International Journal of Coal Geology最新文献

Although the Monterey Formation has been studied extensively for its petroleum system and Miocene climate insights, debates persist regarding its paleo-redox conditions. Furthermore, its characteristic lithofacies offer a natural laboratory for developing tools to differentiate siliceous and calcareous rocks in deepwater environments. This study evaluated the potential of the Sulfur Index (SI = mg S_org/g TOC), measured by Rock-Eval 7S, as a proxy for assessing paleoredox conditions by comparing the SI with iron speciation data. Additionally, high-resolution molecular analyses were performed to investigate possible relationships between sulfur compounds and rocks with different carbonate content. The findings indicate higher SI values and higher concentrations of benzothiophenes over dibenzothiophenes in the siliceous lithofacies compared to the calcareous lithofacies. This suggests that the mineral matrix plays a crucial role in influencing the process by which sulfur-rich kerogen undergoes cracking when placed under thermal stress. The SI may support a paleoredox interpretation for the Monterey Formation, differing from previous interpretations based only on iron speciation. This alternative interpretation involves a more extensive water-column euxinia, distinct from the seasonal euxinia suggested in previous work. This study represents a practical and pioneering workflow based on sulfur data derived from Rock-Eval 7S for paleoredox and lithofacies assessments, opening avenues for further research.

As a critical element, Li is currently in high demand due to rapid technological development. Anomalous Li enrichment in Pennsylvanian coals, such as those in Shanxi Province, has been discovered in China. Previous studies have shown that Li enrichment in coal and coal-bearing strata in Shanxi Province is generally evident in clay minerals and is related to mineral matter originating from nearby granite or bauxite and, in some cases, it is associated with hydrothermal fluid. Determining the exact sources of Li responsible for the Li enrichment in these coals is essential. This study investigated the spatiotemporal provenance of mineral matter evolution and source-to-sink system of No. 9 coal seam in the Anjialing Mine, Ningwu Coalfield, northeastern Shanxi Province, China. In total, 17 coal samples, six parting samples, one roof sample, and one floor sample from No. 9 coal seam were collected. Geochemical, mineralogical, and geochronological analyses were conducted using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy for minerals, inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP–OES) for major-element oxides, inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) for trace elements, and laser ablation–ICP–MS (LA–ICP–MS) for geochronology. The mineral matter in the coal samples consists mainly of kaolinite, boehmite, quartz, with varying proportions of calcite, pyrite, nacrite, anatase and goyazite, whereas in non-coal samples, the mineral matter is dominated by kaolinite, quartz, with minor amounts of anatase and pyrite. There are two heavy mineral assemblages: titanite–biotite–zircon–apatite and titanite–biotite–anatase–apatite. Relative to the elemental composition of the World hard coal, the coal benches are enriched in Li and Sr and slightly enriched in Ga, Zr, Hf, and Th. Relative to the elemental composition of the World clays, the parting samples in No. 9 coal seam are enriched in Li and slightly enriched in Mo, the roof sample is slightly enriched in Hf, and the floor sample is slightly enriched in Li and Hf. Detrital zircon ages in the roof and floor samples can be divided into two main ages: 2500–1700 and 326–293 Ma. The youngest UPb ages of zircon grain in the roof and floor samples are 292.7 ± 7.1 and 295.5 ± 9.7 Ma, respectively, indicating a well-constrained Early Asselian–Sakmarian stage. Detrital zircons, with ages of 326–293 Ma, in No. 9 coal seam are mainly derived from granitic intrusions and volcanic rocks in the Inner Mongolia Paleo-uplift (IMPU) rather than bauxite deposits. Based on mineralogical, geochemical, and geochronological evidence, the high Li enrichment in the studied samples is mainly caused by detrital material input. The dominant detrital materials in the coal and non-coal samples originate from felsic-intermediate igneous rocks in the IMPU.

Organic petrology developed from coal petrology, and, in the 1960s, it began to be applied to the study of dispersed organic matter (DOM) in sedimentary rocks other than coal. Over the last few decades, the petrology of DOM has been used to characterize organic matter in sedimentary basins with an emphasis on fossil fuel resource exploration. Today, due to the global research shift on topics related to climate, organic petrology has expanded into new application areas, such as geothermal exploration, biological carbon storage (biochar), disposal, and management of radioactive waste.

From the publication of the International Handbook of Coal Petrology (mid-20th century) to the present day, a large number of standards, books, and articles have been published as a result of the work of organic petrographers and petrologists around the world and efforts of the International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP) and The Society for Organic Petrology (TSOP) to promote the study of organic petrology. The current fundamentals and standards of organic petrology provide the international scientific community with well-informed guidance and recommendations to promote in-depth research. However, this information is currently widely scattered, leading to discrepancies in methodology and terminology. Therefore, this paper aims to present a comprehensive review of the main analytical standard test methods and techniques currently used in the petrology of DOM under reflected white light and UV and blue-light excitation, and to provide an efficient and well-defined reference guide. Furthermore, considering the important role of the ICCP in the development of organic petrology since the 1950s, a brief review of the ongoing activities of ICCP dealing with DOM is also presented.

The commercial management of coal and its by-products has the potential to negatively impact natural coastal environments. The coal conversion processes and coke production are sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions that also contribute to the pollution of those aquatic environments. This research assesses the contamination by carbonaceous anthropogenic particles and by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of some recreational sites (Arañón, Peña del Caballo and San Balandrán area) located in the Avilés' estuary, an area in Northern Spain that has been heavily industrialized since the 1950s. The results obtained indicate a low concentration of solid organic anthropogenic particles in the intertidal sediments of the recreational sites in the estuary, probably due to the protective measures set in place at the facilities managing bulk coal and coke, which prevents the dispersion of coal dust (and other materials) as well as the eventual failure into the estuary. The characteristics of 16 priority pollutants PAHs analyzed in two recreational sites of the estuary (San Balandrán area), their distribution by aromatic ring number together with their diagnostic ratios demonstrate a pyrogenic nature with a main source from processes of coal and coke conversion (including combustion) in the facilities around the estuary. Some contribution of PAHs derived from petroleum cannot be ruled out. This contamination by PAHS is constant and sustained over time. The majority of the considered PAHs are well above the Spanish Generic Reference Level, (GRL) established for “protection of ecosystems with aquatic organisms”, and only a few of them are notably above the corresponding Spanish GRL established for “other uses of land”, which should include lands for recreational activities. The analysis of the potential toxicity risk of PAHs for human health and the organisms of the aquatic ecosystem suggests a relatively low toxicity risk to very high toxicity risk in the San Balandrán environment according to the concentration and distribution trend of PAHs identified in this area. This trend is dependent on the coastal dynamics and the protection level of the site, which also affect the distribution of the anthropogenic carbonaceous particulates in the same way.

Methane oxidation affects hydrocarbon accumulation and carbon cycling with important geological and paleoclimatic responses. However, the petrological and geochemical evidences that can clearly discern anaerobic (AOM) and thermochemical (TOM) oxidations in petroliferous basins are unclear, causing the disputes if these two processes can take place in specific conditions. Here, the Baikouquan Formation (T₁b) in the Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, China, was used as the first case study for comprehensive petrological and geochemical analyses to explore this scientific issue. Results indicate that the two main types of T₁b calcite cement record different methane oxidation mechanisms. Calcite cements filling intergranular pores were formed during early diagenesis in relatively shallow-burial stages, through AOM with high-valence Mn oxides as electron acceptors, and with compositions of −47.5 ‰ < δ¹³C < −30.9 ‰, 1.1 wt% < MnO < 5.8 wt%, and 0.02 wt% < FeO < 0.13 wt%. Calcite cements filling intragranular dissolution pores were formed through TOM with high-valence Mn oxides as electron acceptors during mesogenesis during relatively deep-burial stages, with compositions of −39.7 ‰ < δ¹³C < −14.3 ‰, 0.43 wt% < MnO < 11.00 wt%, and 0.03 wt% < FeO < 0.36 wt%. Thus, methane oxidation underwent a transition from AOM to TOM with increasing depth, as recorded by the calcite cements with different occurrences. This transition may be a common feature of clastic strata in petroliferous basins.

The Middle Miocene Balikpapan Formation is exposed in the Samarinda Anticlinorium, which forms part of the Lower Kutai Basin situated on East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Balikpapan Formation is considered the main source rock for oil and gas fields in Lower Kutai Basin. This study integrates sedimentology, organic geochemistry, organic petrography and calcareous nannofossil analysis to characterize the depositional environment, to determine the source of the organic matter, and to assess the hydrocarbon potential of the Balikpapan Formation. The studied sections contain at one locality calcareous nannofossil assemblages with low diversity including Sphenolithus heteromorphus, suggesting nannofossil zones NN4 – NN5 (upper Burdigalian - Langhian-lower Serravallian) are restricted to the Air Putih section in the northeastern part of the study area. Six facies associations were identified in the study area, comprising eleven lithofacies, interpreted as fluvial-deltaic to shallow marine in origin. The fine-grained lithofacies include shale, coaly shale and coal while the coarse-grained facies include sandstone and sandy conglomerates. The geochemical results (TOC) indicate that the analyzed samples have strongly varying total organic carbon (TOC) contents. The organic matter is composed of type III (gas-prone) and type II-III (mixed oil and gas prone) kerogen, with HI values ranging from 32 to 252 mg HC/g TOC. The Rock-Eval parameter T_max 409–441 °C and vitrinite reflectance values (0.40–0.67 %Rr) indicate that the sediments are immature to marginal mature. The rank of coal in the Balikpapan Formation ranges from the sub-bituminous to the high-volatile bituminous B stage.

The Babouri-Figuil Basin is an intracratonic basin (half-graben) in northern Cameroon that is genetically connected to the Benue Trough from Nigeria, and is an area of interest in terms of petroleum prospectivity. Recent studies highlighted the presence of organic-rich formations in the basin. However, none of these works have identified factors that governed the accumulation of organic matter (OM) in the sediments. The main objective of this work is the characterization of these formations through palynofacies and organic geochemical techniques (total organic carbon - TOC, total sulfur, insoluble residue and biomarkers), in order to determine the organic facies, their depositional environments and the main drivers for organic enrichment in the basin. The current study reveals that black shale and massive claystone lithologies constitute the main organic-rich formations in the basin, with TOC reaching up to 26.08 wt%, being characterized by a dominance of bacterially-derived amorphous OM. Palynofacies and biomarker data revealed that these formations are positively associated with anoxic conditions and a partly highly saline and stratified lake water column. The deposition of organic-rich formations in the Babouri-Figuil Basin was mainly controlled by restriction conditions which developed in connection with the regional tectonic framework. The Lower Cretaceous rifting episode in the West and Central African Rift System (WCARS) basins led to the formation of accommodation space, a reduction in water levels, and the development of anoxic conditions within the basin, facilitating the deposition of organic-rich formations. Therefore, the organic enrichment of the Babouri-Figuil Basin has been predominantly controlled by its tectonic evolution, particularly during the syn-rift phase. This phase created favorable conditions for the deposition and preservation of OM, including the establishment of anoxic conditions. Additionally, the paleoclimate (arid conditions), the development of bacterial biomass, and the basin's paleogeography all played a significant role in this process. The organic-rich formations of the Babouri-Figuil Basin show characteristics of prospective petroleum source rocks (high organic content, high proportion of oil-prone kerogen, significant thickness and lateral extension). The combination of organic-rich formations with sandstone deposits above and extensive claystone/shale deposits on top can indicate the presence of an oil play in the basin. A detailed study with broader sampling is needed to investigate thoroughly the variation of organic facies and the influence of paleoenvironmental factors that control the deposition of thick source rock intervals.

The Orzesze-1 exploratory well with a depth of 3708 m (TVD) was drilled in 2019–2020 in the depocentre of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB). The methane content in the coal seams has been tested to a depth of 2840 m and the sorption capacity of the coal to a depth of 2576 m. These are the deepest measurements in the USCB so far. The vertical distribution of methane content in the borehole shows two depth zones of interest, the first at a depth 883 m to about 1300 m (maximum methane content about 12 m³/t coal^daf) and another in the range of 1500–2840 m, that is, to the maximum measurement depth, so the actual lower boundary depth of this zone is unknown. The maximum methane content here exceeds 18 m³/t coal^daf at a depth of >2800 m. Both zones are separated by an interval of reduced methane content of about 5 m³/t coal^daf at a depth of approximately 1400 m. The gas composition is dominated by methane (∼90%), and the content of carbon dioxide increases to approximately 15% at a depth of >2300 m. The methane-bearing zone at ∼900–1300 m corresponds to the zone of high- and medium-volatile bituminous coal (second coalification jump), while the highest methane content at a depth of >2800 m was determined in anthracite. The methane sorption capacity of the coal seams oscillates between 16 and 40 m³/t coal^daf with a maximum in anthracite at a depth of >2800 m, where the temperature of the rock approaches 100 °C and the deposit pressure exceeds 28 MPa. The highest sorption capacity in anthracite results from its inner structure characterised by the predominance of ordered aromatic lamellas and the dominance of vitrinite macerals (>70%), which contain coal micropores accumulating adsorbed methane. The comparison of the sorption capacity of the tested coal and the measured methane content displays undersaturation of 11–59%, however, due to significant gas content in the deep zone (depth > 1500 m), the drilling area can be considered as a prospect for further exploration and development of coalbed methane (CBM).

Accurately identifying sweet spots remains a significant challenge for the petroleum industry despite the growing amount of information available for unconventional hydrocarbon resources. These challenges may stem from the inorganic geochemical heterogeneities in source rock composition that can vary within a given basin over time. This study investigates the relationship between source rock composition and the resulting hydrocarbon expulsion, retention, and thermal maturation behavior through artificial maturation experiments on Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Jordanian source rocks (JSR). The JSR is a carbonate-rich Type IIS source rock, which is compositionally similar to major Arabian unconventional prospects (Tuwaiq Mtn, Hanifa, and Shilaif/Natih Fms) as well as other major carbonate source rocks (Eagle Ford & La Luna Fms). However, it is thermally immature and, therefore, can be considered as an immature analog to the mature unconventional Type IIS source rock prospects.

This study utilized a thick JSR interval in the Al-Lajjun area of western Jordan, by using core samples from a 72 m long vertical well. Initial characterization of the source rock interval using bulk organic and inorganic geochemical parameters revealed three distinct geochemical cycles. Representative homogeneous plug samples from each cycle underwent artificial maturation experiments and showed differences in hydrocarbon expulsion and retention trends along with a difference in thermal maturity. Samples with higher silica content exhibited an early hydrocarbon expulsion as compared to Ca-dominated samples. The Ca-rich samples demonstrated a higher hydrocarbon retention and delayed expulsion at corresponding maturity stages as compared to the Si-rich samples. Additionally, the silica-rich samples also displayed lower Tmax values than the calcium-rich samples of similar thermal maturity.

The findings of this study highlight the significance of inorganic compositional heterogeneities within a source rock interval that can lead to the formation of multiple play fairways with varying hydrocarbon expulsion and thermal maturity characteristics. These insights emphasize the need for a more comprehensive understanding of source rock composition when assessing thermal maturity and identifying sweet spots for unconventional hydrocarbon exploration and production.