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Experimental and Numerical Indentation Tests to Study the Crack Growth Properties Caused by Various Indenters Under High Temperature 通过实验和数值压痕试验研究高温下各种压痕引起的裂纹生长特性
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3885
Vahab Sarfarazi, Hadi Haeri, Jinwei Fu, Amir Namdarmanesh, Gholamreza Saeedi, Naser Golsanami
This paper investigates the influence of indenter shape and rock texture on the crack growth properties and rock hardness. For this purpose, two different rock specimens such as basalt and marble with various textures were prepared and tested by Vickers indentation hardness device with rhombus indenter shape under two different temperatures of 35°C and 100°C. Concurrent with the experimental test, Vickers indentation simulations have been done on three calibrated rock models with nine different indenter shapes. The tensile strength of marble was 8 MPa, while basalt had a tensile strength of 10.8 MPa. Regarding compressive strength, marble exhibited 71 MPa, whereas basalt had a compressive strength of 153 MPa. Marble and basalt had elastic moduli of 45 and 95 GPa, respectively. The physical loading was applied vertically at a rate of 0.004 mm/min. The rock's texture and temperature significantly impact Vickers indentation hardness. Penetration by the Vickers indenter creates an elastic‐plastic stress field, leading to radial cracks due to exceeding the critical stress level. Ring cracks are caused by bulging of the test material and nested cracks directly under the indentation due to high shear and bending stresses in the region. The indentation shape affected the extent of the damage zone below it, leading to increased crack growth with smaller indentation diameters. The radial fracture number increased when the cross‐section changed from circular to quadrilateral shape. The crack growth and damage zone area increased with higher rock temperature due to increased rock brittleness.
本文研究了压头形状和岩石质地对裂纹生长特性和岩石硬度的影响。为此,我们制备了两种不同质地的岩石试样,如玄武岩和大理石,并在 35°C 和 100°C 两种不同温度下使用菱形压头的维氏硬度仪进行测试。在进行实验测试的同时,还对三种校准过的岩石模型进行了维氏压痕模拟,模拟了九种不同的压头形状。大理石的抗拉强度为 8 兆帕,而玄武岩的抗拉强度为 10.8 兆帕。在抗压强度方面,大理石的抗压强度为 71 兆帕,而玄武岩的抗压强度为 153 兆帕。大理石和玄武岩的弹性模量分别为 45 和 95 GPa。物理加载以 0.004 毫米/分钟的速度垂直施加。岩石的质地和温度对维氏硬度的影响很大。维氏压头的穿透会产生弹塑性应力场,超过临界应力水平会导致径向裂纹。环状裂纹是由测试材料的隆起和压痕正下方的嵌套裂纹引起的,原因是该区域的剪切应力和弯曲应力较大。压痕形状会影响其下方破坏区的范围,导致压痕直径越小,裂纹增长越快。当横截面从圆形变为四边形时,径向断裂数增加。由于岩石脆性增加,随着岩石温度升高,裂纹增长和破坏区面积也随之增加。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical Model for Heat Transfer Around Energy Piles in Layered Soil With Interfacial Thermal Resistance by Integral Transform Method 用积分变换法分析具有界面热阻的层状土壤中能量桩周围的传热模型
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3883
Xiangyun Zhou, Qingkai Zhang, De'an Sun, You Gao, Minjie Wen, Yunzhi Tan
Energy piles are commonly deployed in vertically layered geological conditions due to the geological structure and pile foundation backfill. The imperfect contact between adjacent soil layers results in resistance to heat transfer at the interface, known as the interfacial thermal resistance effect. In this paper, the energy pile was simplified as a finite‐length solid cylindrical heat source, and an analytical model was established for layered heat transfer of energy piles considering the interfacial thermal resistance effect. The Laplace‐domain solutions to the temperatures in the layered ground were derived by using the finite Hankel and Laplace transforms. The Crump method was subsequently employed to numerically invert Laplace‐domain solutions to the time‐domain solutions. The proposed model was validated by comparing with an analytical solution of a homogeneous model and COMSOL numerical solution. These solutions were used to analyze the temperature response around energy piles considering interfacial thermal resistance. Finally, a parametric study was performed to explore the effects of interfacial thermal resistance and other thermal properties of the soil layer on the layered heat transfer of energy piles.
由于地质结构和桩基回填的原因,能量桩通常部署在垂直分层的地质条件下。相邻土层之间的不完全接触会导致界面处的传热阻力,即界面热阻效应。本文将能源桩简化为有限长度的实心圆柱热源,并建立了考虑界面热阻效应的能源桩分层传热分析模型。通过有限汉克尔变换和拉普拉斯变换,得出了分层地面温度的拉普拉斯域解。随后采用 Crump 方法将拉普拉斯域解数值反演为时域解。通过与均质模型的分析解法和 COMSOL 数值解法进行比较,对所提出的模型进行了验证。考虑到界面热阻,这些解法被用于分析能量桩周围的温度响应。最后,进行了参数研究,以探讨界面热阻和土层的其他热特性对能源桩分层传热的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Lateral Response Analysis of a Large‐Diameter Pile Under Combined Horizontal Dynamic and Axial Static Loads in Nonhomogeneous Soil 非均质土中水平动荷载和轴向静荷载联合作用下的大直径桩侧向响应分析
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3884
Jie Jiang, Yonglin Ai, Lijun Chen, Wencheng Chai, Mingxi Chen, Xiaoduo Ou
The large diameter piles are widely used in structures such as offshore wind turbines due to their superior lateral load‐bearing capacity. To explore the lateral response of a large‐diameter pile under combined horizontal dynamic and axial static loads in nonhomogeneous soil, a simplified analytical model of the pile–soil interaction is developed. This model represents the pile as a Timoshenko beam resting on the Pasternak foundation, incorporating the double‐shear effect by considering both pile and soil shear. The governing matrix equations for the pile elements are derived from the principle of virtual work. Further, the pile's lateral deformations and internal forces are obtained using the modified finite beam element method (FBEM) and then validated through existing analytical solutions. Finally, the contribution of various properties of pile, soil, and applied load to the pile's lateral vibration response are performed. It is found that both pile and soil shear effects significantly impact the lateral dynamic response of a large‐diameter pile. Additionally, in nonhomogeneous soil, decreasing surface soil strength and dimensionless frequency lead to increased lateral displacements and bending moments of the pile, which are significantly affected by the P‐Δ effect under increasing axial load.
大直径桩因其卓越的横向承载能力而被广泛应用于海上风力涡轮机等结构中。为了探索大直径桩在非均质土壤中水平动荷载和轴向静荷载共同作用下的横向响应,我们建立了一个简化的桩土相互作用分析模型。该模型将桩表示为静止在帕斯捷尔纳克地基上的蒂莫申科梁,同时考虑了桩和土的双重剪切效应。根据虚功原理推导出桩元素的支配矩阵方程。此外,还使用改进的有限梁元法(FBEM)获得了桩的侧向变形和内力,并通过现有的分析方法进行了验证。最后,研究了桩、土和外加荷载的各种特性对桩侧向振动响应的影响。研究发现,桩和土的剪切效应都会对大直径桩的横向动态响应产生重大影响。此外,在非均质土中,表面土强度和无量纲频率的降低会导致桩的侧向位移和弯矩增加,而在轴向荷载增加的情况下,桩的侧向位移和弯矩会受到 P-Δ 效应的显著影响。
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引用次数: 0
Nonsingular Indirect Boundary Element Method and Multistrategy Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Applied to 3D Subsurface Cavity Inversion 非星形间接边界元法和多策略粒子群优化算法应用于三维地下空腔反演
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3879
Zhongxian Liu, Shuo Zhu, Alexander H. D. Cheng, Zhenen Huang
The inversion of subsurface geological structures is a crucial approach for gaining insights into the internal composition of the earth. In this paper, we propose a novel inversion method combining the nonsingular indirect boundary element method (IBEM) with the multistrategy particle swarm optimization (MSPSO) algorithm, tailored for accurately inverting 3D subsurface cavities. Leveraging the semi‐analytical nature of IBEM offers advantages such as dimensionality reduction, automatic fulfillment of radiation conditions at infinity, and high computational accuracy. Furthermore, to augment global optimization and local search capabilities, an MSPSO algorithm is introduced. Employing multiple optimization strategies enhances particle diversity, accelerates algorithm convergence, and mitigates the risk of local optima. Through the consideration of subsurface cavities with varying parameters, this method quickly identifies the approximate location of the cavity within a wide search range. The final results demonstrate that the proposed method can simultaneously and accurately invert the 3D spatial position, size, and orientation of the cavity.
地下地质结构反演是深入了解地球内部组成的重要方法。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的反演方法,将非成组间接边界元法(IBEM)与多策略粒子群优化算法(MSPSO)相结合,专门用于精确反演三维地下空洞。利用 IBEM 的半解析性质,可实现降维、自动满足无穷远辐射条件和高计算精度等优势。此外,为了增强全局优化和局部搜索能力,还引入了 MSPSO 算法。采用多种优化策略可增强粒子多样性,加速算法收敛,并降低局部最优的风险。通过考虑具有不同参数的地下空洞,该方法可在较大的搜索范围内快速确定空洞的大致位置。最终结果表明,所提出的方法可以同时准确地反演空洞的三维空间位置、大小和方向。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling the Swelling Behavior of Clayey Geomaterials Across Scales: Advances and Challenges 粘土质土工材料跨尺度膨胀行为建模:进展与挑战
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3881
Hamza Mhamdi Alaoui, Chaofa Zhao, Wenbo Niu, Pierre‐Yves Hicher
Most soils and rocks contain varying fractions of clay minerals within their solid matrix. These geomaterials can exhibit a significant swelling potential toward chemo‐thermo‐hydromechanical loadings. Several multiscale modeling techniques have been developed to ascertain their swelling behavior across various scales, with molecular dynamics (MD), micromechanics‐based approaches, and double‐porosity models being the most common. MD simulation is a computational technique that applies Newton's second law of motion to depict the movement of particles within a granular system. Micromechanics‐based approaches upscale the poro‐elasticity law from the clay layer level to the sample scale through homogenization. Dual‐porosity models are generally based on elasto‐plasticity, incorporating different hydro‐mechanical laws at two distinct scales. These models have been extensively used, particularly for clayey soils and bentonites, though their application to clayey rocks has not been reported in the literature. Although their significant contribution to the understanding of clay swelling behavior, these techniques have been insufficiently reviewed, compared, and discussed mutually in the literature. This paper aims to provide a cross‐look on these multiscale approaches by presenting the theoretical background of existing formulations, highlighting breakthrough results, discussing major differences and current challenges, and proposing future perspectives.
大多数土壤和岩石的固体基质中都含有不同比例的粘土矿物。这些土工材料在面对化学热液力学载荷时会表现出明显的膨胀潜力。目前已开发出几种多尺度建模技术来确定它们在不同尺度上的膨胀行为,其中最常见的是分子动力学(MD)、基于微观力学的方法和双孔隙模型。分子动力学模拟是一种计算技术,它应用牛顿第二运动定律来描述颗粒系统中颗粒的运动。基于微观力学的方法通过均质化将孔弹性定律从粘土层放大到样品尺度。双孔隙模型一般以弹塑性为基础,在两个不同尺度上采用不同的水力学定律。这些模型已被广泛应用,特别是在粘性土壤和膨润土中,但在粘性岩石中的应用还未见文献报道。尽管这些技术对理解粘土膨胀行为做出了重大贡献,但文献中对它们的回顾、比较和相互讨论还不够充分。本文旨在通过介绍现有配方的理论背景、强调突破性成果、讨论主要差异和当前挑战以及提出未来展望,对这些多尺度方法进行交叉研究。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling Brittle Failure in Rock Slopes Using Semi‐Lagrangian Nonlocal General Particle Dynamics 利用半拉格朗日非局部一般粒子动力学模拟岩石斜坡的脆性破坏
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3882
Peng Yin, Xiao‐Ping Zhou, Jinhu Pan
The nonlocal general particle dynamics (NGPD) has been successfully developed to model crack propagation and large deformation problems. In this paper, the semi‐Lagrangian nonlocal general particle dynamics (SL‐NGPD) is proposed to solve brittle failure in rock slopes. In SL‐NGPD, the interaction between particles due to deformation is calculated in the initial configuration, while the friction contact interaction from discontinuities is calculated in the current configuration. The Van der Waals force model is utilized for friction contact. The bond‐level energy‐based failure criterion is developed to predict tensile/compressive‐shear mix‐mode cracks. The artificial viscosity and damage correction are used to enhance the numerical stability and accuracy when modeling brittle failure. The SL‐NGPD paradigm is numerically implemented through adaptive dynamic relaxation and predictor–corrector schemes for stable numerical solutions. The stability and accuracy of SL‐NGPD are verified by simulating compression tests. Thereafter, the crack coalescence patterns of double‐flaw specimens are investigated to understand the triggering failure mechanism of jointed rock slopes. Finally, the progressive failure process of the rock slope with step‐path joints is simulated to demonstrate its validity and robustness in modeling brittle failure in rockslides. The numerical results illustrate that the proposed SL‐NGPD is promising and performant for analyzing brittle failure problems in geotechnical engineering.
非局部一般粒子动力学(NGPD)已成功用于模拟裂缝扩展和大变形问题。本文提出了半拉格朗日非局部一般粒子动力学(SL-NGPD)来解决岩石斜坡的脆性破坏问题。在 SL-NGPD 中,粒子间因变形产生的相互作用在初始构型中计算,而不连续面产生的摩擦接触相互作用在当前构型中计算。摩擦接触采用范德华力模型。开发了基于键级能量的失效准则,用于预测拉伸/压缩-剪切混合模式裂缝。在建立脆性破坏模型时,使用人工粘度和损伤修正来提高数值稳定性和准确性。SL-NGPD 范式通过自适应动态松弛和预测器-校正器方案在数值上实现了稳定的数值解。通过模拟压缩试验验证了 SL-NGPD 的稳定性和准确性。随后,研究了双瓣试样的裂缝凝聚模式,以了解节理岩坡的触发破坏机制。最后,模拟了具有阶梯路径节理的岩石斜坡的渐进破坏过程,以证明其在模拟岩石滑坡脆性破坏中的有效性和稳健性。数值结果表明,所提出的 SL-NGPD 在分析岩土工程中的脆性破坏问题方面具有良好的前景和性能。
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引用次数: 0
Coupling Geomechanical and Gravity Flow Models to Obtain More Representative Flow Simulations and Air‐Gap Risk Identification in Caving Mining 耦合地质力学和重力流模型,获得更具代表性的洞穴采矿流动模拟和气隙风险识别
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3880
Raúl Castro, Diego Oyarzo, René Gómez, Kimie Suzuki, Miguel Cifuentes
The extraction and propagation of caving are complex phenomena involving the breaking of the rock mass, the formation of a column of broken material, and the extraction from the column base. Geomechanical modeling in cave mining commonly uses approaches to model the rock mass as a continuous material, while discontinuous modeling is frequently used for the column of broken material. However, it remains complex to include all mechanisms in a single model. Therefore, to achieve a better representation of ore breakage and extraction in caving mining, this work couples FLAC3D, a continuous finite volume tool, with FlowSim, a discrete tool based on cellular automata, to determine the air gap volume. The methodology first defines the height of caving propagation and the cave back with a tool that models solid rock mass in a continuous manner, which are used to constrain the cellular automata tool that simulates the flow of broken material. The results show that unidirectional FLAC3D‐FlowSim coupling reproduces the generation of cave backs and air gaps in the propagation of caving, rendering the methodology valuable for preliminary estimation of air volumes over fragmented material and the generation of supportive data to control the caving process.
洞穴的开采和传播是一种复杂的现象,涉及岩体的破碎、破碎物质柱的形成以及从柱基的开采。洞穴开采中的地质力学建模通常采用将岩体作为连续材料建模的方法,而破碎材料柱则经常采用不连续建模的方法。然而,将所有机理都纳入一个模型仍然很复杂。因此,为了更好地表示崩落采矿中的矿石破碎和提取,本研究将连续有限体积工具 FLAC3D 与基于蜂窝自动机的离散工具 FlowSim 结合起来,以确定气隙体积。该方法首先用连续的固体岩体建模工具定义了崩落传播的高度和回洞,并以此来约束模拟破碎材料流动的蜂窝自动机工具。结果表明,FLAC3D-FlowSim 的单向耦合再现了洞穴传播过程中洞穴后退和气隙的产生,使该方法在初步估算破碎材料上的气量和生成控制洞穴过程的辅助数据方面具有重要价值。
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引用次数: 0
Simulation of Autogenous Self‐Healing in Lime‐Based Mortars 石灰基砂浆的自生自愈模拟
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3870
Cristina De Nardi, Sina Sayadi, Iulia Mihai, Anthony Jefferson
Throughout history, architectural heritage has been constructed using masonry, clay or stone elements, and lime‐based mortars. Over time, old buildings are subjected to different degrees of movement and degradation, leading to the formation of microcracks. Water dissolves and transports lime in mortar, but when the water evaporates, the lime is deposited and heals cracks in a process known as autogenous healing. Lime‐based mortars can regain some mechanical properties due to their healing capacity, given certain conditions. In the present work, a constitutive formulation has been developed to simulate cracking and healing in lime‐based mortars. The proposed model captures the residual displacements within cracks, associated with interacting crack surface asperities, as well as the healing effect on mechanical properties. A new approach is described which expresses these mechanisms mathematically within a micromechanical formulation. The proposed model was validated by comparing the outputs with experimental data. The results show that the new continuum micromechanical damage‐healing model could capture the damage‐healing cycle with good accuracy.
纵观历史,建筑遗产都是用砖石、粘土或石材以及石灰砂浆建造而成的。随着时间的推移,古建筑会受到不同程度的移动和退化,从而形成微裂缝。水会溶解并带走灰浆中的石灰,但当水蒸发后,石灰会沉积并愈合裂缝,这一过程被称为自生愈合。在一定条件下,石灰基砂浆可因其愈合能力而恢复某些机械性能。在本研究中,我们开发了一种构成公式来模拟石灰基砂浆的开裂和愈合。所提出的模型捕捉到了裂缝内的残余位移、与相互作用的裂缝表面粗糙度相关的位移以及对机械性能的愈合效应。该模型采用了一种新方法,在微观力学公式中对这些机制进行了数学表达。通过将输出结果与实验数据进行比较,对所提出的模型进行了验证。结果表明,新的连续微机械损伤愈合模型能够准确捕捉损伤愈合周期。
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引用次数: 0
Using H‐Convergence to Calculate the Numerical Errors for 1D Unsaturated Seepage Under Steady‐State Conditions 利用 H 融合计算稳态条件下一维非饱和渗流的数值误差
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3876
Robert P. Chapuis, Coline Taveau, François Duhaime, Simon Weber, Vahid Marefat, Lu Zhang, Daniela Blessent, Najib Bouaanani, Dominique Pelletier
Unsaturated zones are important for geotechnical design, geochemical reactions, and microbial reactions. The numerical analysis of unsaturated seepage is complex because it involves highly nonlinear partial differential equations. The permeability can vary by orders of magnitude over short vertical distances. This article defines and uses H‐convergence tests to quantify numerical errors made by uniform meshes with element size (ES) for 1D steady‐state conditions. The quantitative H‐convergence should not be confused with a qualitative mesh sensitivity study. The difference between numerical and mathematical convergences is stated. A detailed affordable method for an H‐convergence test is presented. The true but unknown solution is defined as the asymptote of the numerical solutions for all solution components when ES decreases to zero. The numerical errors versus ES are then assessed with respect to the true solution, and using a log–log plot, which indicates whether a code is correct or incorrect. If a code is correct, its results follow the rules of mathematical convergence in a mathematical convergence domain (MCD) which is smaller than the numerical convergence domain (NCD). If a code is incorrect, it has an NCD but no MCD. Incorrect algorithms of incorrect codes need to be modified and repaired. Existing codes are shown to converge numerically within large NCDs but generate large errors, up to 500%, in the NCDs, a dangerous situation for designers.
非饱和区对岩土工程设计、地球化学反应和微生物反应都很重要。非饱和渗流的数值分析非常复杂,因为它涉及高度非线性的偏微分方程。在很短的垂直距离内,渗透率可能会有数量级的变化。本文定义并使用 H- 收敛测试来量化一维稳态条件下元素尺寸(ES)均匀网格的数值误差。定量 H 趋同不应与定性网格敏感性研究相混淆。说明了数值收敛与数学收敛之间的区别。介绍了 H 收敛测试的详细实惠方法。真实但未知的解被定义为 ES 降为零时所有解成分的数值解的渐近线。然后,相对于真实解,使用对数-对数图评估数值误差与 ES 的关系,从而显示代码的正确与否。如果代码正确,则其结果遵循数学收敛域(MCD)中的数学收敛规则,该收敛域小于数值收敛域(NCD)。如果代码不正确,则有 NCD 而无 MCD。不正确代码的不正确算法需要修改和修复。现有的代码在较大的 NCD 范围内可以数值收敛,但在 NCD 范围内会产生较大的误差,误差率最高可达 500%,这对设计人员来说是一个危险的情况。
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引用次数: 0
Complex High‐Cyclic Loading in an Accumulation Model for Sand 砂堆积模型中的复杂高循环负荷
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3871
Patrick Staubach, Lukas Knittel, Torsten Wichtmann
Experimental evidence indicates that multidimensional cyclic loading of soils causes larger accumulation of deformations than equivalent one‐dimensional loading. The response of sand to high‐cyclic loading with 10,000 cycles and up to four‐dimensional stress paths (i.e., four independent oscillating components) is examined in 120 triaxial and hollow cylinder tests in this work to extend these findings. With increasing number of oscillating stress components, the accumulation of permanent strains tends to increase. It is demonstrated that the definition of the multidimensional strain amplitude incorporated in the high‐cycle accumulation (HCA) model can account for this. The validation of the HCA model for complex cyclic loading is complemented by the simulation of model tests on monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines subjected to multidirectional cyclic loading, for which the consideration of spatially variable cyclic loading with nonconstant load amplitudes in the HCA model is discussed. For this purpose, an extension of the HCA model considering multiple strain amplitudes is presented.
实验证据表明,与等效的一维加载相比,土壤的多维循环加载会导致更大的变形累积。本研究在 120 次三轴和空心圆柱体试验中研究了砂土对 10,000 次循环和多达四维应力路径(即四个独立振荡分量)的高循环加载的响应,以扩展这些研究结果。随着振荡应力分量数量的增加,永久应变的累积也呈上升趋势。研究表明,高循环累积(HCA)模型中包含的多维应变振幅定义可以解释这一点。通过对承受多向循环荷载的海上风力涡轮机单桩基础的模型试验进行模拟,对复杂循环荷载的 HCA 模型进行了验证,并讨论了在 HCA 模型中考虑非恒定荷载振幅的空间可变循环荷载的问题。为此,介绍了考虑多应变振幅的 HCA 模型扩展。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics
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