- Some local government areas in Lagos State, Nigeria, revealed that the careless disposal of Carbide Ash Waste (CAW) produced by the local auto industry has raised serious environmental concerns because it has an impact on nearby humans and ecosystems. Examining and evaluating the wastes made of calcium carbide ash is the goal of this. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
{"title":"Physicochemical Characterization of Carbide Ash Wastes Collected from Ikorodu and Ajegunle Local Automobile Mechanic Workshops in Lagos State","authors":"Alegbe M.J, Moronkola B.A, Jaji S.O, Balogun R.S, Adejare A.A, Orungbamila F, Badmus A.W, Gbelekale O","doi":"10.14445/23939133/ijac-v11i2p101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939133/ijac-v11i2p101","url":null,"abstract":"- Some local government areas in Lagos State, Nigeria, revealed that the careless disposal of Carbide Ash Waste (CAW) produced by the local auto industry has raised serious environmental concerns because it has an impact on nearby humans and ecosystems. Examining and evaluating the wastes made of calcium carbide ash is the goal of this. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF)","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141852532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.14445/23939133/ijac-v11i2p102
Shaziya Mohammed Irfan Momin
{"title":"Impact of Environment Changes on Biodiversity","authors":"Shaziya Mohammed Irfan Momin","doi":"10.14445/23939133/ijac-v11i2p102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939133/ijac-v11i2p102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141847622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
- Due to fossil fuel diminishing reserves, global warming, and high petroleum prices, there is a need to generate alternative, sustainable, renewable, and biodegradable biodiesel. In this paper, a zinc-based Metal-Organic Framework (Zn-MOF) was solvothermally synthesized, characterized and then used as a catalyst in place of the traditionally used toxic acids and bases as catalysts in biodiesel production. The Zn-MOF was synthesized using zinc nitrate hexahydrate, (ZnNO 3 ) 2. 6H 2 O as the source of metal ion (a Lewis acid), while benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (BDCA) served as a ligand (a Lewis base). A mixture of dimethylacetamide (DMA) and H 2 O (1:1 ratio) functioned as solvent. In a clean and dry beaker, 0.297 g (0.999 mmol) of Zn(NO 3 ) 2. 6H 2 O was completely dissolved in 2 ml of distilled water. In another clean and dry beaker, 0.166 g (0.999 mmol) of BDCA was dissolved in 2 mL of DMA. Then, both solutions were mixed together and then transferred into a Teflon-lined autoclave. The Teflon-lined autoclave containing the mixture was put in an oven and heated at 150 °C for 24 h. After this period, the Zn-MOF was formed as colourless plate crystalline solids. The Zn-MOF remain unmelted even beyond 360 °C. Furthermore, the Zn-MOF was characterized by FTIR and powder X-ray diffraction. The FTIR shows the incorporation of the ligand into the Zn-MOF. The melting point and the powder X-ray diffraction results agree with the properties of MOFs in the literature. After that, the Zn-MOF was used as a catalyst in the transesterification of treated Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) for biodiesel production. The biodiesel was obtained by transesterification process at a temperature of 60 °C using a 1:5 molar ratio of oil to methanol. The biodiesel yield was 96%. The biodiesel diesel produced was physicochemically characterized. The analysis results revealed that the experimentally obtained values for viscosity, density, flashpoint, cloud point and pour point were 4.1 cSt, 821 kg/m³, 170 °C, below 0 °C and 2 °C, respectively. These values, when compared with standards (ASTM), were in agreement. The Zn-MOF recovered and recycled five times without degradation. Hence, it can be said that Zn-MOF is a good catalyst in the transesterification process of biodiesel production and can, therefore, replace the traditionally used toxic acids and bases.
{"title":"Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil using A Zinc-Based Metal-Organic Framework (Zn-MOF) As Catalyst","authors":"Okpara Sergeant Bull, Sunday Monsuru Adewale, Eyu Okpa","doi":"10.14445/23939133/ijac-v11i1p101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939133/ijac-v11i1p101","url":null,"abstract":"- Due to fossil fuel diminishing reserves, global warming, and high petroleum prices, there is a need to generate alternative, sustainable, renewable, and biodegradable biodiesel. In this paper, a zinc-based Metal-Organic Framework (Zn-MOF) was solvothermally synthesized, characterized and then used as a catalyst in place of the traditionally used toxic acids and bases as catalysts in biodiesel production. The Zn-MOF was synthesized using zinc nitrate hexahydrate, (ZnNO 3 ) 2. 6H 2 O as the source of metal ion (a Lewis acid), while benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (BDCA) served as a ligand (a Lewis base). A mixture of dimethylacetamide (DMA) and H 2 O (1:1 ratio) functioned as solvent. In a clean and dry beaker, 0.297 g (0.999 mmol) of Zn(NO 3 ) 2. 6H 2 O was completely dissolved in 2 ml of distilled water. In another clean and dry beaker, 0.166 g (0.999 mmol) of BDCA was dissolved in 2 mL of DMA. Then, both solutions were mixed together and then transferred into a Teflon-lined autoclave. The Teflon-lined autoclave containing the mixture was put in an oven and heated at 150 °C for 24 h. After this period, the Zn-MOF was formed as colourless plate crystalline solids. The Zn-MOF remain unmelted even beyond 360 °C. Furthermore, the Zn-MOF was characterized by FTIR and powder X-ray diffraction. The FTIR shows the incorporation of the ligand into the Zn-MOF. The melting point and the powder X-ray diffraction results agree with the properties of MOFs in the literature. After that, the Zn-MOF was used as a catalyst in the transesterification of treated Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) for biodiesel production. The biodiesel was obtained by transesterification process at a temperature of 60 °C using a 1:5 molar ratio of oil to methanol. The biodiesel yield was 96%. The biodiesel diesel produced was physicochemically characterized. The analysis results revealed that the experimentally obtained values for viscosity, density, flashpoint, cloud point and pour point were 4.1 cSt, 821 kg/m³, 170 °C, below 0 °C and 2 °C, respectively. These values, when compared with standards (ASTM), were in agreement. The Zn-MOF recovered and recycled five times without degradation. Hence, it can be said that Zn-MOF is a good catalyst in the transesterification process of biodiesel production and can, therefore, replace the traditionally used toxic acids and bases.","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140484694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.37622/ijac/19.2.2023.99-107
Tejas Joshi
{"title":"Analytical Tools for Characterization of the Micellar Surfactant System","authors":"Tejas Joshi","doi":"10.37622/ijac/19.2.2023.99-107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37622/ijac/19.2.2023.99-107","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i3p101
Hema Krishna R, Venkata Mohan S, Swamy A.V.V.S
{"title":"Examine the Feasibility of Anaerobic Biohydrogen Production Starting from a 25%-75% Mixture of the Complex Feed and the Bulk Drug Wastewater","authors":"Hema Krishna R, Venkata Mohan S, Swamy A.V.V.S","doi":"10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i3p101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i3p101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139196944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-30DOI: 10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i3p102
Ndidi Nwachoko, Udiomine B. Akuru, Belema N Duke, C. O. Egbunefu
{"title":"Proximate Composition and Selected Physicochemical Parameters of Cake Prepared with Preservatives","authors":"Ndidi Nwachoko, Udiomine B. Akuru, Belema N Duke, C. O. Egbunefu","doi":"10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i3p102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i3p102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139206750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-30DOI: 10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i2p101
O. S. Bull, E. Okpa
Among the twelve principles of green chemistry are the avoidance of waste, the use of benign chemicals, and the incorporation of the starting materials into the final product. To this end, a one-pot facile, more benign, less expensive and higher yield method has been used for the preparation of tris(4-bromophenyl)chlorosilane, which is a highly used precursor for the making of a rigid core carbosilane dendrimers. The reaction pathway for the synthesis of tris(4bromophenyl)chlorosilane is similar to the procedure followed for synthesising similar compounds in the literature but with differences in starting materials and modifications in the workup processes. The tris(4-bromophenyl)chlorosilane in this work was prepared by the dissolution of 1,4-dibromobenzene in dry ether at -76 °C, followed by the slow addition/stirring of n-BuLi. After 1 h of stirring, tetrachlorosilane was slowly added at temperature range of -70 to -75 °C. The reaction setup was allowed to stir further to room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was stopped, followed by a workup to obtain a colourless powder product with an 82% yield. The colourless powder was characterised by melting point (123.4 °C) and elemental analysis (Anal. Calc for C18H12ClBr3Si: C, 40.67; H, 2.28; found: C, 40.80; H, 2.26; as well as H NMR: δ (CDCl3 400 MHz) 7.44 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 6H, Ar-H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 6H, Ar-H); C{H}, NMR: δ (CDCl3, 101 MHz) 126.46, 130.66, 131.61, 136.53 ppm; Si{H}, NMR: δ (CDCl3, 79.5 MHz) 1.47 ppm. The results obtained from this one-pot synthetic method are in agreement with that reported in the literature for the multi-step pathway and more expensive starting materials.
{"title":"Application of Green Chemistry for the One-pot Preparation of Tris (4-bromophenyl) Chlorosilane","authors":"O. S. Bull, E. Okpa","doi":"10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i2p101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i2p101","url":null,"abstract":"Among the twelve principles of green chemistry are the avoidance of waste, the use of benign chemicals, and the incorporation of the starting materials into the final product. To this end, a one-pot facile, more benign, less expensive and higher yield method has been used for the preparation of tris(4-bromophenyl)chlorosilane, which is a highly used precursor for the making of a rigid core carbosilane dendrimers. The reaction pathway for the synthesis of tris(4bromophenyl)chlorosilane is similar to the procedure followed for synthesising similar compounds in the literature but with differences in starting materials and modifications in the workup processes. The tris(4-bromophenyl)chlorosilane in this work was prepared by the dissolution of 1,4-dibromobenzene in dry ether at -76 °C, followed by the slow addition/stirring of n-BuLi. After 1 h of stirring, tetrachlorosilane was slowly added at temperature range of -70 to -75 °C. The reaction setup was allowed to stir further to room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was stopped, followed by a workup to obtain a colourless powder product with an 82% yield. The colourless powder was characterised by melting point (123.4 °C) and elemental analysis (Anal. Calc for C18H12ClBr3Si: C, 40.67; H, 2.28; found: C, 40.80; H, 2.26; as well as H NMR: δ (CDCl3 400 MHz) 7.44 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 6H, Ar-H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 6H, Ar-H); C{H}, NMR: δ (CDCl3, 101 MHz) 126.46, 130.66, 131.61, 136.53 ppm; Si{H}, NMR: δ (CDCl3, 79.5 MHz) 1.47 ppm. The results obtained from this one-pot synthetic method are in agreement with that reported in the literature for the multi-step pathway and more expensive starting materials.","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90978921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-30DOI: 10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i1p101
V. Sonawane
{"title":"Development of Green and Polymer-supported Periodates forms of Amberlyst a 26 and Amberlite IRA 904 for oxidation of 1-Phenyl alcohol","authors":"V. Sonawane","doi":"10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i1p101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939133/ijac-v10i1p101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76295078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.14445/23939133/ijac-v9i3p103
Mervat. A. Ahmed, Mawa. G. Diab, E. M
{"title":"Extension of Hand Correlation Model to Obtain on Quarternary System (MTBE-hydroqinone-phenol-water)","authors":"Mervat. A. Ahmed, Mawa. G. Diab, E. M","doi":"10.14445/23939133/ijac-v9i3p103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939133/ijac-v9i3p103","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74152599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-31DOI: 10.14445/23939133/ijac-v9i3p102
S. Ramteke, B. Sahu
{"title":"Distribution, Water Soluble ions, Monitoring of Indoor Particulate Matter PM10, PM10-2.5, CO and CO2 during Burning of Dhoop Samples","authors":"S. Ramteke, B. Sahu","doi":"10.14445/23939133/ijac-v9i3p102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14445/23939133/ijac-v9i3p102","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13860,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75846071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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