521500231","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental investigation was carried out to study the performance evaluation of Modified Low-Temperature Cascade (MLTC) system, based on two-stage cascade type refrigeration system using the combination of R404A/R23 refrigerants. This system was developed using chilled water (CHW) in the condenser of high-temperature circuit (HTC) and pre-cooler (PC) in the low-temperature circuit (LTC). Isentropic compression efficiency is computed in this work and used here as an important parameter. Performance of MLTC system was compared with or without the introduction of PC into LTC. System’s coefficient of performance (COP) has also been compared with using CHW, cooling tower water (CTW), normal water (NW) into the HTC condenser. It has also been shown that COPs of the system are significantly affected by slight variation in the LTC and HTC evaporating temperatures. Presented parameters and comparisons are likely to help in developing a low-temperature (LT) refrigeration system with higher efficiency for industrial and other applications.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79470419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-03DOI: 10.1142/s201013252150022x
Sami Missaoui, Z. Driss, R. Slama, B. Chaouachi
This study presents a coupled model to simulate the heat transfer process between the helical condenser coil and the water inside the tank. This coupled model was developed using ANSYS Fluent Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The heat flux of the condenser coils is obtained from our experimental investigation and delivered as initial boundary conditions to the tank model. The results obtained are considered essential and are, in turn, capable of assessing the performance of the modified domestic refrigerator for the production of hot water. According to this model, the results confirmed that the coefficient of heat transfer and the performance of the system decreased with an increase in the heating time. The natural heat transfer coefficient Uc falls from 727.26[Formula: see text]W [Formula: see text] m[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] K[Formula: see text] to 68.64[Formula: see text]W [Formula: see text] m[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] K[Formula: see text] during the total heating cycle, and the water temperature rises from 20∘C to 50.73∘C. In addition, the impact of water temperature on the evaporating region was used in this analysis. Therefore, the temperature of the evaporator is unaffected by the development of hot water. As a result, these outcomes will be used for the development of the domestic refrigerator with immersed condenser coil.
{"title":"Experimentally Validated Model of a Domestic Refrigerator with an Immersed Condenser Coil for Water Heating","authors":"Sami Missaoui, Z. Driss, R. Slama, B. Chaouachi","doi":"10.1142/s201013252150022x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/s201013252150022x","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a coupled model to simulate the heat transfer process between the helical condenser coil and the water inside the tank. This coupled model was developed using ANSYS Fluent Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The heat flux of the condenser coils is obtained from our experimental investigation and delivered as initial boundary conditions to the tank model. The results obtained are considered essential and are, in turn, capable of assessing the performance of the modified domestic refrigerator for the production of hot water. According to this model, the results confirmed that the coefficient of heat transfer and the performance of the system decreased with an increase in the heating time. The natural heat transfer coefficient Uc falls from 727.26[Formula: see text]W [Formula: see text] m[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] K[Formula: see text] to 68.64[Formula: see text]W [Formula: see text] m[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] K[Formula: see text] during the total heating cycle, and the water temperature rises from 20∘C to 50.73∘C. In addition, the impact of water temperature on the evaporating region was used in this analysis. Therefore, the temperature of the evaporator is unaffected by the development of hot water. As a result, these outcomes will be used for the development of the domestic refrigerator with immersed condenser coil.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88304225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-23DOI: 10.1142/S2010132521500218
Sondes Ifa, Z. Driss
The human thermal comfort and the indoor healthy air quality in the houses and the offices have become a vital necessity, especially in the state of the development of the contagious virus as the COVID-19. In this study, the evaluation of the air distribution was investigated using a DHTT sensor connected to an ARDUINO card to benefit their simple use and their reasonable price comparing to other tools such as the infrared camera. The measurement of the temperature is made in 14 points divided on two directions: one near the sitting manikin and another in front with the cooling system. The impact of the heat sources was tested. In these conditions, the indoor temperature was examined for an empty room, a room occupied by one person and one computer, a room occupied by two persons and two computers and a lighted room. The experimental results prove that the indoor temperature increases with the multiplication of the heat sources. From a temperature equal to [Formula: see text]C, the PMV curves move away from the comfort zone and the indoor climate becomes hot.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Indoor Air Quality for Cooling Condition Using ARDUINO System and PMV Index Testing the Effect of Heat Sources","authors":"Sondes Ifa, Z. Driss","doi":"10.1142/S2010132521500218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010132521500218","url":null,"abstract":"The human thermal comfort and the indoor healthy air quality in the houses and the offices have become a vital necessity, especially in the state of the development of the contagious virus as the COVID-19. In this study, the evaluation of the air distribution was investigated using a DHTT sensor connected to an ARDUINO card to benefit their simple use and their reasonable price comparing to other tools such as the infrared camera. The measurement of the temperature is made in 14 points divided on two directions: one near the sitting manikin and another in front with the cooling system. The impact of the heat sources was tested. In these conditions, the indoor temperature was examined for an empty room, a room occupied by one person and one computer, a room occupied by two persons and two computers and a lighted room. The experimental results prove that the indoor temperature increases with the multiplication of the heat sources. From a temperature equal to [Formula: see text]C, the PMV curves move away from the comfort zone and the indoor climate becomes hot.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79442854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-10DOI: 10.1142/S2010132521500206
S. Gupta, S. Pendyala
In this paper, the window air conditioner performance with commercial LPG as a replacement of HFC134a is assessed with modified capillary lengths for charge optimization. Global Warming Potential (...
{"title":"Charge Optimization in Window Air Conditioner with Commercial LPG (Hydrocarbon Blend)","authors":"S. Gupta, S. Pendyala","doi":"10.1142/S2010132521500206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010132521500206","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the window air conditioner performance with commercial LPG as a replacement of HFC134a is assessed with modified capillary lengths for charge optimization. Global Warming Potential (...","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"17 1","pages":"2150020"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83785070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-04DOI: 10.1142/S201013252150019X
G. Anand, E. Makar
Ambient conditions greatly affect the combustion turbine performance. The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Chilling (ARCTIC) system can chill the inlet air of the turbine to maintain op...
{"title":"Chilled Coil Control and Field Performance for Turbine Inlet Air Chilling","authors":"G. Anand, E. Makar","doi":"10.1142/S201013252150019X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S201013252150019X","url":null,"abstract":"Ambient conditions greatly affect the combustion turbine performance. The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle Turbine Inlet Chilling (ARCTIC) system can chill the inlet air of the turbine to maintain op...","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"519 1","pages":"2150019"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77179318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-04DOI: 10.1142/S2010132521300020
D. Coulomb
The impact of the refrigeration sector on climate change is important and growing, with four main issues: refrigerants used, energy consumption, food losses and the life cycle of materials. It is increasingly recognized at international level, but these environmental issues are complex, and most solutions are found at national and local levels. The issue of refrigerants is now well known; solutions have already been put in place, both for the stratospheric ozone layer and for climate change, even if these solutions are currently determined in a long-term perspective (mid-century). However, these timeframes may be shortened in the future. Conversely, energy issues (energy efficiency, use of renewable energies), which have so far been insufficiently addressed in most countries, have become an urgent challenge. The same applies to the implementation of cold chains in developing countries in order to reduce food losses and their carbon impact. The dramatic increase in the use of refrigeration, including air conditioning and the cold chain, makes truly sustainable development of this sector particularly important.
{"title":"Environmental Issues Related to Refrigeration Technologies","authors":"D. Coulomb","doi":"10.1142/S2010132521300020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010132521300020","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of the refrigeration sector on climate change is important and growing, with four main issues: refrigerants used, energy consumption, food losses and the life cycle of materials. It is increasingly recognized at international level, but these environmental issues are complex, and most solutions are found at national and local levels. The issue of refrigerants is now well known; solutions have already been put in place, both for the stratospheric ozone layer and for climate change, even if these solutions are currently determined in a long-term perspective (mid-century). However, these timeframes may be shortened in the future. Conversely, energy issues (energy efficiency, use of renewable energies), which have so far been insufficiently addressed in most countries, have become an urgent challenge. The same applies to the implementation of cold chains in developing countries in order to reduce food losses and their carbon impact. The dramatic increase in the use of refrigeration, including air conditioning and the cold chain, makes truly sustainable development of this sector particularly important.","PeriodicalId":13757,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Air-conditioning and Refrigeration","volume":"144 1","pages":"2130002"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83567663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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