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Complex High‐Cyclic Loading in an Accumulation Model for Sand 砂堆积模型中的复杂高循环负荷
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3871
Patrick Staubach, Lukas Knittel, Torsten Wichtmann
Experimental evidence indicates that multidimensional cyclic loading of soils causes larger accumulation of deformations than equivalent one‐dimensional loading. The response of sand to high‐cyclic loading with 10,000 cycles and up to four‐dimensional stress paths (i.e., four independent oscillating components) is examined in 120 triaxial and hollow cylinder tests in this work to extend these findings. With increasing number of oscillating stress components, the accumulation of permanent strains tends to increase. It is demonstrated that the definition of the multidimensional strain amplitude incorporated in the high‐cycle accumulation (HCA) model can account for this. The validation of the HCA model for complex cyclic loading is complemented by the simulation of model tests on monopile foundations of offshore wind turbines subjected to multidirectional cyclic loading, for which the consideration of spatially variable cyclic loading with nonconstant load amplitudes in the HCA model is discussed. For this purpose, an extension of the HCA model considering multiple strain amplitudes is presented.
实验证据表明,与等效的一维加载相比,土壤的多维循环加载会导致更大的变形累积。本研究在 120 次三轴和空心圆柱体试验中研究了砂土对 10,000 次循环和多达四维应力路径(即四个独立振荡分量)的高循环加载的响应,以扩展这些研究结果。随着振荡应力分量数量的增加,永久应变的累积也呈上升趋势。研究表明,高循环累积(HCA)模型中包含的多维应变振幅定义可以解释这一点。通过对承受多向循环荷载的海上风力涡轮机单桩基础的模型试验进行模拟,对复杂循环荷载的 HCA 模型进行了验证,并讨论了在 HCA 模型中考虑非恒定荷载振幅的空间可变循环荷载的问题。为此,介绍了考虑多应变振幅的 HCA 模型扩展。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical Solutions for Axisymmetric Diffusion of Organic Pollutants in a Circular‐Shaped Cutoff Wall System 有机污染物在环形截壁系统中轴对称扩散的分析解决方案
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3875
Wenhao Jiang, Shangqi Ge, Jiangshan Li
Through the variable substitution and separated variable methods, this study develops a two‐dimensional (2‐D) axisymmetric diffusion analytical solution for organic pollutants in a circular‐shaped cutoff wall (CCW) system for the first time, which can more precisely and reasonably simulate the diffusion behaviors in “circular‐shaped” vertical barriers. Then, the proposed analytical solution's reasonableness is verified by comparing it with an existing analytical solution and a corresponding finite‐difference solution. Meanwhile, the comparison suggests that this solution will degrade to a 2‐D diffusion analytical solution when the pollution source radius is large enough. Furthermore, the presented analytical solution can also be simplified to a one‐dimensional axisymmetric diffusion analytical solution, or to the axisymmetric diffusion analytical solutions in a single‐layered medium. These exact analytical solutions can not only be applied to study axisymmetric diffusion behaviors under specific scenarios, but also be used to validate other complex numerical models. Last, a case study is conducted to investigate the impacts of pollution source concentration distribution, CCW horizontal thickness, and defined equivalent diffusion coefficient on the barrier performance. Overall, the proposed analytical solutions and obtained diffusion laws in this study can provide guidance for the service effect assessment and the engineering design of cutoff walls.
本研究通过变量替换法和分离变量法,首次建立了有机污染物在圆弧形截流壁(CCW)系统中的二维(2-D)轴对称扩散解析解,可以更精确、更合理地模拟 "圆弧形 "垂直屏障中的扩散行为。然后,通过与现有的解析解和相应的有限差分解进行比较,验证了所提出的解析解的合理性。同时,比较结果表明,当污染源半径足够大时,该解决方案将退化为二维扩散分析解决方案。此外,所提出的解析解还可以简化为一维轴对称扩散解析解,或单层介质中的轴对称扩散解析解。这些精确的分析解不仅可用于研究特定情况下的轴对称扩散行为,还可用于验证其他复杂的数值模型。最后,还进行了一项案例研究,探讨污染源浓度分布、CCW 水平厚度和定义的等效扩散系数对屏障性能的影响。总之,本研究中提出的分析方案和获得的扩散规律可为截流墙的使用效果评估和工程设计提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Analytical Solutions for Composite Foundations Reinforced by Partially Penetrated Stone Columns and Vertical Drains 用部分贯入式石柱和垂直排水沟加固复合地基的分析解决方案
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3874
Chuanxun Li, Xiangzong Lu
When stone columns or vertical drains are applied to improve soils, it is common to face situations where the soft soil layer is too thick to be penetrated completely. Although consolidation theories for soils with partially penetrated vertical drains or stone columns are comprehensive, consolidation theories for impenetrable composite foundations containing both two types of drainage bodies have been few reported in the existing literature. Equations governing the consolidation of the reinforced zone and unreinforced zone are established, respectively. Analytical solutions for consolidation of such composite foundations are obtained under permeable top with impermeable bottom (PTIB) and permeable top with permeable bottom (PTPB), respectively. The correctness of proposed solutions is verified by comparing them with existing solutions and finite element analyses. Then, extensive calculations are performed to analyze the consolidation behaviors at different penetration rates, including the total average consolidation degree defined by strain or stress and the distribution of the average excess pore water pressure (EPWP) along the depth. The results show that the total average consolidation rate increases as the penetration rate increases; for some composite foundations with a low penetration rate, the consolidation of the unreinforced zone cannot be ignored. Finally, according to the geological parameters provided by an actual project, the obtained solution is used to calculate the settlement, and the results obtained by the proposed solution are in reasonable agreement with the measured data.
当采用石柱或竖向排水体改良土壤时,通常会遇到软土层太厚而无法完全穿透的情况。虽然针对部分贯入竖向排水沟或石柱的土壤的固结理论比较全面,但针对包含这两种排水体的不透水复合地基的固结理论在现有文献中却鲜有报道。本文分别建立了加固区和非加固区的固结方程。在顶部透水、底部不透水(PTIB)和顶部透水、底部透水(PTPB)的情况下,分别获得了这种复合地基固结的分析解。通过与现有解决方案和有限元分析进行比较,验证了所提出解决方案的正确性。然后,通过大量计算分析了不同渗透率下的固结行为,包括由应变或应力定义的总平均固结度以及沿深度的平均过剩孔隙水压力(EPWP)分布。结果表明,总平均固结度随贯入度的增加而增加;对于一些贯入度较低的复合地基,不能忽视未加固区的固结。最后,根据某实际工程提供的地质参数,利用所得到的方案计算沉降量,所提出的方案得到的结果与实测数据合理吻合。
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引用次数: 0
Fractional Viscoelastic Analysis of Transversely Isotropic Surrounding Rock Along Shallow Buried Elliptical Tunnel 浅埋椭圆形隧道沿线横向各向同性围岩的分数粘弹性分析
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3877
Zhi Yong Ai, Yi Xuan Pan, Zi Kun Ye, Da Shan Wang
This study introduces the fractional order Merchant model to analytically solve the stress and displacement fields of the transversely isotropic viscoelastic surrounding rock along shallow elliptical tunnels. First, the stress and displacement solutions of fractional order viscoelastic and transversely isotropic half planes under arbitrary loads are obtained using the Laplace transform and the elastic‐viscoelastic correspondence principle. Second, based on the above half plane solution and the solution of the deep buried elliptical tunnel problem, the Schwarz alternating method is introduced to obtain the analytical solution of the shallow buried elliptical tunnel. A MATLAB program is developed, and the accuracy of the theory and program in this study is verified by comparing it with the results of ABAQUS. Finally, the effects of transversely isotropic parameters, tunnel burial depth, and viscoelastic parameters on the stress and displacement of tunnel surrounding rock are analyzed.
本研究引入分数阶 Merchant 模型,对浅椭圆隧道沿线横向各向同性粘弹性围岩的应力场和位移场进行分析求解。首先,利用拉普拉斯变换和弹性-各向同性对应原理,得到任意荷载作用下分数阶粘弹性半平面和横向各向同性半平面的应力和位移解。其次,在上述半平面解法和深埋椭圆隧道问题解法的基础上,引入施瓦茨交替法,得到浅埋椭圆隧道的解析解。开发了 MATLAB 程序,并通过与 ABAQUS 的结果对比,验证了本研究中理论和程序的准确性。最后,分析了横向各向同性参数、隧道埋深和粘弹性参数对隧道围岩应力和位移的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Identification of Disc Cutter Wear via Operation Parameters Combined With Vibration Data: A Case Study 通过操作参数结合振动数据识别圆盘切刀磨损:案例研究
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3872
Yan‐Ning Wang, Han Chen, Xin‐Hao Min, Lin‐Shuang Zhao
This paper proposed an approach to estimate disc cutter wear utilizing a combination of multiple operational parameters and vibration data collected during shield tunneling operations. The incorporation of vibration signals, notably those originating from acceleration sensors mounted on the back plate of the soil chamber, has markedly enhanced the accuracy of the model. Time‐frequency domain features were extracted through analysis methods such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Short‐Time Fourier Transform (STFT), and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). A predictive model utilizing vibration and shield operation parameters was developed using the XGBoost algorithm, and a deep GoogLeNet Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained on time‐frequency graphs from the CWT. In addition, this study also investigated the impact of signal duration on wavelet image information and model accuracy. In the Huang‐Shang Intercity Railway Project, the approach effectively assessed disc cutter wear during tunneling operations and dynamically optimized the operational parameters of the shield tunnel machine through predictive analysis.
本文提出了一种利用多种运行参数和盾构掘进过程中收集的振动数据来估算圆盘刀磨损的方法。振动信号,特别是来自安装在土室背板上的加速度传感器的振动信号,明显提高了模型的准确性。通过快速傅立叶变换 (FFT)、短时傅立叶变换 (STFT) 和连续小波变换 (CWT) 等分析方法提取了时频域特征。使用 XGBoost 算法开发了一个利用振动和防护罩运行参数的预测模型,并根据 CWT 的时频图训练了一个深度 GoogLeNet 卷积神经网络 (CNN)。此外,本研究还探讨了信号持续时间对小波图像信息和模型精度的影响。在黄上城际铁路项目中,该方法有效评估了隧道掘进过程中的圆盘刀磨损情况,并通过预测分析动态优化了盾构机的运行参数。
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引用次数: 0
Small Strain Stiffness of Sand‐Rubber Mixtures With Particle Size Disparity Effect 具有粒度差异效应的砂橡胶混合物的小应变刚度
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3866
Deyun Liu, Zhen‐Yu Yin
This study systematically investigates the small‐strain stiffness of sand‐rubber mixtures, focusing on combined particle disparity—both larger sand with smaller rubber and smaller sand with larger rubber—using the discrete element method. The effectiveness of various state variables in capturing stiffness behavior across different rubber contents and size disparities (SDs) is evaluated. Conventional state variables developed for natural sands, such as void ratio and mechanical void ratio were found to be less effective in describing the small‐strain stiffness characteristics of sand‐rubber mixtures due to distinct properties of rubber. This study then demonstrates that the stiffness contribution of rubber materials could be negligible, emphasizing that particle property disparity is more significant than SD between sand and rubber materials. Therefore, an adapted state variable, considering only active sand particles, shows improved performance for capturing the correlation between small‐strain stiffness with increasing rubber contents, suggesting its potential utility over conventional variables. Additionally, a refined void ratio, including inactive sand particles but excluding rubber, offers a practical alternative for capturing small‐strain stiffness in experimental and engineering practices, aligning with previous experimental observations. These findings underscore the need for developing more effective state variables that accurately reflect the interactions within heterogeneous materials like sand‐rubber mixtures.
本研究采用离散元方法,系统地研究了砂橡胶混合物的小应变刚度,重点是组合颗粒差异--较大的砂与较小的橡胶,以及较小的砂与较大的橡胶--。评估了各种状态变量在捕捉不同橡胶含量和粒度差异(SDs)的刚度行为方面的有效性。由于橡胶的不同特性,为天然砂开发的传统状态变量(如空隙率和机械空隙率)在描述砂橡胶混合物的小应变刚度特性时效果较差。因此,本研究证明橡胶材料对刚度的贡献可以忽略不计,并强调砂和橡胶材料之间的颗粒属性差异比 SD 更为显著。因此,只考虑活性砂颗粒的调整状态变量在捕捉小应变刚度与橡胶含量增加之间的相关性方面表现出更好的性能,这表明它比传统变量具有潜在的实用性。此外,细化的空隙率(包括非活性砂粒但不包括橡胶)为在实验和工程实践中捕捉小应变刚度提供了一种实用的替代方法,与之前的实验观察结果一致。这些发现突出表明,需要开发更有效的状态变量,以准确反映砂橡胶混合物等异质材料内部的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
A New Method for Determining the Safety Distance Between Irregular Karst Cave and Circumferential Shield Tunnel 确定不规则岩溶洞穴与环形盾构隧道安全距离的新方法
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3869
Yanhuan Zhang, Shangqu Sun, Jing Wang, Liping Li, Zizheng Sun, Diyang Chen, Yanqing Men
When a shield tunnel passes through a karst area, the water‐filled cave can easily make the surrounding rock metamorphic, resulting in water inrush, ground collapse, and shield machine failure and other engineering hazards. Natural cavities have a significant degree of geometric irregularity due to groundwater alteration and soluble rock erosion. Considering the difficulties in describing the shape of a natural irregular cavity, circular, rectangular, and elliptical geometries have been simplified in most related studies. Based on the upper bound theorem of limit analysis, we established a three‐dimensional failure model including the karst caves located directly above and below the circumferential side of the tunnel. Then, we deduced the corresponding analytical solution of the critical safety distance (CSD). Furthermore, the effects of rock mass parameters, cave parameters, and geometric parameters on the CSD were analyzed. Then we designed the numerical simulation considering the irregular geometry shape at the circumferential side of tunnel using the Fourier descriptors. In addition, we estimated the CSDs for two failure models using the revised dichotomy and failure criterion. The findings demonstrated a quantifiable association between CSD and Fourier descriptors of irregular cave shape, resulting in the development of a CSD prediction model. These test results can provide a theoretical foundation and direction for predicting water inrush caused by the constrained irregular cave.
当盾构隧道穿越岩溶地区时,充水的溶洞很容易使周围岩石变质,造成涌水、地面塌陷、盾构机故障等工程危害。由于地下水的改变和可溶性岩石的侵蚀,天然溶洞具有很大程度的几何不规则性。考虑到描述天然不规则空洞形状的困难,大多数相关研究都简化了圆形、矩形和椭圆形的几何形状。根据极限分析的上界定理,我们建立了一个三维破坏模型,其中包括位于隧道圆周侧正上方和正下方的岩溶洞穴。然后,我们推导出了临界安全距离(CSD)的相应解析解。此外,我们还分析了岩体参数、溶洞参数和几何参数对 CSD 的影响。然后,我们利用傅立叶描述符设计了考虑隧道圆周侧不规则几何形状的数值模拟。此外,我们还使用修订后的二分法和破坏标准估算了两种破坏模型的 CSD。结果表明,CSD 与不规则洞穴形状的傅立叶描述符之间存在可量化的关联,并由此建立了 CSD 预测模型。这些测试结果为预测受约束不规则溶洞引起的涌水提供了理论基础和方向。
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引用次数: 0
A Critical State Constitutive Model for Methane Hydrate‐Bearing Sediments Considering Hydrate Pore‐Filling and Cementing Effects 考虑水合物孔隙填充和胶结效应的含甲烷水合物沉积物临界状态构造模型
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3873
Bin Zhu, Simin Yuan, Lujun Wang, Yanjing Liu, Yunmin Chen
To safely and effectively explore the natural methane hydrate, it is crucial to examine the mechanical behavior of methane hydrate‐bearing sediments (MHBSs). Natural methane hydrate unevenly distributes in pores or bonds with soil particles in MHBS, changing the mechanical behavior of MHBS including stiffness, shear strength, and dilatancy. This paper presents an anisotropic critical state model for MHBS considering hydrate pore‐filling and cementing effects. Based on the unified critical state model for both clay and sand, an equivalent hydrate ratio is defined to address pore‐filling effect. Cohesive strength and its hardening law are introduced to characterize hydrate cementation. To describe the anisotropic behavior, the inherent anisotropy of soil particles and hydrates are modeled separately, and rotation hardening is introduced to describe the stress‐induced anisotropy. Comparisons with existing triaxial tests of both synthetic and natural MHBS demonstrate that the proposed model comprehensively describes the mechanical behavior of MHBS. Detailed predictions indicate that hydrate pore‐filling affects the hydrate‐dependent stiffness and dilatancy of MHBS, which become more pronounced with increasing hydrate saturation. Cementing effect increases the initial stiffness and peak strength of MHBS. The pronounced influence of inherent anisotropic parameters on pre‐peak stress–strain relation of MHBS is noted, and increasing hydrate saturation enhances the effect of hydrate anisotropy. These predictions contribute to a better understanding of the relation between hydrate morphologies and MHBS mechanical properties.
为了安全有效地勘探天然甲烷水合物,研究含甲烷水合物沉积物(MHBSs)的力学行为至关重要。天然甲烷水合物会不均匀地分布在 MHBS 的孔隙中或与土壤颗粒结合,从而改变 MHBS 的力学行为,包括刚度、剪切强度和膨胀性。本文提出了考虑水合物孔隙填充和胶结效应的 MHBS 各向异性临界状态模型。基于粘土和砂的统一临界状态模型,定义了等效水合物比以解决孔隙填充效应。引入了内聚强度及其硬化定律来描述水合物胶结。为描述各向异性行为,分别对土壤颗粒和水合物的固有各向异性进行建模,并引入旋转硬化来描述应力引起的各向异性。与现有的合成和天然 MHBS 三轴试验比较表明,所提出的模型全面描述了 MHBS 的力学行为。详细预测表明,水合物孔隙填充会影响 MHBS 与水合物有关的刚度和膨胀性,随着水合物饱和度的增加,刚度和膨胀性会变得更加明显。固结效应增加了 MHBS 的初始刚度和峰值强度。注意到固有各向异性参数对 MHBS 峰前应力-应变关系的显著影响,水合物饱和度的增加增强了水合物各向异性的影响。这些预测有助于更好地理解水合物形态与 MHBS 机械性能之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
SORM‐Enhanced Inverse Reliability Analysis for Geotechnical Multiobjective Reliability‐Based Design Optimization 用于岩土工程多目标可靠性设计优化的 SORM 增强型反向可靠性分析
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3868
Tao Wang, Zhaocheng Wang, Zheming Zhang, Wenwang Liao, Jian Ji
The first‐order reliability method (FORM) is mostly employed in the existing geotechnical reliability‐based design (RBD) methods due to its computational simplicity and efficiency. However, the first‐order Taylor approximation of the limit state surface (LSS) may result in significant errors, especially in cases of highly nonlinear LSS characterized by substantial curvatures. Therefore, FORM‐based RBD methods require a modification of the curvatures to enhance the accuracy of the probabilistic constraints, specifically by converting the target reliability index into a more precise target failure probability. Correspondingly, reliability index‐based design is converted into failure probability‐based design. In this study, the parabolic second‐order reliability method (SORM), which avoids the Hessian calculations, is adopted to improve the accuracy of probabilistic constraints beyond what is achievable with FORM. The proposed SORM‐enhanced RBD method accounts for the curvature information of the nonlinear LSS, modifying the target reliability index to align with the exact target failure probability through the application of SORM. Moreover, by incorporating an implicit coupling function, multiobjective RBD can be effectively implemented without any additional surrogate model. Furthermore, the proposed RBD method is readily extended to reliability‐based design optimization (RBDO) through integration with an optimization strategy. The proposed RBDO method demonstrates a more precise convergence of the probabilistic constraints, surpassing the accuracy of FORM‐based RBDO methods. Notably, the proposed SORM‐enhanced RBDO method not only significantly improves accuracy but also bypasses the necessity for Hessian computation, which remains both the second‐order accuracy and first‐order efficiency. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated through a mathematical example and three practical geotechnical design examples.
一阶可靠性方法(FORM)因其计算简单、效率高,在现有的岩土工程可靠性设计(RBD)方法中被广泛采用。然而,对极限状态面(LSS)的一阶泰勒近似可能会导致重大误差,尤其是在 LSS 高度非线性、曲率较大的情况下。因此,基于 FORM 的 RBD 方法需要对曲率进行修改,以提高概率约束的准确性,特别是通过将目标可靠性指数转换为更精确的目标失效概率。相应地,基于可靠性指数的设计也被转换为基于失效概率的设计。本研究采用抛物线二阶可靠性方法 (SORM),该方法避免了 Hessian 计算,从而提高了概率约束的精度,超过了 FORM 所能达到的精度。所提出的 SORM 增强 RBD 方法考虑了非线性 LSS 的曲率信息,通过应用 SORM 修改了目标可靠性指数,使其与精确的目标故障概率相一致。此外,通过加入隐式耦合函数,多目标 RBD 可以有效实现,而无需任何额外的代理模型。此外,通过与优化策略的整合,所提出的 RBD 方法很容易扩展到基于可靠性的设计优化(RBDO)。所提出的 RBDO 方法展示了更精确的概率约束收敛,超越了基于 FORM 的 RBDO 方法的精度。值得注意的是,所提出的 SORM 增强 RBDO 方法不仅显著提高了精度,还绕过了赫塞斯计算的必要性,保持了二阶精度和一阶效率。通过一个数学实例和三个实际岩土工程设计实例,证明了所提方法的可行性。
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引用次数: 0
Seismic Bearing Capacity of Strip Footing on Excavations Considering Soil Strength Anisotropy Using Modified Pseudo‐Dynamic and Pseudo‐Static Approaches 使用修正的伪动态和伪静态方法计算考虑土体强度各向异性的开挖带状基脚的抗震承载力
IF 4 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1002/nag.3864
Shabnam Shirazizadeh, Amin Keshavarz, Majid Beygi, Mohammad Saberian, Jie Li, Ramin Vali
Although considerable research has explored the static and seismic bearing capacity of strip footings on slopes or excavations, the influence of clay strength anisotropy on the bearing capacity of strip footing near excavations, specifically considering pseudo‐dynamic conditions, remains unexplored. This study used the finite element limit analysis (FELA) method to evaluate the impact of clay strength anisotropy on the seismic bearing capacity of strip footings. The effects of various dimensionless parameters on the bearing capacity were examined, which include shear wavelength, the setback distance ratio, vertical height ratio, soil strength ratio, soil strength heterogeneity, anisotropic ratio, and horizontal and vertical acceleration coefficients. Design charts were developed to compute the seismic bearing capacity of strip footings on nonhomogeneous and anisotropic excavations under pseudo‐static conditions. Furthermore, the effects of vertical acceleration coefficients and shear wavelength on the seismic bearing capacity of strip footing near excavation in nonhomogeneous and anisotropic soils were investigated.
尽管已有大量研究探讨了斜坡或开挖区条形基脚的静态和地震承载力,但粘土强度各向异性对开挖区附近条形基脚承载力的影响(特别是考虑伪动态条件)仍未得到探讨。本研究采用有限元极限分析(FELA)方法评估了粘土强度各向异性对条形基脚抗震承载力的影响。研究了各种无量纲参数对承载力的影响,包括剪切波长、后退距离比、垂直高度比、土体强度比、土体强度异质性、各向异性比以及水平和垂直加速度系数。在伪静力条件下,设计图表用于计算非均质和各向异性开挖上条形基脚的抗震承载力。此外,还研究了垂直加速度系数和剪切波长对非均质和各向异性土壤中开挖附近条形基脚地震承载力的影响。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics
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