International Journal of Crashworthiness最新文献

{"title":"An empirical analysis on the effects of alcohol-impairment in injury severities of motorcyclists","authors":"Mouyid Islam","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2259705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2259705","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis research study examined the factors contributing to the injury severity of alcohol-impaired motorcyclists (BAC ≥ 0.08), compared to non-alcohol-impaired motorcyclists (BAC < 0.08). This study modelled rider injury severity in single-motorcycle crashes using random parameter multinomial logit with heterogeneity in mean and variance. This approach accounts for possible unobserved heterogeneity in the data resulting from rider, roadway, motorcycle, traffic and/or environmental conditions. The model results show that rider characteristics, such as role (rider), demographics (age between 50 and 65 years), motorcycle type (cruiser), rider endorsement (endorsement required), riding behaviour (speed more than 10 mph over the speed limit), riding action (no distraction prior to crashes), no helmet usage, roadway characteristics (left curved alignment, road surface condition), temporal characteristics (Sundays), spatial characteristics (Florida Department of Transportation District 5) and crash characteristics (collision with roadside fixed object) interact in a complex way to affect riders’ injury severity. The estimated model results suggest that the likelihood of fatality was 3.1 times higher for harmful events of roadside fixed objects, 6.6 times higher for left-aligned roadway and 10.4 times higher for riders in single-motorcycle crashes involving alcohol-impairment (BAC ≥ 0.08) relative to non-alcohol impairment (BAC < 0.08). The results clearly indicate the elevated safety concerns of alcohol impairment beyond the legal limit (BAC ≥ 0.08) has on rider injury severities. Alcohol-impaired riding and its impact on risky riding behaviours needs to be prioritised and addressed through education, enforcement and engineering countermeasures.Keywords: Single-motorcycle crashesinjury severityblood alcohol content (BAC)unobserved heterogeneityalcohol impairment Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Alcohol Test Type is variable, which is coded as ‘Test Not Given’, ‘Test Refused’, and ‘Unknown, if Tested’ according to Crash Analysis Reporting (CAR) system. However, the corresponding BAC test numbers are updated after some legal procedures (medical test and priority of police cases of such nature), with full information of BAC test, in the CAR database. Since updating of BAC related parameter is time-dependent procedure in the police-reported crash database, relatively older data could be more reliable (avoiding missing or under reporting issues) to use in the study of statistical analysis.2 See detail on age group of motorcyclists in Florida in [Citation76]. The effect of motorcyclists’ age on injury severities in single-motorcycle crashes with unobserved heterogeneity. Journal of Safety Research, 77, 125–138.3 Although there are many other variables in the crash dataset, Table 1 shows only the statistically significant variables. Otherwise, the list of variables and their descriptive statistics","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135835753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inclined battery cells for mitigating damage in undercarriage collision","authors":"Powen Chen, Yong Xia, Qing Zhou","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2258645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2258645","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractUndercarriage collision is dangerous for electric vehicle as battery pack is usually integrated into the vehicle floor. If battery pack is ploughed by obstacle on road, battery cells could be damaged, increasing risk of occurrence of internal short circuit and thermal runaway. To tackle the problem, we came up with inclined layout of battery cells for reducing damage in undercarriage collision. Using numerical simulations, we show why inclined battery cells can alleviate damage in undercarriage collisions. The load cases include vehicle’s initial speeds from 20 to 100 km/h and battery pack clearance overlapped with obstacle from 10 to 30 mm. Aligned with the new cell-to-pack packaging trend, the battery pack model used in this study only includes large size battery cells and has no module-level assemblies. A homogenised model of deformable battery cell was adopted for assessing damage. The results have shown that forward inclination of battery cells can reduce scraping resistance to battery pack, and thus lower the impact energy transferred to battery cells and jellyrolls. The 20° forward inclination was found to deliver better safety performance than the other layouts. Optimal inclination angle depends on structural design of battery pack and battery cells. In general, the safety enhancement is more prominent in severer undercarriage collisions.Keywords: Electric vehicleundercarriage collisionbattery safetyinclined battery cell AcknowledgmentsThe first author would like to express sincere thanks to Dr. Bobin Xing and Mr. Yuanjie Liu for their help in building the simulation model and conducting the analysis.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant No. 52172405].","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136061123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage mechanisms and analytical model of CFRP laminate under low-velocity normal and oblique impacts","authors":"Zhongyu Li, Junyuan Zhang, Bingquan Lu, Xiaozhao Zhao, Jianfeng Wang, Na Yang","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2258626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2258626","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe present work investigates the energy absorption performance of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates subjected to low-velocity normal and oblique impacts. Experimental tests are conducted on laminates exposed to varying impact energies at both normal and oblique angles. The numerical model is developed to simulate the dynamic response of the CFRP. The research employs a combination of experimental and numerical methods to reveal the underlying damage mechanisms. The changes observed in the oblique impact response are explained through an analysis of the damage mechanisms. Analytical models for each energy absorption mechanism are proposed based on the principles of energy conservation and the theory of large bending deformation of anisotropic materials. The energy absorption performance of the laminates under oblique impacts, considering rebound and penetration conditions, is discussed. It is found that the delamination is the primary energy absorption mechanism of CFRP laminate under rebound conditions, while elastic deformation of fibres is the primary energy absorption mechanism under penetration conditions. Furthermore, the energy absorption performance of the laminate is found to be affected by the peak force and effective thickness of the plate, which change with the oblique angle. This paper makes a significant contribution by utilising experimental, numerical, and theoretical approaches to gain insights into the damage mechanisms of laminates subjected to oblique impacts.Keywords: CFRPlow-velocity impactoblique impactdamage mechanismanalytical model Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThe authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the cooperative scientific research project of ‘Chunhui Program’ of Ministry of Education (HZKY20220292), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51775228), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant No. (ZR2020ME129), and the support from the International Joint Laboratory on Digital Laboratory of Lightweight Structure for Green Vehicle at the Harbin Institute of Technology for the research collaboration (ITCA10102001). The first author would like to acknowledge the China Scholarship Council (202006170147) during his visit to the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT).","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136237253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Macro Element Method (MEM) for faster automotive crash safety design during concept stage","authors":"Peddi Sai Rama Narayana, Raghu V. Prakash, Srinivas Gunti, Kanugula Raghu","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2258649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2258649","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe non-linear nature of vehicle crash safety simulations using the Finite Element Method (FEM) usually requires a significant investment in computational time and resources, in addition to the requirement of full CAD (Computer Aided Design) data availability, which is challenging to obtain during the concept stage. The current work explores the usage of Macro Element Method (MEM) based on simplified Super Beam Element (SBE), for which the shape functions are developed based on experimental observations rather than algebraic equations. MEM crash analysis run time doesn’t exceed several seconds and is one of the underutilised analytical models which can be used to quickly explore new design directions during the early concept stage of the vehicle and has higher potential to speed up the product development process. In this paper, initially, a calibration study was done to validate the MEM at a component level to compare the results with FEM and experimental values. FEM and MEM simulation models were developed and evaluated for a metallic thin-walled square frusta with varying semi-apical angles subjected to axial compression. The results were compared, and it was found that MEM results show more than 97% correlation compared to FEM and experimental results. Subsequently, a design modification was introduced in the component and the results show close degree of correlation between MEM and FEM. Similar process was followed for full vehicle level simulations, such as full width frontal crash, side pole crash analyses to understand the robustness of the method in applying it to product development environment.Keywords: FEMmacro element method (MEM)crashworthinessmachine learningsuper folding element (SFE)super beam element (SBE) AcknowledgementsThe first author would like to thank Dr. Akella Sarma for his invaluable motivation and guidance provided during this work. The first author thanks Mr. Ameet Hangarge and Mr. Arjun for their continuous support provided during the work.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136155038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of material parameters for the Vawter-Fung lung tissue constitutive model and assessment in human body model for impact loading","authors":"Dilaver Singh, Duane S. Cronin","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2258629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2258629","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe widely used Vawter-Fung (VF) lung tissue constitutive model, originally developed to model respiration, was assessed for applicability to impact human body models (HBMs). A review of the mechanical properties of lung tissue demonstrated existing parameter sets for the VF model encompassed a wide range of stiffness relative to experimental data. Consistent experimental datasets of lung tissue for uniaxial and biaxial tension were identified, and new parameters were fit to the VF model. A thoracic pendulum impact using a contemporary HBM was used to assess existing literature parameter sets, and the new parameters. The VF model parameters presented in this study produced uniaxial and biaxial tension response with improved hyperelastic response compared to experimental data and previously reported parameters. The VF surface tension component did not contribute substantially to the lung response in impact. The proposed VF model parameters were numerically stable for impact simulations and use in HBMs.Keywords: Lung tissuemechanical propertiesmaterial parametersconstitutive modellinghuman body modelsimpact response Author contributions statementD. Singh created and performed the model simulations. All authors contributed to writing the manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136237411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the axial energy-absorbing characteristics of CFRP thin-walled tubes based on material modification","authors":"Lehui Yang, Qingchun Wang, Fuhuai Jiang","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2259706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2259706","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe specific energy absorption of thin-walled hybrid carbon fibre tubes is significantly enhanced by matrix materials. To further improve the energy absorption characteristics of CFRP, in this study, three types of CFRP thin-walled tubes were produced using various resin-modified carbon fibre prepregs, and quasi-static compression tests were carried out on the three types of tubes. By contrasting the energy absorption characteristics of three groups of tubes through experimental data, it was feasible to determine the impact of matrix modification on the energy absorption properties of CFRP tubes. The best absorption effect tube material was chosen for the relevant mechanical properties tests to obtain the material mechanical parameters, and the quasi-static compression process was simulated numerically using the explicit nonlinear finite element software LS-DYNA. The good correlation between the simulation data and the experimental results verified the reliability of the test method and the numerical model. On this basis, the effects of different ply parameters such as ply ratio, ply angle, and ply sequence on the energy absorption characteristics of the hybrid tubes were investigated by adding other modified fibre materials to the common carbon fibre material and performing finite element simulation.Keywords: Matrix resin modificationhybrid carbon fibreenergy absorption characteristicsply parameters Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136237134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the head and neck injury risk impacted by UAV: effect of impact velocity, angle, location, and mass","authors":"Rui Li, Zhigang Li, Huiqing Lan, Chunyu Bai, Yazhou Guo, Yafeng Wang, Jizhen Wang, Xiaochuan Liu, Zhen Yang","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2258639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2258639","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe number of the collision accidents between Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and people on the ground increase in recent years. It is necessary to clarify human injury characteristics brought by the impact of UAV and promote its management. This study focuses on head and neck injury risk resulted from the impact of the UAV with a relatively large mass, and the difference brought by the UAV with a small mass. First, the model of the Y3-dummy (Hybrid III 50th) is developed. Second, simulations are conducted to analyse head and neck injury characteristics from Y3’s impact under different velocities, angles, and locations. With increasing the impact velocity, HIC and Nij increase with an exponential function and a power function, respectively. When the vertical impact velocity exceeds 5 m/s, both head and neck have a high probability of injury, while for the horizontal impact, the corresponding velocity is 9 m/s. As the impact angle increases, the changes of HIC satisfy the form of the sum of two exponential functions, and Nij changes in the form of the sum of a power function and a quadratic polynomial function. When the impact angle is close to 0°, the head injury risk is relatively high, while for 58°, the neck is more likely to be injury. The injuries induced by the top of mainframe and the front of the long arm are more serious. Finally, the differences in head and neck injury characteristics under different velocities and locations for UAVs with different masses are compared.Keywords: Small UAVdroneimpacthead and neck injuryfinite element analysis Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51975041) and the Funding of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology for Civil Aircraft (Grant No. MJ-2018-F-18).","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135061254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating constitutive models of smoothed particle hydrodynamics for bird-strike simulation","authors":"Yile Zhang, Yadong Zhou","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2258650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2258650","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractIn this paper, the response of different bird constitutive models under high-speed impact was analysed by numerical methods, and the accuracy of the bird models was evaluated based on the experiments of bird impact on titanium alloy plates. Firstly, the finite element software LS-DYNA was used to build the model of bird impact on a titanium alloy plate. The impact deformation of the plate was investigated, and the numerical results were compared with the experiments. Next, the time histories of kinetic energy and impact force for different models were analysed. Finally, the deformation of the birds during the impact was compared. The results show that the hydrodynamic fluidic material model has the advantage in predicting the displacement of the plate, especially at the impact velocity of 180 m/s, and the predicted displacement results match the experiment the best. The kinetic energy of the four material models can reflect the displacement results. The kinetic energy of the hydrodynamic fluidic material model decays slowly, with the most remaining kinetic energy and the largest plate displacement; the kinetic energy of the elastic-plastic model decays fastest, with the minor remaining kinetic energy and the smallest plate displacement.Keywords: Bird-strikenumerical simulationconstitutive modelsmoothed particle hydrodynamics AcknowledgementsThe authors acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52202442).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135015720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating road conditions of crash blackspots in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a random parameters negative binomial model","authors":"Tefera Bahiru Ambo, Jian Ma, Chuanyun Fu, Eskindir Ayele Atumo","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2258648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2258648","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractCrash blackspots significantly impact and, to some extent, determines the entire road network’s safety level. Therefore, it is imperative to identify these blackspots and investigate the contributing factors. This becomes particularly crucial for low-income countries facing financial constraints in implementing road safety measures. Methodologically multiple studies utilised random parameter negative binomial models to predict vehicle crashes due to their ability to address unobserved heterogeneity in crash data, surpassing conventional models. However, the potential of this promising method in investigating factors influencing crash blackspots remains underutilised. This study aims to identify crash blackspots and investigates the roadway factors of such segments using the random parameters negative binomial modelling method. A three-year (2017–2019) crash data collected from the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, with traffic volumes and various geometric characteristics were utilised. The model estimation results demonstrate the superiority of the random parameter negative binomial model over conventional models, showcasing its ability to reveal unobserved heterogeneity associated with road condition factors in crash blackspots. The study finds that horizontal curves and access density are significant road condition-related contributors to crash blackspots, characterised as random parameters. On the other hand, fixed-parameter influence factors include average annual daily traffic, vertical gradient, vertical curve, median width, and traffic control devices. The study highlights the need to further explore horizontal curvatures and access control as potential random parameters in crash blackspot locations. The findings may assist transportation planners/agencies in prioritising road maintenance, enhancing design standards, and implementing targeted safety interventions to improve road safety effectively.Keywords: Addis Ababacrash blackspotsnegative binomial modelroad conditionrandom parameters Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis study was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 72371082, 71871189) and the China Scholarship Council.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135015585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on impact performance and optimisation of the CRH380 high-speed train traction converter cooling unit","authors":"Jing Tao, Zhewen Chong, Yongsheng Jiang, Tao Li","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2258656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2258656","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe reliability of the traction converter, a core component in the power traction system of the CRH380 EMU equipment, is heavily reliant on the performance of its cooling unit. The service life of the cooling unit is primarily impacted by its material performance. In order to investigate the material performance of the cooling unit, an impact model was established by using the finite element method. The stress distribution of the cooling unit, made of different materials, was analysed under various impact loads. The accuracy of the calculation results was verified through experiments. The research results show that stress concentration and cracks were identified in the cooling unit of the initial material when subjected to different impact loads. Consequently, an improvement scheme was proposed, which resulted in reduced deformation of the cooling unit, enhanced damage resistance, and an overall mass reduction of approximately 138 kg. These improvements can effectively increase the service life of the cooling unit. The research findings can serve as a reference for further research and optimisation of cooling unit materials.Keywords: High-speed traintraction converter cooling unitmaterial impact performanceservice lifefinite element method (FEM) Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.Additional informationFundingThe authors are grateful for the support from the Youth Funding Project of Hubei Polytechnic University (No. 21xjz03Q) and the open project of Intelligent Transportation Technology and Equipment of Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory (No. 2020XZ109).","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134970221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}