Pub Date : 2023-01-02DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2022.2074634
D. Kracker, Revan Kumar Dhanasekaran, A. Schumacher, J. Garcke
Abstract Stricter legal requirements in crash safety lead to more complex development processes in computer-aided engineering and result in an increasing number of simulations. Both, the construction of the simulation models as well as their evaluation are costly and time-consuming. Therefore, an automated workflow is required that significantly facilitates the analysis of the results by the engineer and increases the quality of the evaluation. In this study an automated evaluation process is proposed that detects anomalous crash behaviour in a bundle of crash simulations. The individual states from the simulation are analysed separately from each other and an outlier score is calculated using a kth-nearest-neighbour approach. Subsequently, these results are averaged into one score for each simulation. With the help of different statistical methods, a threshold value is calculated, from which a simulation can be identified as an outlier. The evaluation is carried out on 5 datasets. On average, the precision and recall of the presented method are 1.0 and 0.91, respectively.
{"title":"Method for automated detection of outliers in crash simulations","authors":"D. Kracker, Revan Kumar Dhanasekaran, A. Schumacher, J. Garcke","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2022.2074634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2022.2074634","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Stricter legal requirements in crash safety lead to more complex development processes in computer-aided engineering and result in an increasing number of simulations. Both, the construction of the simulation models as well as their evaluation are costly and time-consuming. Therefore, an automated workflow is required that significantly facilitates the analysis of the results by the engineer and increases the quality of the evaluation. In this study an automated evaluation process is proposed that detects anomalous crash behaviour in a bundle of crash simulations. The individual states from the simulation are analysed separately from each other and an outlier score is calculated using a kth-nearest-neighbour approach. Subsequently, these results are averaged into one score for each simulation. With the help of different statistical methods, a threshold value is calculated, from which a simulation can be identified as an outlier. The evaluation is carried out on 5 datasets. On average, the precision and recall of the presented method are 1.0 and 0.91, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"28 1","pages":"96 - 107"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42964648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Polyisocyanateoxazodone (POZD) is a kind of elastic material with the potential to reduce the impact and explosion of different structures. POZD can form high strength and high elasticity coating on the surface of structures, thereby improving the impact resistance of structures. In order to study the impact resistance of POZD coated composite plate, numerical simulations and experiments impacted by excitation tube were conducted to study the effects of POZD coating thicknesses and coating methods on the impact resistances of the composite plate. The results show that the coating thickness and coating method have a great influence on the impact resistance of the composite plate, based on which the structure optimization design of the POZD coated composite plate is carried out. The mathematical relationships between the thickness of the POZD coating and the thickness of the substrate and the peak strain at the center point of the backside of the composite plate were obtained. Then the optimal structure of the composite plate was obtained by nonlinear programming. The errors between the simulation results and the experimental results were verified by explosion experiments to ensure the reliability of the article’s conclusions.
{"title":"Impact resistance and structural optimization of POZD coated composite plates","authors":"Xin Jia, Haohan Zeng, Q. Gao, Zhengxiang Huang, Xiaojun Bai, Yang Zhao, Hongfei Zhao","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2022.2111487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2022.2111487","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Polyisocyanateoxazodone (POZD) is a kind of elastic material with the potential to reduce the impact and explosion of different structures. POZD can form high strength and high elasticity coating on the surface of structures, thereby improving the impact resistance of structures. In order to study the impact resistance of POZD coated composite plate, numerical simulations and experiments impacted by excitation tube were conducted to study the effects of POZD coating thicknesses and coating methods on the impact resistances of the composite plate. The results show that the coating thickness and coating method have a great influence on the impact resistance of the composite plate, based on which the structure optimization design of the POZD coated composite plate is carried out. The mathematical relationships between the thickness of the POZD coating and the thickness of the substrate and the peak strain at the center point of the backside of the composite plate were obtained. Then the optimal structure of the composite plate was obtained by nonlinear programming. The errors between the simulation results and the experimental results were verified by explosion experiments to ensure the reliability of the article’s conclusions.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"28 1","pages":"601 - 615"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44297151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-08DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2022.2153403
Caner Yuksel, C. O. Azeloglu
{"title":"Development and assessment of alternative designs for side impact beam","authors":"Caner Yuksel, C. O. Azeloglu","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2022.2153403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2022.2153403","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46735467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-29DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2022.2130624
Zehao Wang, Pengpeng Jiao, Jianyu Wang, Qiong Huang, Rujian Li, H. Lu
Abstract Traffic crashes cause serious traffic delay and have some unobserved heterogeneity in different areas. Using Texas accident data in 2020, this article aims to predict the level of delay caused by crashes (LDC) accurately and efficiently and discuss the difference between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. A framework based on Random Forests (RF) and LightGBM (LGBM) is developed to measure the association between LDC and its possible risk factors. At first, the most relevant variables in different areas were recognised through recursive feature elimination based on logistic regression. Then, LDC were forecasted by classifiers after grid search hyper parameters. To resolve data imbalance, two threshold moving methods of maximisation G-mean and F1-score were used. Finally, SHapley Additive explanation was employed to interpret the best model. The results indicate that the improved RF performs better in metropolitan areas and the improved LGBM performs better in non-metropolitan areas. In addition, Highway, spring and sunrise are the main risk factors of higher LDC in the two areas. And excessive wind speed and temperature in metropolitan areas can lead to higher LDC while in non-metropolitan areas it is pressure and apparent temperature.
{"title":"The level of delay caused by crashes (LDC) in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas: a comparative analysis of improved Random Forests and LightGBM","authors":"Zehao Wang, Pengpeng Jiao, Jianyu Wang, Qiong Huang, Rujian Li, H. Lu","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2022.2130624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2022.2130624","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Traffic crashes cause serious traffic delay and have some unobserved heterogeneity in different areas. Using Texas accident data in 2020, this article aims to predict the level of delay caused by crashes (LDC) accurately and efficiently and discuss the difference between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. A framework based on Random Forests (RF) and LightGBM (LGBM) is developed to measure the association between LDC and its possible risk factors. At first, the most relevant variables in different areas were recognised through recursive feature elimination based on logistic regression. Then, LDC were forecasted by classifiers after grid search hyper parameters. To resolve data imbalance, two threshold moving methods of maximisation G-mean and F1-score were used. Finally, SHapley Additive explanation was employed to interpret the best model. The results indicate that the improved RF performs better in metropolitan areas and the improved LGBM performs better in non-metropolitan areas. In addition, Highway, spring and sunrise are the main risk factors of higher LDC in the two areas. And excessive wind speed and temperature in metropolitan areas can lead to higher LDC while in non-metropolitan areas it is pressure and apparent temperature.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41706644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-02DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2021.2008739
Akshay Sharma, S. Sharma
Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the role of multiagent technology in the aviation industry in order to ensure a high level of aviation safety. The most important criterion for modern aircraft design and service is flight safety. Various agents have been built in the paradigms of designing, manufacturing, air space management, and maintenance, etc. according to existing literature. However, no research on the overall impact of multiagent technology (MAT) on the aviation sector's efficiency has been conducted. This paper analyses the role of multiagent technology in aviation sector by applying AHP and DEMATEL approach in a hybrid way. A structural model was developed by this hybrid approach in which AHP helps in determining the relative importance of variables of MAT and DEMATEL helps in capturing the interactive relationship among variables. The proposed model can provide a useful framework for the aviation industry in deciding which factor category of MAT can be used to monitor the corresponding problem. The findings would aid aviation professionals in reducing the risks of an airplane crash by implementing MAT efficiently and provide passengers with a high level of protection. This paper draws on the research results for implementation of agent technology and suggests some empirical tactics to enhance the performance of aviation sector so that many lives can be saved due to airplane crash. Finally, at the conclusion of this article, the limitations and scope of future research are discussed.
{"title":"Analyzing the role of multiagent technology in preventing airplane crash using AHP and DEMATEL approach","authors":"Akshay Sharma, S. Sharma","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2021.2008739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2021.2008739","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the role of multiagent technology in the aviation industry in order to ensure a high level of aviation safety. The most important criterion for modern aircraft design and service is flight safety. Various agents have been built in the paradigms of designing, manufacturing, air space management, and maintenance, etc. according to existing literature. However, no research on the overall impact of multiagent technology (MAT) on the aviation sector's efficiency has been conducted. This paper analyses the role of multiagent technology in aviation sector by applying AHP and DEMATEL approach in a hybrid way. A structural model was developed by this hybrid approach in which AHP helps in determining the relative importance of variables of MAT and DEMATEL helps in capturing the interactive relationship among variables. The proposed model can provide a useful framework for the aviation industry in deciding which factor category of MAT can be used to monitor the corresponding problem. The findings would aid aviation professionals in reducing the risks of an airplane crash by implementing MAT efficiently and provide passengers with a high level of protection. This paper draws on the research results for implementation of agent technology and suggests some empirical tactics to enhance the performance of aviation sector so that many lives can be saved due to airplane crash. Finally, at the conclusion of this article, the limitations and scope of future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"27 1","pages":"1753 - 1769"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47106104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2022.2134690
J. Tondut, N. Di Césaré, S. Ronel
{"title":"Artificially smart optimization of crash cushion device sustained by experimental and numerical study of re-entrant auxetic honeycomb","authors":"J. Tondut, N. Di Césaré, S. Ronel","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2022.2134690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2022.2134690","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48304230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-26DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2022.2130611
K. Somasundaram, J. Humm, N. Yoganandan, D. Moorcroft, F. Pintar
Abstract With the increasing use of obliquely oriented airline seating configurations, the objective of the present study was to develop injury risk curves for the lower lumbar spine load cell of the FAA-H3 dummy. A new spinal criterion, termed FAA-LLtb, which is a linear combination of tensile load with forward flexion, and lateral bending moments, was developed to predict the injuries occurring to the lower lumbar spine and sacrum regions. The injury definition required for the metric was obtained from the matched PMHS tests. The loading conditions included variations in peak sled accelerations, the presence or absence of an armrest, the belt type (single and dual lap-belt systems), and seat orientation relative to impact vector (45° and 30°). The developed ATD risk curve based on the combined metric represents AIS = 3+ injury probability for the lower lumbar spinal levels. The survival analysis estimated normalized confidence interval size (NCIS) values were in fair and good categories at all levels of probability. At 5%, 25% and 50% risk levels, the combined loading metric values were 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0, respectively. The study estimated that the combination of bending moments and tensile load was a better injury criterion than any individual metric for assessing the injury to the lower lumbar spine and pelvis regions under oblique loading.
{"title":"Tension-bending risk curves for the ATD lower lumbar spine subjected to oblique impact under FAA emergency landing conditions","authors":"K. Somasundaram, J. Humm, N. Yoganandan, D. Moorcroft, F. Pintar","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2022.2130611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2022.2130611","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the increasing use of obliquely oriented airline seating configurations, the objective of the present study was to develop injury risk curves for the lower lumbar spine load cell of the FAA-H3 dummy. A new spinal criterion, termed FAA-LLtb, which is a linear combination of tensile load with forward flexion, and lateral bending moments, was developed to predict the injuries occurring to the lower lumbar spine and sacrum regions. The injury definition required for the metric was obtained from the matched PMHS tests. The loading conditions included variations in peak sled accelerations, the presence or absence of an armrest, the belt type (single and dual lap-belt systems), and seat orientation relative to impact vector (45° and 30°). The developed ATD risk curve based on the combined metric represents AIS = 3+ injury probability for the lower lumbar spinal levels. The survival analysis estimated normalized confidence interval size (NCIS) values were in fair and good categories at all levels of probability. At 5%, 25% and 50% risk levels, the combined loading metric values were 1.6, 1.8, and 2.0, respectively. The study estimated that the combination of bending moments and tensile load was a better injury criterion than any individual metric for assessing the injury to the lower lumbar spine and pelvis regions under oblique loading.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43352843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-19DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2022.2131078
J. Garcke, Sara Hahner, Rodrigo Iza-Teran
We investigate for car and component crash tests the comparison of highly resolved experimental data with corresponding simulation data. Due to recent advances for optical measurement systems, one can nowadays obtain surface measurement data from a real crash experiment with high resolution in space and time. These advances call for new data processing methods that allow an alignment of this experimental data with numerical simulation results. We propose an approach based on a data representation stemming from a discrete Laplace–Beltrami operator, which allows such an alignment as well as a joint visual comparative analysis of both data sources. The method enables the identification of the best corresponding simulation among several numerical results, which allows inferring physical quantities that cannot be measured in experiments. We evaluate the procedure on synthetic and real experimental data from two different setups.
{"title":"Alignment of highly resolved time-dependent experimental and simulated crash test data","authors":"J. Garcke, Sara Hahner, Rodrigo Iza-Teran","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2022.2131078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2022.2131078","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate for car and component crash tests the comparison of highly resolved experimental data with corresponding simulation data. Due to recent advances for optical measurement systems, one can nowadays obtain surface measurement data from a real crash experiment with high resolution in space and time. These advances call for new data processing methods that allow an alignment of this experimental data with numerical simulation results. We propose an approach based on a data representation stemming from a discrete Laplace–Beltrami operator, which allows such an alignment as well as a joint visual comparative analysis of both data sources. The method enables the identification of the best corresponding simulation among several numerical results, which allows inferring physical quantities that cannot be measured in experiments. We evaluate the procedure on synthetic and real experimental data from two different setups.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46537201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2022.2130623
Rui Liang, Na Liu, Xi Liu, Xuebang Tang, Yuanzhi Hu, C. Bastien, Xiang Liu
Abstract Vehicle collisions may result in severe injuries to child passengers. These accidents are of concern to the automotive community; hence child restraint systems are now subjected to legislative requirements. New foldable child safety seats are a new technology that has the potential for space-saving whilst protecting children from injuries. For the first time, this paper proposes to evaluate the safety of such a foldable seat, considering multiple frontal impact directions. The research created a baseline 6-year-old HybridIII child sled test computer model, built from a correlated vehicle rear seat cabin interior environment model and including its crash pulse characteristics, in which various seat safety configurations were evaluated. A total of seven scenarios were investigated, considering no booster seat, a traditional booster seat, and a foldable booster seat, combined with different impact angles, including frontal impact (0°), near and far side impacts (15° and 30°). In each scenario, the child kinematics, seatbelt to neck interaction, head acceleration, HIC15, and chest acceleration were extracted as metrics to determine the safety effectiveness of the foldable booster seat. The study concluded that the foldable booster seat reduced the risk of neck entrapment as well as better restrained the dummy in its seat. While the head acceleration, HIC15, and chest acceleration may slightly increase, injury responses caused by the foldable booster seat are still well within safe margins. This study suggests that foldable booster seats are innovative and practical and have the potential, pending more research, to protect children in frontal collisions better.
{"title":"Effectiveness analysis of a foldable booster safety seat with integrated seatbelt buckle for reducing children’s vehicle accident injury risk","authors":"Rui Liang, Na Liu, Xi Liu, Xuebang Tang, Yuanzhi Hu, C. Bastien, Xiang Liu","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2022.2130623","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2022.2130623","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Vehicle collisions may result in severe injuries to child passengers. These accidents are of concern to the automotive community; hence child restraint systems are now subjected to legislative requirements. New foldable child safety seats are a new technology that has the potential for space-saving whilst protecting children from injuries. For the first time, this paper proposes to evaluate the safety of such a foldable seat, considering multiple frontal impact directions. The research created a baseline 6-year-old HybridIII child sled test computer model, built from a correlated vehicle rear seat cabin interior environment model and including its crash pulse characteristics, in which various seat safety configurations were evaluated. A total of seven scenarios were investigated, considering no booster seat, a traditional booster seat, and a foldable booster seat, combined with different impact angles, including frontal impact (0°), near and far side impacts (15° and 30°). In each scenario, the child kinematics, seatbelt to neck interaction, head acceleration, HIC15, and chest acceleration were extracted as metrics to determine the safety effectiveness of the foldable booster seat. The study concluded that the foldable booster seat reduced the risk of neck entrapment as well as better restrained the dummy in its seat. While the head acceleration, HIC15, and chest acceleration may slightly increase, injury responses caused by the foldable booster seat are still well within safe margins. This study suggests that foldable booster seats are innovative and practical and have the potential, pending more research, to protect children in frontal collisions better.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44602493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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