Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2023.2272306
A. Perticone, D. Barbani, N. Baldanzini
AbstractPowered Two-Wheeler riders are over-represented in crash statistics worldwide, and currently available safety solutions have not triggered a decreasing trend. A new device concept, comprised of a wearable vest with belt stripes sewn on the back and fastened to the motorcycle frame through a metal cable, was developed to save riders’ lives. The objective of this paper is the evaluation of its protective effectiveness in a set of representative crash configurations selected from the ISO 13232 database. The configurations were reproduced in a multibody environment, and each of them was characterised through the following parameters: the impact speeds, contact points, relative heading angle, and the Boolean presence of the safety device. The preliminary evaluation revealed encouraging outcomes as several body regions reported reduced injury indices. However, the benefits depended on the speed range and impact configuration. Overall, the benefits outweighed the additional risks in the selected accident database.Keywords: Restraint devicemotorcycle crashprotective equipmentinjury preventioncrash simulationpassive safety Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingNo private or public fundings were received for this research.
{"title":"Preliminary evaluation of a passive safety device concept for the protection of riders","authors":"A. Perticone, D. Barbani, N. Baldanzini","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2272306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2272306","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractPowered Two-Wheeler riders are over-represented in crash statistics worldwide, and currently available safety solutions have not triggered a decreasing trend. A new device concept, comprised of a wearable vest with belt stripes sewn on the back and fastened to the motorcycle frame through a metal cable, was developed to save riders’ lives. The objective of this paper is the evaluation of its protective effectiveness in a set of representative crash configurations selected from the ISO 13232 database. The configurations were reproduced in a multibody environment, and each of them was characterised through the following parameters: the impact speeds, contact points, relative heading angle, and the Boolean presence of the safety device. The preliminary evaluation revealed encouraging outcomes as several body regions reported reduced injury indices. However, the benefits depended on the speed range and impact configuration. Overall, the benefits outweighed the additional risks in the selected accident database.Keywords: Restraint devicemotorcycle crashprotective equipmentinjury preventioncrash simulationpassive safety Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingNo private or public fundings were received for this research.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"128 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136264055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2023.2272823
Vincent Phibbs Clarke, Cornelis Uys de Jongh
{"title":"Optimising the tether angle of a head and neck restraint","authors":"Vincent Phibbs Clarke, Cornelis Uys de Jongh","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2272823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2272823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134908850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2023.2272308
Zhu Haitao, Jialin Yang, Bingxu Duan
SUVs are taken as the research object to develop the side deformation barrier with Chinese characteristics. By extracting characteristic parameters of typical SUVs, honeycomb aluminium barrier and trolley development objectives are defined and theoretical analysis are applied to guide the selection of barrier materials. Based on the dynamic load-cell wall test of barrier trolley, the evaluation method of honeycomb aluminium calibration performance is proposed. Through car-to-car crash test, a new verification method based on the deformation of the body structure and the height distribution of the crash load force is formatted. The results show that the new moving deformation barrier’s mechanical properties meet the design specifications, the prototype is stable in deformation modes and it can characterise the appearance and stiffness characteristics of SUV.
{"title":"Performance design, development and verification of honeycomb aluminium barrier for vehicle side impact","authors":"Zhu Haitao, Jialin Yang, Bingxu Duan","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2272308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2272308","url":null,"abstract":"SUVs are taken as the research object to develop the side deformation barrier with Chinese characteristics. By extracting characteristic parameters of typical SUVs, honeycomb aluminium barrier and trolley development objectives are defined and theoretical analysis are applied to guide the selection of barrier materials. Based on the dynamic load-cell wall test of barrier trolley, the evaluation method of honeycomb aluminium calibration performance is proposed. Through car-to-car crash test, a new verification method based on the deformation of the body structure and the height distribution of the crash load force is formatted. The results show that the new moving deformation barrier’s mechanical properties meet the design specifications, the prototype is stable in deformation modes and it can characterise the appearance and stiffness characteristics of SUV.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"14 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135113252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2023.2272307
Yonghui Wang, Qiang He, Xiao Chen
AbstractIn order to improve the crashworthiness of the novel circular-vein branched nested tube (CVBNT) proposed in recent research work, the crashworthiness design is optimised in this paper. Based on numerical simulation technology, the finite element model under transverse quasi-static compression of CVBNT is first established and effectively verified. Then, the energy absorption characteristics of CVBNT and different nested tubes were compared and analysed to reveal the excellent energy absorption performance of CVBNT. Finally, the structural design and the cross-sectional thickness optimisation of CVBNT are carried out. The results show that CVBNT has better energy absorption capacity than other nested tubes. The parameters N and γ have an important influence on the crashworthiness of CVBNT, and when N = 6, γ = 0.5 is the best choice in favour of its crashworthiness. At the same time, the optimisation of cross-section thickness effectively improves the crashworthiness of CVBNT.Keywords: Nested structurecrashworthinessenergy absorptionnumerical simulationoptimization design Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research is supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51705215), The Graduate Student Scientific Research Innovation Projects in Jiangsu Province (NO. KYCX21_3444).
{"title":"Crashworthiness optimisation design of novel nested structures","authors":"Yonghui Wang, Qiang He, Xiao Chen","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2272307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2272307","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractIn order to improve the crashworthiness of the novel circular-vein branched nested tube (CVBNT) proposed in recent research work, the crashworthiness design is optimised in this paper. Based on numerical simulation technology, the finite element model under transverse quasi-static compression of CVBNT is first established and effectively verified. Then, the energy absorption characteristics of CVBNT and different nested tubes were compared and analysed to reveal the excellent energy absorption performance of CVBNT. Finally, the structural design and the cross-sectional thickness optimisation of CVBNT are carried out. The results show that CVBNT has better energy absorption capacity than other nested tubes. The parameters N and γ have an important influence on the crashworthiness of CVBNT, and when N = 6, γ = 0.5 is the best choice in favour of its crashworthiness. At the same time, the optimisation of cross-section thickness effectively improves the crashworthiness of CVBNT.Keywords: Nested structurecrashworthinessenergy absorptionnumerical simulationoptimization design Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThis research is supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51705215), The Graduate Student Scientific Research Innovation Projects in Jiangsu Province (NO. KYCX21_3444).","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"58 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135316367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2023.2272309
Libin Duan, Xiaotong Yang, Wei Xu, Zhanpeng Du, Xing Liu, Lei Shi, Dongkai Xu
{"title":"Ductile failure behaviour characterisation of HRT with GISSMO and crashworthiness optimisation design of VRB-HRT","authors":"Libin Duan, Xiaotong Yang, Wei Xu, Zhanpeng Du, Xing Liu, Lei Shi, Dongkai Xu","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2272309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2272309","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"132 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-18DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2023.2270189
Romain Guélou, Florent Eyma, Arthur Cantarel, Samuel Rivallant, Bruno Castanié
AbstractThis paper presents the results of static and dynamic crushing of sandwich tubes with carbon or glass skins and different wood cores. Wood cores were made with poplar, birch, or oak veneer. The core thicknesses of the tubes were equal even if the thicknesses of the species veneers were different for availability reasons. For a tube with a birch core and carbon skins, the Specific Energy Absorption was 50.4 J/g in quasi-static tests and 66.6 J/g in dynamic, and the energy absorbed was 5427 J in quasi-static and 7025 J in dynamic. The birch layers were shown to make a very significant contribution although they were 40 times less expensive than carbon layers. Results from the research work described here show that these materials are appropriate candidates for energy absorption at low carbon emission and with renewable materials.Keywords: Sandwich structurescrushingenergy absorptionpoplaroakbirch AcknowledgementsThe authors thank the French Government for its financial support (MESRI) and the Garnica company for providing I214 veneers for this study.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
{"title":"Static and dynamic crushing of sandwich tubes with composite skins and three plywood cores (poplar, birch, and oak)","authors":"Romain Guélou, Florent Eyma, Arthur Cantarel, Samuel Rivallant, Bruno Castanié","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2270189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2270189","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThis paper presents the results of static and dynamic crushing of sandwich tubes with carbon or glass skins and different wood cores. Wood cores were made with poplar, birch, or oak veneer. The core thicknesses of the tubes were equal even if the thicknesses of the species veneers were different for availability reasons. For a tube with a birch core and carbon skins, the Specific Energy Absorption was 50.4 J/g in quasi-static tests and 66.6 J/g in dynamic, and the energy absorbed was 5427 J in quasi-static and 7025 J in dynamic. The birch layers were shown to make a very significant contribution although they were 40 times less expensive than carbon layers. Results from the research work described here show that these materials are appropriate candidates for energy absorption at low carbon emission and with renewable materials.Keywords: Sandwich structurescrushingenergy absorptionpoplaroakbirch AcknowledgementsThe authors thank the French Government for its financial support (MESRI) and the Garnica company for providing I214 veneers for this study.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135889764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2023.2270190
Derya Azık, Türker Özkan
AbstractUnderstanding the common actions of risky drivers could be critical to developing effective countermeasures and improving public health. Pre-trip and on-trip choices might be critical parts behind young male drivers’ aberrant behaviours, which are the main causative driver actions. This study aims to investigate young male drivers’ choices and aberrant driving behaviours. 138 young male (age range 21–30), active drivers participated and completed the Adaptation of Advanced Decisions and Patterns of Travel Scale and the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire. The results indicate that tactical decisions are negatively related to aberrant driving behaviour. Younger drivers who make tactical decisions report fewer errors, lapses, and violations compared to others. The same analyses were conducted for strategic choices, and it is found that strategic choices are generally positively related to aberrant driving behaviours (young drivers with strategic choices report more errors and lapses). Interestingly, while tactical and strategic decisions and practices have mostly been studied for older drivers, the safety benefits of these types of decisions (primarily at the tactical level) may be higher for the younger driver population. Thus, the role of different types of driving decisions and possible disadvantages should be considered before encouraging drivers to adopt these types of strategies.Keywords: Younger driverstactical choicesstrategical choicesaberrant driver behaviours Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
{"title":"Driving choices and behaviours of young male drivers at strategic and tactical levels","authors":"Derya Azık, Türker Özkan","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2270190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2270190","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractUnderstanding the common actions of risky drivers could be critical to developing effective countermeasures and improving public health. Pre-trip and on-trip choices might be critical parts behind young male drivers’ aberrant behaviours, which are the main causative driver actions. This study aims to investigate young male drivers’ choices and aberrant driving behaviours. 138 young male (age range 21–30), active drivers participated and completed the Adaptation of Advanced Decisions and Patterns of Travel Scale and the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire. The results indicate that tactical decisions are negatively related to aberrant driving behaviour. Younger drivers who make tactical decisions report fewer errors, lapses, and violations compared to others. The same analyses were conducted for strategic choices, and it is found that strategic choices are generally positively related to aberrant driving behaviours (young drivers with strategic choices report more errors and lapses). Interestingly, while tactical and strategic decisions and practices have mostly been studied for older drivers, the safety benefits of these types of decisions (primarily at the tactical level) may be higher for the younger driver population. Thus, the role of different types of driving decisions and possible disadvantages should be considered before encouraging drivers to adopt these types of strategies.Keywords: Younger driverstactical choicesstrategical choicesaberrant driver behaviours Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136142501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2023.2258638
Abdelghani Khennab, Abdennour Benhizia
AbstractThe deformation characteristics and mechanical behaviour of 3D-printed stochastic open-cell foam structures were experimentally studied under a quasi-static compression test. PLA foam specimens with irregular cell geometry, variable strut sections and prescribed relative density are constructed numerically using the Voronoi diagrams and prepared with fused deposition modelling. The design procedure allows controlling the strut topology easily, which makes the geometrical model suitable for studying the effect of local morphological characteristics on the mechanical performance of open-cell foam material. The effect of different morphological characteristics on the compressive mechanical behaviour of the fabricated PLA foam was examined in detail. Compression experiments prove that the mechanical properties are significantly dependent on the relative density and strut section shape. The main mechanical properties of the 3D-printed PLA foams for different cross-sectional shapes of struts were obtained via the energy-efficient method and expressed with the two common formulas existing in the literature.Keywords: Open-cell foamstochastic3D printingnon-uniform cross-sectionstrut shape effect Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
{"title":"Design and evaluation of compressive properties of 3D-printed PLA stochastic open-cell foam","authors":"Abdelghani Khennab, Abdennour Benhizia","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2258638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2258638","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe deformation characteristics and mechanical behaviour of 3D-printed stochastic open-cell foam structures were experimentally studied under a quasi-static compression test. PLA foam specimens with irregular cell geometry, variable strut sections and prescribed relative density are constructed numerically using the Voronoi diagrams and prepared with fused deposition modelling. The design procedure allows controlling the strut topology easily, which makes the geometrical model suitable for studying the effect of local morphological characteristics on the mechanical performance of open-cell foam material. The effect of different morphological characteristics on the compressive mechanical behaviour of the fabricated PLA foam was examined in detail. Compression experiments prove that the mechanical properties are significantly dependent on the relative density and strut section shape. The main mechanical properties of the 3D-printed PLA foams for different cross-sectional shapes of struts were obtained via the energy-efficient method and expressed with the two common formulas existing in the literature.Keywords: Open-cell foamstochastic3D printingnon-uniform cross-sectionstrut shape effect Disclosure statementThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135095215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-08DOI: 10.1080/13588265.2023.2267714
Saiaf Bin Rayhan, Xue Pu
AbstractWith the aid of modern computing systems and commercial finite element (FE) codes, the expensive and non-repeatable experimental crashworthiness testing of complex fuselage sections can be simulated accurately. However, some key problems associated with the virtual drop tests have yet to be resolved. One such example is the vertical impact test of the fuselage section with an onboard auxiliary fuel tank, which contains a large amount of fuel inside the fuel tank, where an inevitable fluid-structure interaction (FSI) takes place during crashworthiness. Despite this fact, to date, the researchers have adopted mass distribution techniques where fuel modelling is excluded to avoid the FSI and the total mass of the fuel is distributed over the fuel tank surfaces. Therefore, in this present study, an effort is made to evaluate the importance of FSI over mass distribution techniques to model the fuel adopting the FE code Ansys Explicit. Investigated crash outcomes of the fuselage section based on plastic energy dissipation, plastic deformation, and seat track acceleration responses suggest that in the case of mass distribution techniques, the tank body behaves as rigid, which eventually limits the fuel tank from absorbing much less plastic energy compared to FSI. This also leads to a different failure mechanism for the ribs, which are mainly crashing for mass distribution techniques, while plastic hinge failure occurs for FSI. Finally, after a detailed comparison and discussion, it is concluded that the FSI method is more suitable to represent fuel inside an auxiliary fuel tank.Keywords: Fuel modellingFSI methodaircraft crashworthinessvertical drop test AcknowledgmentThis research did not receive any external funding. The authors are grateful to the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) for funding Ph.D. education. In addition, the authors are also grateful to the anonymous reviewer whose critical observations helped to improve the overall quality of the manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
{"title":"Aircraft crashworthiness: modelling of fuel inside a conformable tank","authors":"Saiaf Bin Rayhan, Xue Pu","doi":"10.1080/13588265.2023.2267714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13588265.2023.2267714","url":null,"abstract":"AbstractWith the aid of modern computing systems and commercial finite element (FE) codes, the expensive and non-repeatable experimental crashworthiness testing of complex fuselage sections can be simulated accurately. However, some key problems associated with the virtual drop tests have yet to be resolved. One such example is the vertical impact test of the fuselage section with an onboard auxiliary fuel tank, which contains a large amount of fuel inside the fuel tank, where an inevitable fluid-structure interaction (FSI) takes place during crashworthiness. Despite this fact, to date, the researchers have adopted mass distribution techniques where fuel modelling is excluded to avoid the FSI and the total mass of the fuel is distributed over the fuel tank surfaces. Therefore, in this present study, an effort is made to evaluate the importance of FSI over mass distribution techniques to model the fuel adopting the FE code Ansys Explicit. Investigated crash outcomes of the fuselage section based on plastic energy dissipation, plastic deformation, and seat track acceleration responses suggest that in the case of mass distribution techniques, the tank body behaves as rigid, which eventually limits the fuel tank from absorbing much less plastic energy compared to FSI. This also leads to a different failure mechanism for the ribs, which are mainly crashing for mass distribution techniques, while plastic hinge failure occurs for FSI. Finally, after a detailed comparison and discussion, it is concluded that the FSI method is more suitable to represent fuel inside an auxiliary fuel tank.Keywords: Fuel modellingFSI methodaircraft crashworthinessvertical drop test AcknowledgmentThis research did not receive any external funding. The authors are grateful to the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) for funding Ph.D. education. In addition, the authors are also grateful to the anonymous reviewer whose critical observations helped to improve the overall quality of the manuscript.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.","PeriodicalId":13784,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Crashworthiness","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135197635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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