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Prediction of RC T-Beams Shear Strength Based on Machine Learning 基于机器学习的钢筋混凝土 T 梁抗剪强度预测
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00690-z
Saad A. Yehia, Sabry Fayed, Mohamed H. Zakaria, Ramy I. Shahin

The contribution of shear resisted by flanges of T-beams is usually ignored in the shear design models even though it was proven by many experimental studies that the shear strength of T-beams is higher than that of equivalent rectangular cross-sections. Ignoring such a contribution result in a very conservative and uneconomical design. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the capability of machine learning (ML) techniques to predict the shear capacity of reinforced concrete T-beams (RCTBs) by incorporating the contribution of the flange. Five machine learning (ML) techniques, which are the Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), are trained and tested using 360 sets of data collected from experimental studies. Among the various machine learning models evaluated, the XGBoost model demonstrated exceptional reliability and precision, achieving an R-squared value of 99.10%. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) approach is utilized to identify the most influential input features affecting the predicted shear capacity of RCTBs. The SHAP results indicate that the shear span-to-depth ratio (a/d) has the most significant effect on the shear capacity of RCTBs, followed by the ratio of shear reinforcement multiplied by the yield strength of shear reinforcement (({rho }_{{text{v}}}{f}_{{text{yv}}})), flange thickness (({h}_{{text{f}}})), and flange width (({b}_{{text{f}}})). The accuracy of the XGBoost model in predicting the shear capacity of RCTBs is compared with established codes of practice (ACI 318-19, BS 8110-1:1997, EN 1992-1-2, CSA23.3-04) and existing formulas from researchers. This comparison reinforces the superior reliability and accuracy of the machine learning approach compared to traditional methods. Furthermore, a user-friendly interface platform is developed, effectively simplifying the implementation of the proposed machine-learning model. The reliability analysis is performed to determine the value of the resistance reduction factor (ϕ) that will achieve a target reliability index (({beta }_{T})= 3.5).

在剪力设计模型中,通常会忽略 T 型梁翼缘板抵抗剪力的贡献,尽管许多实验研究证明 T 型梁的剪力强度高于等效矩形截面。忽略这种作用会导致设计非常保守且不经济。因此,本研究旨在研究机器学习(ML)技术通过考虑翼缘的贡献来预测钢筋混凝土 T 型梁(RCTB)抗剪能力的能力。利用从实验研究中收集的 360 组数据对五种机器学习(ML)技术进行了训练和测试,这五种技术分别是决策树(DT)、随机森林(RF)、梯度提升回归树(GBRT)、轻梯度提升机(LightGBM)和极端梯度提升(XGBoost)。在接受评估的各种机器学习模型中,XGBoost 模型表现出卓越的可靠性和精确性,R 平方值达到 99.10%。SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)方法用于识别影响 RCTB 剪切能力预测的最有影响力的输入特征。SHAP 结果表明,剪切跨度与深度比 (a/d) 对 RCTB 的剪切承载力影响最大、其次是剪力配筋比乘以剪力配筋屈服强度({rho }_{{v}}{f}_{{{yv}}})、翼缘厚度(({h}_{{f}}})和翼缘宽度(({b}_{{f}}})。我们将 XGBoost 模型预测 RCTB 受剪承载力的准确性与已有的实践规范(ACI 318-19、BS 8110-1:1997、EN 1992-1-2、CSA23.3-04)和研究人员的现有公式进行了比较。与传统方法相比,机器学习方法的可靠性和准确性更胜一筹。此外,还开发了一个用户友好界面平台,有效简化了拟议机器学习模型的实施。可靠性分析的目的是确定能够实现目标可靠性指数(({beta }_{T})= 3.5)的电阻减小因子 (j)值。
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引用次数: 0
Flexural Behavior Evaluation for Seismic, Durability and Structure Performance Improvement of Aged Bridge According to Reinforcement Methods 根据加固方法对老化桥梁的抗震、耐久性和结构性能改善进行挠曲行为评估
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00693-w
Tae-Kyun Kim, Jong-Sup Park

Among infrastructure, concrete bridges are the most exposed to various environmental effects. Structural degradation occurs due to natural and artificial influences shortening the lifespan of the structure. Therefore, bridges need to be reinforced over time. The structures used in this study are re-formed using aged bridge floor decks that have been used for 50 years, approximately. The fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) adhesion method, using sheets and plate forms, was selected among various reinforcement methods to investigate the performance of reinforced structures. We have tested various reinforcement scenarios including one and two layers FRP sheets and FRP plates. The mechanical properties of the reinforced structures were evaluated experimentally through tensile strength and flexural test experiments. In contrast to most available literature focused on model-based studies, our present work represents an experimental test validation of structural reinforcement on an actual bridge. Our results indicate that fiber-based reinforcement in sheet form exhibits higher performances of the reinforced structure compared to reinforcement using the plate form. This study is intended to provide sufficient data for reinforcing bridge floors that could be used for reference at future construction sites.

在基础设施中,混凝土桥梁最容易受到各种环境影响。自然和人为影响会导致结构退化,缩短结构的使用寿命。因此,随着时间的推移,需要对桥梁进行加固。本研究中使用的结构是利用已使用约 50 年的老化桥面重新形成的。在各种加固方法中,我们选择了使用片材和板材的纤维增强聚合物(FRP)粘合方法来研究加固结构的性能。我们测试了各种加固方案,包括一层和两层 FRP 片材和 FRP 板材。通过拉伸强度和弯曲测试实验对加固结构的机械性能进行了评估。与大多数基于模型研究的文献不同,我们目前的工作是在实际桥梁上对结构加固进行实验测试验证。我们的研究结果表明,与板状加固相比,片状纤维加固的加固结构具有更高的性能。这项研究旨在为桥梁底板加固提供充足的数据,供今后的施工现场参考。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Investigations on Tensile and Shear Behavior of the Interface Between UHP-ECC and Concrete 超高压混凝土-ECC 与混凝土界面拉伸和剪切行为的实验研究
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00679-8
Jun-Jie Zeng, Xin-Chao Lin, Sheng-Zhao Feng, Jiong-Yi Zhu, Yan Zhuge, Yihang Yan

Ultra-high performance engineered cementitious composite (UHP-ECC), which is known for its exceptional compressive strength, tensile strength, and ductility, has been emerged as a promising option for repairing and strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) structures. The bond between UHP-ECC and normal concrete is the key issue for the material to be successfully implemented. This paper presents an experimental investigation focused on understanding the tensile and shear behavior of the bonding interface between UHP-ECC and concrete. A total of 78 specimens were prepared and tensile splitting tests and push-out tests were carried out. The study examined key parameters including the strength of the concrete substrate, the roughness of the interface, and the moisture condition at the interface. Various failure modes are observed in the specimens under tensile splitting force and direct shear force, and it is found that the influence of the key parameters varied depending on the type of failure mode. In specimens experiencing full interface debonding or interface failure combined with substrate cracks, the roughness of the interface and the moisture degree have a significant impact on the tensile and shear strength. Conversely, in specimens with full substrate disruption, the strength of the substrates plays a more significant role. Additionally, the study reveals that the grooving treatment is highly effective in improving the shear strength of the interface, but its impact on enhancing the tensile strength is comparatively less pronounced. Prediction models for the tensile and shear strength of the interface are established and verified against the test results. The proposed models provide valuable insights into the behavior of the UHP-ECC to concrete interface and can aid in predicting its performance in practical applications.

超高性能工程水泥基复合材料(UHP-ECC)以其优异的抗压强度、抗拉强度和延展性而著称,已成为修复和加固钢筋混凝土(RC)结构的一种有前途的选择。超高压混凝土与普通混凝土之间的粘结是该材料能否成功应用的关键问题。本文介绍了一项实验研究,重点是了解超高压碳化硅与混凝土粘接界面的拉伸和剪切行为。共制备了 78 个试样,并进行了拉伸劈裂试验和推出试验。研究考察了混凝土基体强度、界面粗糙度和界面湿度等关键参数。在拉伸劈裂力和直接剪切力作用下,试样出现了各种破坏模式,研究发现,关键参数的影响因破坏模式的类型而异。在完全界面脱粘或界面失效并伴有基底裂缝的试样中,界面粗糙度和湿度对拉伸和剪切强度有显著影响。相反,在基底完全破坏的试样中,基底的强度则起着更重要的作用。此外,研究还发现,开槽处理对提高界面的剪切强度非常有效,但对提高抗拉强度的影响相对较小。研究建立了界面拉伸和剪切强度的预测模型,并根据测试结果进行了验证。所提出的模型为了解超高压-ECC 与混凝土界面的行为提供了宝贵的见解,有助于预测其在实际应用中的性能。
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引用次数: 0
Investigation of Applicability of Non-sintered Cement Mortar for Precast Concrete by Steam Curing 通过蒸汽养护研究非烧结水泥砂浆在预制混凝土中的适用性
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00689-6
Hyeong-Won Na, Won-Gil Hyung

Non-sintered cement (NSC) mortar was developed using only industrial by-products, such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, classes C and F fly ashes, and slaked lime. The characteristics of different NSC mortar formulations were investigated, as well as their applicability for use in forming precast concrete products. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses were performed to examine the internal structure of the different formulations. Overall, the developed NSC mortar satisfied the existing quality standards in terms of strength performance and absorption rate. Therefore, it is expected to be highly applicable as a raw material for production of the desired cement products.

无烧结水泥(NSC)砂浆的开发仅使用了工业副产品,如磨细高炉矿渣、C 级和 F 级粉煤灰以及消石灰。研究了不同 NSC 砂浆配方的特性,以及它们在成型预制混凝土产品中的适用性。对不同配方的内部结构进行了 X 射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分析。总体而言,所开发的 NSC 砂浆在强度性能和吸收率方面均符合现有的质量标准。因此,它有望成为生产所需的水泥产品的一种非常适用的原材料。
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引用次数: 0
Shear Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete Ferrocement Beams with Light Weight Core Material 含轻质芯材的反应粉末混凝土铁水泥梁的剪切行为
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-31 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00684-x
Mohamed H. Makhlouf, M. Alaa, Gamal I. Khaleel, K. M. Elsayed, M. H. Mansour

In this paper, the shear behavior of ferro-cement hollow beams is investigated experimentally and analytically. Ten reinforced concrete beams with cross-sectional dimensions of 100 × 200 × 1300 mm and a clear span of 1000 mm were cast and tested until failure under a two-point loading system. Ferrocement beams in this research contained either an autoclaved aerated lightweight brick core (AAC) or an extruded foam core (EFC) and were reinforced with either expanded metal mesh (EMM) or welded wire mesh (WWM). The structural behavior of the studied beams, including first crack, deflection, ultimate load, crack pattern, failure mode, and ductility index, was investigated. The experimental data were used to validate finite element models created with the ABAQUS finite element program. It can be concluded that the optimum performance of ferrocement beams can be achieved using beams with a second layer of expanded steel mesh as additional reinforcement, which led to an increase in the ultimate load and maximum deflection by 12.9% and 22.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the Numerical results agreed with the experimental results, where the ratio between the NLFE ultimate loads and the experimental ultimate loads varies between 1.02 and 1.07, with an average ratio of 1.04.

本文通过实验和分析研究了铁水泥空心梁的剪切行为。在两点加载系统下,对横截面尺寸为 100 × 200 × 1300 毫米、净跨度为 1000 毫米的十根钢筋混凝土梁进行了浇注和测试,直至破坏。研究中的铁水泥梁包含蒸压加气轻质砖芯(AAC)或挤压泡沫芯(EFC),并用膨胀金属网(EMM)或焊接金属网(WWM)进行加固。研究人员调查了所研究梁的结构行为,包括首次开裂、挠度、极限荷载、开裂模式、破坏模式和延性指数。实验数据用于验证使用 ABAQUS 有限元程序创建的有限元模型。可以得出的结论是,使用第二层膨胀钢网作为额外加固的梁可以实现铁水泥梁的最佳性能,其极限荷载和最大挠度分别增加了 12.9% 和 22.8%。此外,数值结果与实验结果一致,NLFE 极限荷载与实验极限荷载的比值介于 1.02 与 1.07 之间,平均比值为 1.04。
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引用次数: 0
Flexural Improvement of RC Slabs by FRP or Steel Using Different Strengthening Systems and Novel Anchoring Techniques 使用不同的加固系统和新型锚固技术,用玻璃钢或钢材改善钢筋混凝土板的抗弯性能
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00683-y
Mohamed H. Makhlouf, Ibrahim A. El-Azab, M. H. Mansour

An experimental study on reinforced concrete one-way slabs strengthened by various methods and materials is introduced in this paper. Innovative anchorage procedures are presented and evaluated to prevent the strengthening elements with FRP system from de-bonding at the initial stages. Externally bonded embedded in concrete cover (EBECC) strengthening technology was proposed to save the fiber strips from being subjected to heat, degradation, and sabotage. Nine RC one-way slabs, including a control slab and eight strengthened slabs, were cast. One RC slab was strengthened using externally bonded embedded in concrete cover (EBECC), whereas the other tested RC slabs were strengthened using either externally bonded (EB) or near-surface mounted (NSM) procedures. The following test variables are used in this study: the proposed anchors, the area of steel, the kind of material utilized in NSM rods (carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), and steel), and the strengthening scheme. The ultimate and initial cracking loads, load–deformation response, cracking patterns, and failure behavior were recorded and discussed. Additionally, a comparison of the stiffness, ductility, and energy absorption of the examined slabs was reported. The strengthened slabs by various techniques showed a boost in flexural strength that varied from 67 to 107% compared to the control slab. In addition, RC slabs strengthened by NSM-CFRP bars showed a maximum flexural capacity when compared with slabs strengthened by GFRP and steel bars. Also, the results supported the superiority of a novel end anchorage. The ABAQUS program was employed to conduct a finite element analysis (FEA) employing 3-D geometries to compare and assess the numerical performance of the identical slabs under similar test settings. The results showed good agreement between the experimental and numerical findings.

本文介绍了采用各种方法和材料加固钢筋混凝土单向板的实验研究。本文提出并评估了创新的锚固程序,以防止使用玻璃钢系统的加固元件在初始阶段脱粘。提出了外部粘结嵌入混凝土覆盖层(EBECC)加固技术,以避免纤维条受热、降解和破坏。共浇筑了九块单向 RC 板,包括一块对照板和八块加固板。其中一块 RC 板采用外部粘结嵌入混凝土盖板(EBECC)加固,而其他测试的 RC 板则采用外部粘结(EB)或近表面安装(NSM)程序加固。本研究使用了以下测试变量:建议的锚固件、钢材面积、NSM 杆件使用的材料类型(碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)、玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)和钢材)以及加固方案。记录并讨论了最终和初始开裂载荷、载荷-变形响应、开裂模式和破坏行为。此外,报告还对受检板的刚度、延展性和能量吸收进行了比较。与对照板相比,采用各种技术加固的板的抗弯强度提高了 67% 到 107%。此外,与使用 GFRP 和钢筋加固的楼板相比,使用 NSM-CFRP 钢筋加固的 RC 板显示出最大的抗弯能力。此外,研究结果还证明了新型端部锚固的优越性。使用 ABAQUS 程序进行有限元分析(FEA),采用三维几何图形来比较和评估相同板材在类似试验设置下的数值性能。结果表明,实验结果与数值结果之间存在良好的一致性。
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引用次数: 0
Verification of Protection Performance of Concrete Blast-Proof Panels Against Internal Explosions 混凝土防爆板内部爆炸防护性能验证
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00662-3
Sangwoo Park, Kukjoo Kim, Dongku Kim, Young-Jun Park, Byul Shim

Recently, studies on blast-proof panels, which were attached to structures to protect facilities from local damage caused by explosions, have been actively performed. However, blast-proof panels are impractical yet due to the high installation cost and difficulty in construction, and protection performance for explosions inside a structure is not evaluated. In this study, a blast-proof panel consisting of concrete material was devised to ensure economic feasibility and constructability. Then, the protection performance of the concrete blast-proof panel for internal explosions was analyzed by numerical simulations and field experiments. First, field experiments on concrete explosion-proof panels were conducted for two cases, where panels without and with energy-absorbing foam were installed. As a result, the concrete blast-proof panel reduced the displacement of structures by up to 22% and the acceleration of structures by up to 86%. However, the reliability of the field experiment data was insufficient due to the shear failure of the test structure during experiments. Therefore, additional analysis was conducted by developing a numerical model. A series of numerical simulations was conducted according to the various densities of the energy-absorbing foam that was inserted between the panel and structure. Consequently, the optimum density of the impact-absorbing material differed depending on the type of structure damage to reduce (i.e., the displacement or acceleration of the structure).

最近,人们积极开展了有关防爆板的研究,这些防爆板被安装在建筑物上,以保护设施免受爆炸造成的局部损坏。然而,由于安装成本高、施工难度大,防爆板并不实用,而且没有对结构内部爆炸的防护性能进行评估。本研究设计了一种由混凝土材料组成的防爆板,以确保经济可行性和可施工性。然后,通过数值模拟和现场实验分析了混凝土防爆板的内部爆炸防护性能。首先,对混凝土防爆板进行了两种情况的现场实验,分别安装了不含吸能泡沫的防爆板和含吸能泡沫的防爆板。结果表明,混凝土防爆板可将结构物的位移降低 22%,将结构物的加速度降低 86%。然而,由于试验结构在实验过程中发生剪切破坏,现场实验数据的可靠性不足。因此,我们通过开发数值模型进行了补充分析。根据插入面板和结构之间的吸能泡沫的不同密度,进行了一系列数值模拟。因此,根据需要减少的结构损坏类型(即结构的位移或加速度)的不同,冲击吸收材料的最佳密度也不同。
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引用次数: 0
Seismic Behavior of Steel Reinforced Ultra-High Strength Concrete Composite Frame: Experimental and Numerical Study 钢筋超高强度混凝土复合框架的抗震性能:实验和数值研究
IF 3.6 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00685-w
Jiancheng Zhang, Xue-guo Jiang, Zi-kang Jia, Mao-sen Cao, Jin-qing Jia
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Study on Properties of Graphene and Hollow Glass Powder-Added Ultra-High Strength Concrete 添加石墨烯和中空玻璃粉的超高强度混凝土性能实验研究
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00668-x
Young-Jun Park, Hong-Sung Lee, Tae-Seok Seo

A new ultra-high strength concrete, in which oxidized graphene nanoplatelet (GO) and hollow glass powder (HGP) are added, has been developed by authors. This paper presents the material properties of the concrete such as workability, compressive and tensile strengths, internal micro structure (SEM and MIP) as well as air-tightness which was tested using an equipment developed in this study. Test results show that workability and tensile strength significantly increase by a small addition of HGP, and that cGO (GO product of company c) and HGP are well dispersed without agglomeration effect, resulting in more than 20% of reduction in porosity. It is also observed that air-tightness increases by 40% compared with conventional ultra-high strength concrete due to reduction in porosity; thus, new ultra-high strength concrete is anticipated to be effectively used for structures that requires air-tightness such as hyperloop tube. Consequently, it was observed that the workability and mechanical properties of UHSC were increased when cGO and HGP were used instead of silica fume (SF), and authors believe that utilization of new material would contribute to the change in manufacturing method and increase in mechanical properties of concrete.

作者开发了一种新型超高强度混凝土,其中添加了氧化石墨烯纳米板(GO)和空心玻璃粉(HGP)。本文介绍了该混凝土的材料特性,如工作性、抗压和抗拉强度、内部微观结构(扫描电镜和 MIP)以及气密性,并使用本研究开发的设备对其进行了测试。测试结果表明,少量添加 HGP 就能显著提高工作性和抗拉强度,cGO(c 公司的 GO 产品)和 HGP 分散良好,没有结块效应,从而使孔隙率降低 20%以上。同时还观察到,由于孔隙率降低,气密性比传统超高强度混凝土提高了 40%;因此,新型超高强度混凝土有望有效用于要求气密性的结构,如超级高铁管道。因此,作者认为使用新材料将有助于改变制造方法和提高混凝土的机械性能。
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引用次数: 0
Strut-and-Tie Method for GFRP-RC Deep Members 用于 GFRP-RC 深层构件的支撑和拉杆法
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1186/s40069-024-00674-z
Zahid Hussain, Antonio Nanni

The current code provisions in ACI 440.11 are based on the flexural theory that applies to slender members and may not represent the actual structural behavior when the shear span-to-reinforcement depth ratio is less than 2.5 (i.e., deep members). The Strut-and-tie method (STM) can be a better approach to design deep members; however, this chapter is not included in the code. Research has shown that STM models used for steel-reinforced concrete (RC) give satisfactory results when applied to glass fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced (GFRP)-RC members with a/d less than 2.5. Therefore, this study is carried out to provide insights into the use of STM for GFRP-RC deep members based on the available literature and to highlight the necessity for the inclusion of a new chapter addressing the use of STM in the ACI 440.11 Code. It includes a design example to show the implications of ACI 440.11 code provisions when applied to GFRP-RC deep members (i.e., isolated footings) and compares it when designed as per STM provided in ACI 318-19. It was observed that current code provisions in ACI 440.11 required more concrete thickness (i.e., h = 1.12 m) leading to implementation challenges. However, the required dimensions decreased (i.e., h = 0.91 m) when the design was carried out as per STM. Due to the novelty of GFRP reinforcement, current code provisions may limit its extensive use in RC buildings, particularly in footings given the water table issues and excavation costs. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt innovative methods such as STM to design GFRP-RC deep members if allowed by the code.

ACI 440.11 中的现行规范条款基于适用于细长构件的抗弯理论,当剪切跨度与加固深度比小于 2.5 时(即深构件),这些条款可能无法代表实际的结构行为。支柱-拉杆法(STM)可能是设计深层构件的更好方法,但该章节并未包含在规范中。研究表明,用于钢筋混凝土(RC)的 STM 模型在应用于 a/d 小于 2.5 的玻璃纤维增强聚合物增强(GFRP)-RC 构件时,结果令人满意。因此,本研究以现有文献为基础,深入探讨了 STM 在 GFRP-RC 深层构件中的应用,并强调有必要在 ACI 440.11 规范中加入一个新章节,以解决 STM 的使用问题。它包括一个设计示例,以说明 ACI 440.11 规范条款在应用于 GFRP-RC 深构件(即孤立基脚)时的影响,并将其与 ACI 318-19 中规定的 STM 设计进行比较。据观察,ACI 440.11 中的现行规范要求更厚的混凝土(即 h = 1.12 米),这给实施带来了挑战。然而,按照 STM 进行设计时,所需的尺寸却减少了(即 h = 0.91 米)。由于 GFRP 加固材料的新颖性,目前的规范规定可能会限制其在钢筋混凝土建筑中的广泛应用,特别是在基脚中,因为存在地下水位问题和开挖成本。因此,如果规范允许,有必要采用 STM 等创新方法来设计 GFRP-RC 深层构件。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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