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Understanding organic matter supply in the Eocene to Miocene Lark Formation, Danish North Sea 了解丹麦北海始新世至中新世云雀地层的有机质供应情况
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104575
Zhiheng Zhou, Henrik Ingermann Petersen, Niels Hemmingsen Schovsbo, Arka Rudra, Hamed Sanei
The significance of the Lark Formation is underscored by the variations in regional depositional environments and climatic conditions that characterized the late Cenozoic sedimentary flux into the Danish North Sea basin. This study marks the first systematic investigation of sedimentary organic matter in the Lark Formation. A total of 391 drill cuttings from 7 wells in the Danish North Sea were collected and analyzed. All 391 samples were analyzed by pyrolysis geochemistry, and thirty-eight were examined petrographically using reflected light to document maceral composition. This allowed the investigation into spatial and temporal variations in the distribution and properties of organic matter within the Danish North Sea Basin from the latest Eocene to the Middle Miocene. The results reveal that the organic matter comprises primarily Type III kerogen and is thermally immature, as indicated by thermal indicators (T < 430 °C, mean HRo = 0.3%, mean R/G = 0.51). The kerogen is predominantly composed of huminite (abundant), liptinite (less abundant), and inertinite (trace quantity) macerals.
区域沉积环境和气候条件的变化凸显了云雀地层的重要性,而这些变化正是晚新生代沉积物流入丹麦北海盆地的特征。这项研究是对云雀地层沉积有机物的首次系统调查。共收集并分析了来自丹麦北海 7 口井的 391 份钻屑样品。对所有 391 个样本都进行了热解地球化学分析,并利用反射光对 38 个样本进行了岩石学检查,以记录宏观组成。这样就可以研究丹麦北海盆地从最近的始新世到中新世有机物质分布和性质的空间和时间变化。研究结果表明,有机质主要由 III 型角质组成,热指标(T < 430 °C、平均 HRo = 0.3%、平均 R/G = 0.51)表明其热度不成熟。角质主要由腐植质(含量丰富)、尖晶石(含量较少)和惰性石(微量)大颗粒组成。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding organic matter supply in the Eocene to Miocene Lark Formation, Danish North Sea 了解丹麦北海始新世至中新世云雀地层的有机质供应情况
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104575
Zhiheng Zhou , Henrik Ingermann Petersen , Niels Hemmingsen Schovsbo , Arka Rudra , Hamed Sanei

The significance of the Lark Formation is underscored by the variations in regional depositional environments and climatic conditions that characterized the late Cenozoic sedimentary flux into the Danish North Sea basin. This study marks the first systematic investigation of sedimentary organic matter in the Lark Formation. A total of 391 drill cuttings from 7 wells in the Danish North Sea were collected and analyzed. All 391 samples were analyzed by pyrolysis geochemistry, and thirty-eight were examined petrographically using reflected light to document maceral composition. This allowed the investigation into spatial and temporal variations in the distribution and properties of organic matter within the Danish North Sea Basin from the latest Eocene to the Middle Miocene. The results reveal that the organic matter comprises primarily Type III kerogen and is thermally immature, as indicated by thermal indicators (Tmax < 430 °C, mean HRo = 0.3%, mean R/G = 0.51). The kerogen is predominantly composed of huminite (abundant), liptinite (less abundant), and inertinite (trace quantity) macerals.

The increasing trend in total organic carbon (TOC) commenced mainly in the northeastern part of the basin (F-1 well) in the late Oligocene. From the late Oligocene to the Early and Middle Miocene, there was a progressive clockwise shift in this increasing trend of sedimentary organic carbon content towards the southernmost part of the Danish North Sea basin (Adda-3, E-1, Dany-1X and Jens-1 wells). The results of the analysis further demonstrate that this rise in sedimentary organic carbon is primarily driven by the increased content of huminite and inertinite.

Given the immaturity of the organic matter and its consistent preservation conditions, the spatial and temporal increase in the abundance of huminite and inertinite is attributed to the influx of allochthonous organic matter from terrestrial sources. This influx was primarily influenced by climatic changes and subsequent alterations in runoff. Lower runoff during cooler and drier climates from the latest Eocene to the late Oligocene resulted in a low influx of allochthonous organic matter. Conversely, higher runoff during warmer and more humid conditions in the Early Miocene and earliest Middle Miocene markedly increased its influx. The distribution of allochthonous organic matter in the study area depended on the positioning of basin entrances and depocenters, which respectively determined the supply routes and accumulation sites. This further contributed to the relatively higher abundance of allochthonous organic matter in the areas near the corresponding stratum depocenters.

区域沉积环境和气候条件的变化凸显了云雀地层的重要性,这些变化是晚新生代沉积物流入丹麦北海盆地的特征。这项研究是对云雀地层沉积有机物的首次系统调查。共收集并分析了来自丹麦北海 7 口井的 391 份钻屑样品。对所有 391 个样本都进行了热解地球化学分析,并利用反射光对 38 个样本进行了岩石学检查,以记录宏观组成。这样就可以研究丹麦北海盆地从最近的始新世到中新世有机物质分布和性质的空间和时间变化。研究结果表明,有机质主要由 III 型角质组成,热指标(Tmax < 430 °C,平均 HRo = 0.3%,平均 R/G = 0.51)表明有机质的热成熟度较低。角质主要由腐植质(含量丰富)、尖晶石(含量较少)和惰性石(微量)大颗粒组成。总有机碳(TOC)的增加趋势主要始于晚渐新世盆地的东北部(F-1井)。从渐新世晚期到中新世早期,沉积有机碳含量的增加趋势呈顺时针方向逐渐向丹麦北海盆地最南端移动(Adda-3、E-1、Dany-1X 和 Jens-1 井)。分析结果进一步表明,沉积有机碳的增加主要是由腐植质和惰性质含量的增加所驱动的。鉴于有机质的不成熟性及其稳定的保存条件,腐植质和惰性质丰度在空间和时间上的增加归因于来自陆地的异源有机质的流入。这种流入主要受气候变化和随之而来的径流变化的影响。从始新世晚期到渐新世晚期,在较凉爽干燥的气候条件下,径流量较小,导致流入的外源有机物较少。相反,在早中新世和中新世早期较为温暖和潮湿的条件下,径流量较高,使流入的有机物明显增加。异源有机质在研究区域的分布取决于盆地入口和沉积中心的位置,它们分别决定了有机质的供应路线和堆积地点。这进一步导致了相应地层沉积中心附近地区的异源有机质相对较多。
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引用次数: 0
Geochemical and biological evidence for the presence of secondary microbial gas in anthracite: A case study in the songta block, northern Qinshui Basin, China 无烟煤中存在次生微生物气体的地球化学和生物学证据:中国沁水盆地北部松塔区块案例研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104564
Haijiao Fu , Kangjun Yang , Yueguo Li , Detian Yan , Zhan Zhou , Tuo Deng , Xianbo Su , Gang Wang , Shuguang Yang
<div><p>In general, the bioavailability of organic matter in coal decreases with increasing coal rank, and the current coalbed gas (CBG) present in anthracite (<em>R</em><sub><em>o</em></sub> <em>></em> 2.5%) is typically classified as a thermogenic gas. Recently, gas-production simulation experiments have revealed that native microorganisms could degrade complex organic matter in anthracite and then generate a certain amount of microbial gases. Therefore, the possibility of secondary microbial gas formation in anthracite under the current coal seam conditions requires further investigation. This study aimed to investigate the presence of secondary microbial gas in anthracite by analyzing and interpreting gas and water samples from the Songta (ST) block of the northern Qinshui Basin using geochemical and biological evidence. The study indicates that the coalbed water is primarily recharged by surface freshwater, and the oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) and closed coefficient values indicate a relatively reductive coalbed water environment, and the low concentrations of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>, and Fe<sup>3+</sup> indicate complete denitrification, sulfate reduction, and iron reduction, respectively, and these conditions can provide a favorable environment for microbial methanogenesis. The majority of the water samples are located to the left of the global meteoric water line (GMWL), and the formation of secondary microbial gas is likely responsible for this leftward shift. The geochemical characteristics of the gas samples indicate that the CBG in anthracite is predominantly thermogenic in origin, but its δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4</sub> value is significantly lighter than the theoretical δ<sup>13</sup>C value of the thermogenic CH<sub>4</sub>, which may be influenced by the mixing of microbial CH<sub>4</sub>. In the ST block, geochemical evidence for the presence of secondary microbial gas in anthracite is directly provided by the observation of the positive δ<sup>13</sup>C values of gas-phase CO<sub>2</sub> (ranging from +8.19‰ to +20.21‰) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) (ranging from +17.65‰ to +27.1‰) in the coalbed water. The microbial community composition indicates the presence of hydrolyzing bacteria, acidogenic bacteria, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria, and CO<sub>2</sub>-reducing methanogens in the coalbed water, and these microorganisms are capable of cooperatively completing the conversion of anthracite to microbial gas, thereby providing the biological evidence for the presence of secondary microbial gas. Additional studies indicate that metabolic activities with different functions may be separated from each other in underground coal seams (e.g., methanogenesis and methane oxidation) and jointly involved in the cycling of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, which can reform the early thermogenic CBG in anthracite, and that secondary microbial gas exists mainly as by-products of metabolic act
一般来说,煤炭中有机物的生物利用率随煤炭等级的提高而降低,目前无烟煤(Ro > 2.5%)中存在的煤层气(CBG)通常被归类为热成煤气。最近,产气模拟实验发现,原生微生物可以降解无烟煤中的复杂有机物,然后产生一定量的微生物气体。因此,在当前煤层条件下,无烟煤中二次微生物气体形成的可能性需要进一步研究。本研究旨在通过地球化学和生物学证据对沁水盆地北部松塔(ST)区块的气样和水样进行分析和解释,研究无烟煤中是否存在次生微生物气体。研究表明,煤层水主要由地表淡水补给,氧化/还原电位(ORP)和闭合系数值表明煤层水环境具有相对还原性,低浓度的NO3-、SO42-和Fe3+分别表明煤层水完全反硝化、硫酸盐还原和铁还原,这些条件可为微生物产甲烷提供有利的环境。大部分水样位于全球陨水线(GMWL)的左侧,次生微生物气体的形成可能是造成这种左移的原因。气体样本的地球化学特征表明,无烟煤中的 CBG 主要来源于热源,但其δ13C-CH4 值明显比热源 CH4 的理论δ13C 值轻,这可能是受微生物 CH4 混合的影响。在 ST 区块,通过观察煤层水中气相 CO2(+8.19‰~+20.21‰)和溶解无机碳(DIC)(+17.65‰~+27.1‰)的δ13C 正值,直接提供了无烟煤中存在次生微生物气体的地球化学证据。微生物群落组成表明,煤层水中存在水解细菌、产酸细菌、产氢乙酸细菌和二氧化碳还原甲烷菌,这些微生物能够协同完成无烟煤向微生物气体的转化,从而为二次微生物气体的存在提供了生物学证据。其他研究表明,在地下煤层中,具有不同功能的代谢活动(如甲烷生成和甲烷氧化)可能相互分离,并共同参与碳、氮、硫的循环,从而可以改造无烟煤中的早期热成CBG,而次生微生物气体主要作为原生微生物代谢活动的副产品而存在。在此基础上,无烟煤可在适当条件下(如活跃的地表淡水补给)转化为次生微生物气体,从而为热成CBG提供额外的补充。本案例研究中的这些发现对于指导高位CBG的勘探和推进CBG聚集的地质理论具有重要的理论意义。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular characterization of biochar and the relation to carbon permanence 生物炭的分子特征及其与碳永久性的关系
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104565
Arka Rudra , Henrik I. Petersen , Hamed Sanei

Molecular compounds present in biochar carbon structure are studied from biochar produced from forest, food, and agricultural wastes and sewage sludge using pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results show that with increasing biochar production temperature (PT), the total pyrolysis yield decreases, and the macromolecular structure becomes more condensed with the aromatic linkages becoming less alkylated, hence indicating a stable carbon structure. These highly stable biochar samples consist predominantly of inertinite and have the entire random reflectance (Ro) distributions above the inertinite benchmark (IBRo2%). The results are aligned with high carbon stability of high-temperature biochar. In contrast, biochar samples that were insufficiently carbonized and comprised of mainly semi-inertinitic biochar contain alkane traces, volatile compounds, and higher degrees of alkylation with aromatic linkages in their molecular structure. This indicates the more proneness to oxidative and microbial breakdown, and therefore a less condensed and less stable carbon structure. Additionally, occurrence of these compounds in inertinitic biochar indicate retention of free hydrocarbons within the biochar carbon structure. Complimenting microscopic and bulk geochemical data, Py-GC/MS data is additionally advantageous to assess the stability conditions of the biochar samples.

利用热解气相色谱质谱法(Py-GC/MS)研究了从森林、粮食、农业废弃物和污水污泥中生产的生物炭碳结构中存在的分子化合物。结果表明,随着生物炭生产温度(PT)的升高,总热解产率降低,大分子结构变得更加凝结,芳香族连接的烷基化程度降低,从而表明碳结构稳定。这些高度稳定的生物炭样品主要由惰性碳组成,其整个随机反射率(Ro)分布高于惰性碳基准(IBRo2%)。这些结果与高温生物炭的高碳稳定性相吻合。相比之下,碳化不充分的生物炭样品主要由半惰性生物炭组成,其分子结构中含有烷烃痕迹、挥发性化合物和更高程度的烷基化与芳香链接。这表明它们更容易被氧化和微生物分解,因此碳结构的凝结程度和稳定性较低。此外,在惰性生物炭中出现这些化合物表明生物炭碳结构中保留了游离碳氢化合物。Py-GC/MS 数据与微观和大块地球化学数据相辅相成,对评估生物炭样品的稳定性条件大有裨益。
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引用次数: 0
A Multidisciplinary approach to facies analysis and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Cretaceous Second White Specks Formation, Eastern Margin of the Western Interior Seaway, Canada 加拿大西内海道东缘白垩纪第二白斑地层的地貌分析和古环境重建的多学科方法
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104563
Somayeh H. Mohebati , Per K. Pedersen , Thomas Gentzis , Fariborz Goodarzi
<div><p>The Cenomanian-Turonian strata of the Second White Specks (2WS) Formation on the cratonic margin of the Western Interior Seaway (WIS) are comprised of organic-rich, carbonate-siliciclastic successions. This study focuses on a carbonate-siliciclastic succession of the 2WS in two cored wells located on the eastern margin of the Cretaceous Interior Seaway. Based on sedimentary facies and organic/inorganic geochemistry representing distal and proximal sections of the 2WS, it was possible to interpret factors, including productivity, preservation, and dilution of the Organic Matter (OM). The results revealed eight subfacies and three main facies associations, including deep shelf calcareous mudstones and marlstones, and shallow shelf bioclastic limestones. The carbonaceous mudstones have high type II immature kerogen content and the bioclastic limestones have low organic content dominated by type III and degraded type II kerogen. The 2WS mineralogy primarily consists of calcite, clay minerals, and quartz, and is characterized by a low degree of physical and chemical diagenesis. Based on mineralogical analysis, carbonate is the dominant component, and its proportion is inversely associated with terrigenous silica content. There is a general increase in carbonates and a decrease in siliciclastics from the distal to the proximal sections within the study area. Lateral changes in physical and chemical properties of similar facies associations are mainly controlled by changes in water depth. The 2WS was deposited during a long-lived transgression comprised of higher order parasequences. Core logging data from multiple drillholes show that these parasequences have a general coarsening upward trend with an upward shift from pelagic (i.e., planktonic foraminifera and coccoliths) to benthic (i.e., <em>Inoceramus</em>) carbonate productivity. During deposition of the mudstone/marlstone facies association, a clear and oxygenated water column allowed for a high photosynthetic activity to occur within the photic zone, which is reflected in OM enrichment and higher micronutrient content, such as Zn and Ni, predominance of fecal aggregates, and planktonic foraminifera. In the mudstone/marlstone facies, oxygen deficient pore water conditions, which are reflected in the high redox-sensitive trace element concentrations such as V, contributed to the high degree of OM preservation. The 2WS along the eastern margin of the WIS was deposited on a low gradient carbonate ramp environment. The oxygenated broad ramp accommodated the bioclastic limestones, which are characterized by high benthic carbonate dilution rate that resulted in lower OM preservation potential. The shallow shelf setting was characterized by restricted wave energy and minimal fluvial input from the adjacent craton under temperate climatic conditions. This study contributes to our understanding about paleo-oceanography and hydrocarbon exploration in analogous epeiric seas and mixed siliciclastic‑ca
位于西内海道(WIS)板块边缘的第二白斑层(2WS)的仙人掌-震旦纪地层由富含有机质的碳酸盐-硅质岩组演替组成。本研究的重点是位于白垩纪内部海道东缘的两口取芯井中的第二WS层碳酸盐-硅质碎屑岩演替。根据代表 2WS 远近段的沉积面貌和有机/无机地球化学,可以解释包括生产力、保存和有机物质(OM)稀释在内的各种因素。研究结果显示了八个亚岩相和三个主要岩相组合,包括深陆架钙质泥岩和泥灰岩以及浅陆架生物碎屑灰岩。碳质泥岩的 II 型未成熟角质含量较高,而生物碎屑灰岩的有机质含量较低,以 III 型和降解的 II 型角质为主。2WS 矿物学主要由方解石、粘土矿物和石英组成,物理和化学成因程度较低。根据矿物学分析,碳酸盐是主要成分,其比例与陆相二氧化硅含量成反比。在研究区域内,从远端到近端地段,碳酸盐普遍增加,硅质岩减少。类似岩相组合的物理和化学性质的横向变化主要受水深变化的控制。2WS 沉积于由高阶副层序组成的长期横断时期。来自多个钻孔的岩心测井数据显示,这些副层序总体呈上升粗化趋势,碳酸盐生产力从浮游(即浮游有孔虫和椰壳虫)向上转移到底栖(即Inoceramus)。在泥岩/泥灰岩地层沉积期间,水体清澈,含氧量高,光照区内光合作用活跃,这反映在 OM 富集和较高的微量营养元素(如锌和镍)含量、粪便聚集物的优势以及浮游有孔虫上。在泥岩/泥灰岩层中,对氧化还原敏感的微量元素(如 V)浓度较高,反映了缺氧的孔隙水条件,这也是 OM 保存程度高的原因之一。沿 WIS 东缘的 2WS 沉积在低梯度碳酸盐斜坡环境中。富氧的宽斜坡容纳了生物碎屑灰岩,而生物碎屑灰岩的特点是底栖碳酸盐稀释率高,导致 OM 保存潜力较低。在温带气候条件下,浅海陆架环境的特点是波能受限,来自邻近克拉通的河流输入极少。这项研究有助于我们了解古海洋学和世界各地类似的矽卡岩-碳酸盐混合海洋环境中的碳氢化合物勘探情况。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of thermal intrusion on the Alum Shale from south central Sweden 热入侵对瑞典中南部矾土页岩的影响
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104560
Anji Liu , Xiaowei Zheng , Niels H. Schovsbo , Qingyong Luo , Ningning Zhong , Hamed Sanei

This study investigates the geochemical and petrological characteristics of solid bitumen in the DBH15/73 core from the Furongian (upper Cambrian) and Miaolingian (middle Cambrian) Alum Shale in Billingen, south central Sweden. At Billingen a > 30 m thick Permian diabase (dolerite sill) intruded approximately 100 m above the Alum Shale that promoting the formation of solid bitumen in the uppermost half of the Alum Shale due to enhanced heat flow. The bitumen has been classified into bituminite/diagenetic solid bitumen (DSB), initial-oil solid bitumen (IOSB), and primary-oil solid bitumen (POSB) based on their genesis, morphology and random solid bitumen reflectance (BRo). The Miaolingian shale, constituting the lower part of the Alum Shale, is immature and contains solely bituminite and DSB, with measured BRo ranging from 0.40% to 0.48%. In contrast, the Furongian shale exhibits enrichment in IOSB and POSB and range from marginally mature to peak oil generation with towards the top of the section. Characteristics of uneven heating is seen in the IOSB (BRo: 0.97–1.08%) including oxidation rims and abnormally high maturity surrounding fractures. The POSB (BRo: 0.63–2.01%) is present not only in the Alum Shale but also in the overlying Ordovician Latorp limestone and the underlying Kakeled Limestone Bed, and shows flow structures which is further evidence for migration. The abundance of POSB and IOSB is determined through maceral point counting, revealing POSB as the dominant bitumen type (1.54–7.13 vol%), while IOSB constitutes the minority (0.05–0.31 vol%) within the Furongian shale. This distribution suggests rapid thermal evolution of organic matter within the oil generation window. Additionally, a reduction in free hydrocarbons (Rock-Eval S1), potential hydrocarbons (Rock-Eval S2), and unexpectedly low Tmax was observed in the Furongian shale. Results indicate that hydrocarbon generation resulting from thermal intrusion contributes to the relatively low S2. Migration of POSB and generated oil to adjacent layers leads to the loss of S1, while the reduced Tmax may be attributed to high uranium content which weakens carbon chain bond energy. These anomalies result in an underestimation when evaluating thermal maturity and kerogen type conversion based on Rock Eval data alone.

本研究调查了瑞典中南部比林根 Furongian(上寒武统)和 Miaolingian(中寒武统)Alum 页岩 DBH15/73 岩芯中固体沥青的地球化学和岩石学特征。在比林根,二叠纪30米厚的辉长岩(辉绿岩山体)侵入矾土页岩上方约100米处,由于热流增强,促进了矾土页岩上半部固体沥青的形成。根据沥青的成因、形态和随机固体沥青反射率(BRo),沥青被分为沥青质/二元固体沥青(DSB)、原油固体沥青(IOSB)和原油固体沥青(POSB)。构成矾土页岩下部的苗岭页岩尚未成熟,只含有沥青质和固体沥青,测得的 BRo 为 0.40% 至 0.48%。与此相反,芙蓉页岩富含 IOSB 和 POSB,从略微成熟到该区段顶部的石油生成高峰。在 IOSB(BRo:0.97-1.08%)中可以看到不均匀加热的特征,包括氧化边缘和裂缝周围异常高的成熟度。POSB(BRo:0.63-2.01%)不仅出现在矾土页岩中,还出现在上覆的奥陶系 Latorp 灰岩和下伏的 Kakeled 灰岩床中,并显示出流动结构,这进一步证明了迁移的存在。通过宏观点计数确定了 POSB 和 IOSB 的丰度,结果显示 POSB 是芙蓉页岩中最主要的沥青类型(1.54-7.13 vol%),而 IOSB 只占少数(0.05-0.31 vol%)。这种分布表明,在石油生成窗口内,有机质的热演化速度很快。此外,在芙蓉岩页岩中还观察到游离碳氢化合物(岩石-评价 S1)和潜在碳氢化合物(岩石-评价 S2)的减少,以及出乎意料的低 Tmax。结果表明,热侵入产生的碳氢化合物导致了相对较低的 S2。POSB 和生成的石油迁移到邻近地层导致 S1 损失,而 Tmax 降低可能是由于铀含量高,削弱了碳链键能。这些异常现象导致仅根据岩石评价数据评估热成熟度和角质类型转换时估计不足。
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引用次数: 0
Organic petrography, biomarkers, and stable isotope (δ13C, δD, δ15N, δ18O) compositions of liptinite-rich coals 富锂辉石煤的有机岩石学、生物标志物和稳定同位素(δ13C、δD、δ15N、δ18O)成分
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104561
Bangjun Liu , Achim Bechtel , Ksenija Stojanović , James C. Hower , Cunliang Zhao , Xu Guo
<div><p>Liptinite-rich coals were evaluated using organic petrography, biomarkers, and stable isotopes to investigate their origin and paleoenvironmental significance, particularly, to explore fractionation characteristics of stable isotopes (δ<sup>13</sup>C, δD, δ<sup>15</sup>N, and δ<sup>18</sup>O) between bulk coal, extractable organic matter (EOM), and extracted coal residue (ER). The samples were collected from Cenozoic coal seams from the Yunnan and Liaoning Provinces in China. The samples are characterized by the enrichment of different types of liptinite. The late Pliocene sample YNP (liptinite = 73.5%) is dominated by sporinite and bituminite, whereas the late Pliocene sample YND (liptinite = 65.5%) is characterized by isolated resinite particles and amorphous resinite. The liptinite in the Eocene sample SB (46.0%) is represented by blocky resinite with homogeneous morphology. The differences in distribution and morphology of liptinite are due to the different coal-forming plants and depositional environments, as indicated by the biomarker compositions. Biomarker results indicated that the sample YNP was formed mainly by Pinaceae and angiosperms under oxidizing conditions with bacterial/fungal degradation, whereas the sample YND was derived from the woody parts of gymnosperms with lower contributions of angiosperms under reducing conditions with low microbial activity. The sample SB predominantly originated from Cupressaceae/Pinaceae under reducing conditions with a lack of bacterial/fungal degradation.</p><p>The fractionations of δ<sup>13</sup>C, δD, δ<sup>15</sup>N, and δ<sup>18</sup>O between bulk coal, EOM, and ER in the liptinite-rich coals are different. The δ<sup>13</sup>C values of bulk coal, EOM, and ER are mostly controlled by precursor paleovegetation and isotopic composition of CO<sub>2</sub>. The lower δ<sup>13</sup>C values of samples YNP and YND from the late Pliocene compared to that of the Eocene sample SB resulted from the change of palaeoconditions (e.g., δ<sup>13</sup>C of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>, cooling, and decrease of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration). The δ<sup>13</sup>C values of EOM in the samples YNP and YND are about 3‰ lower than δ<sup>13</sup>C values of bulk coal/ER, whereas δ<sup>13</sup>C fractionation between EOM and bulk coal/ER is small (< 0.8‰) in the sample SB, probably due to the very limited microbial/fungal degradation. The δD values of EOM are 50 to 90‰ lower than that of bulk coal/ER within the same sample, reflecting different isotopic compositions of monomeric compounds compared to the macromolecular matrix of kerogen most probably due to differences in H-isotope fractionation during biosynthesis. The δ<sup>15</sup>N of bulk coal and ER show limited fractionation (< 0.5‰) and are mainly controlled by precursor paleovegetation and microbial induced degradation processes. The studied liptinite-rich coals yield higher δ<sup>18</sup>O values than those detected in humic coals. The difference
利用有机岩石学、生物标志物和稳定同位素对富含锂辉石的煤炭进行了评估,以研究其起源和古环境意义,特别是探讨了稳定同位素(δ13C、δD、δ15N和δ18O)在原煤、可提取有机质(EOM)和提取煤渣(ER)之间的分馏特征。样品采集自中国云南省和辽宁省的新生代煤层。这些样品的特点是富含不同类型的锂辉石。晚更新世样本 YNP(锂辉石 = 73.5%)主要为辣晶和沥青质,而晚更新世样本 YND(锂辉石 = 65.5%)则以孤立的锂辉石颗粒和无定形锂辉石为特征。始新世样品 SB(46.0%)中的锂辉石是形态均匀的块状锂辉石。从生物标志物成分来看,不同的成煤植物和沉积环境导致了硫铁矿在分布和形态上的差异。生物标志物结果表明,YNP 样品主要由松科和被子植物在氧化条件下形成,并伴有细菌/真菌降解;而 YND 样品则来自裸子植物的木质部分,被子植物在还原条件下形成,微生物活性较低。富含锂辉石的煤炭中,散煤、EOM 和 ER 之间的 δ13C 值、δD 值、δ15N 值和δ18O 值的分馏不同。原煤、EOM 和 ER 的 δ13C 值主要受前生古植被和 CO2 同位素组成的控制。与始新世样品 SB 相比,上新世晚期样品 YNP 和 YND 的 δ13C 值较低,这是由于古环境的变化(如大气中 CO2 的 δ13C 值、降温和 CO2 浓度的降低)造成的。样品YNP和YND中EOM的δ13C值比块煤/ER的δ13C值低约3‰,而样品SB中EOM与块煤/ER的δ13C分馏很小(< 0.8‰),可能是由于微生物/真菌降解非常有限。在同一样品中,EOM的δD值比散煤/ER的δD值低50-90‰,这反映了单质化合物的同位素组成与角质的大分子基质不同,很可能是由于生物合成过程中H同位素分馏的不同造成的。块煤和 ER 的 δ15N 显示出有限的分馏(< 0.5‰),主要由前体古植被和微生物诱导的降解过程控制。与腐殖质煤相比,所研究的富含磷灰石的煤产生了更高的δ18O值。YNP/YND 样品的 δ18O 值(块煤、EOM、ER)与 SB 样品的相应 δ18O 值之间的差异表明,该同位素参数主要受源水 δ18O 值的控制。与δ13C和δD相比,EOM和块煤/ER之间氧同位素的分馏较弱,这可能是因为EOM中的含氧化合物没有发生裂解或含氧键的任何变化。计算得出的源雨水δ18O和δD值属于不同地点现代雨水的范围。
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引用次数: 0
Decoding paleomire conditions of paleogene superhigh-organic-sulfur coals 古近纪超高有机硫煤的古环境解码
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104559
Tushar Adsul , Molly D. O'Beirne , David A. Fike , Santanu Ghosh , Josef P. Werne , William P. Gilhooly III , Paul C. Hackley , Javin J. Hatcherian , Bright Philip , Bodhisatwa Hazra , Sudip Bhattacharyya , Ritam Konar , Atul Kumar Varma

Superhigh-organic‑sulfur (SHOS) coals (coals with organic sulfur content >4 wt%) are unique coal deposits found at a few notable locations in the world. Specific peat accumulation and preservation conditions must be met to form SHOS coals. Organic sulfur is a major constituent of such coals, and it may have various sources depending on the prevailing paleomire conditions. Understanding such paleomire conditions sheds light on the formation mechanisms of SHOS coals. This investigation decodes the paleomire conditions of the Paleogene SHOS coals from Meghalaya, India, using sulfur isotopic compositions (δ34S) of organic sulfur (δ34SOS) and pyritic sulfur (δ34SPy) along with organic petrography, pyrite morphology and trace element ratios. Thirty coal samples were collected from the Jaintia Hills in the east, Khasi Hills in the middle, and Garo Hills in the west of Meghalaya. The organic sulfur content in the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia coals varies from 1.0 to 3.3 wt%, 1.4 to 13.8 wt%, and 1.0 to 7.2 wt%, respectively. Further, after separation from pyritic sulfur and sulfate sulfur phases, the organic sulfur content ranges from 54.4 to 69.2%, 63.8 to 79.9%, and 59.3 to 73.8%, in the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia Hills, respectively, suggesting the SHOS nature of these coal samples. The δ34SPy varies from −29.3 ‰ to +5.7 ‰, −21.3 ‰ to +27.3 ‰, and  −12.1 ‰ to −4.3 ‰, in the Jaintia, Khasi, and Garo Hills, respectively, while the δ34SOS fluctuates from −4.6 ‰ to +3.7 ‰, −9.3 ‰ to +7.8 ‰, and − 9.0 ‰ to −5.0 ‰, respectively. The δ34S values of pyrite and organic sulfur (OS) in Jaintia coals are 34S depleted compared to seawater sulfate (+22 ‰), leading to fractionations in the range of −51.3 ‰ to −16.3 ‰ (mean − 31.6 ‰) and − 26.6 ‰ to −18.3 ‰ (mean − 23.1 ‰) for pyritic and organic sulfur (OS), respectively. Pyrite in Khasi coals show a relatively heavier δ34S composition averaging at −20.5 ‰, whereas organic sulfur (OS) isotope compositions range from −31.3 ‰ to −14.2 ‰ with a mean of −22.6 ‰. Pyrite and OS in the Garo coals are depleted compared to seawater sulfate. Isotope variations in the Jaintia, Khasi, and Garo coals indicate microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) of seawater sulfate. Large isotopic fractionations between Eocene seawater sulfate and pyritic sulfur (Δ34SSO4Eocene – pyrite = up to −51.3 ‰; mean − 31.6 ‰) in Jaintia coals indicate their possible formation in the water column/near the sediment-seawater interface (open system) and also hint toward dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathways that prevailed under anoxic redox conditions. However, mean values of Δ34SSO4Eocene – pyrite (−20.5 ‰) in the Khasi coals imply pyrite formation deeper in the sediments (more closed system) under d

超高有机硫(SHOS)煤(有机硫含量>4 wt%)是世界上少数几个著名地点发现的独特煤炭矿床。要形成SHOS煤,必须满足特定的泥炭堆积和保存条件。有机硫是这类煤炭的主要成分,根据当时的古地层条件,它可能有不同的来源。了解这些古环境条件有助于了解 SHOS 煤的形成机制。这项研究利用有机硫(δ34SOS)和黄铁矿硫(δ34Spy)的硫同位素组成(δ34S)以及有机岩相学、黄铁矿形态学和微量元素比率,解译了印度梅加拉亚古近纪 SHOS 煤的古环境条件。从梅加拉亚邦东部的耆提亚山、中部的卡西山和西部的加罗山采集了 30 个煤炭样本。Garo、Khasi 和 Jaintia 煤炭中的有机硫含量分别为 1.0 至 3.3 wt%、1.4 至 13.8 wt% 和 1.0 至 7.2 wt%。此外,从黄铁矿硫相和硫酸盐硫相中分离后,加罗山、卡西山和詹蒂亚山的有机硫含量分别为 54.4% 至 69.2%、63.8% 至 79.9% 和 59.3% 至 73.8%,表明这些煤样具有 SHOS 性质。δ34SPy在金迪亚山、卡西山和加罗山的变化范围分别为-29.3‰至+5.7‰、-21.3‰至+27.3‰和-12.1‰至-4.3‰,而δ34SOS的波动范围分别为-4.6‰至+3.7‰、-9.3‰至+7.8‰和-9.0‰至-5.0‰。与海水硫酸盐(+22 ‰)相比,詹蒂亚煤炭中黄铁矿和有机硫(OS)的δ34S值为贫化34S,导致黄铁矿和有机硫(OS)的分馏范围分别为-51.3‰至-16.3‰(平均值-31.6‰)和-26.6‰至-18.3‰(平均值-23.1‰)。卡西煤中黄铁矿的δ34S组成相对较重,平均值为-20.5‰,而有机硫(OS)同位素组成的范围为-31.3‰至-14.2‰,平均值为-22.6‰。与海水硫酸盐相比,加罗煤中的黄铁矿和氧化硫含量较低。Jaintia、Khasi和Garo煤炭中的同位素变化表明海水硫酸盐的微生物硫酸盐还原作用(MSR)。Jaintia 煤炭中始新世海水硫酸盐与黄铁矿硫(Δ34SSO4Eocene - 黄铁矿 = 高达 -51.3‰;平均值 - 31.6‰)之间的同位素分馏较大,表明它们可能形成于水体/沉积物-海水界面附近(开放系统),也暗示了缺氧氧化还原条件下普遍存在的硫酸盐异嗜还原途径。然而,卡西煤中 Δ34SSO4Eocene - 黄铁矿的平均值(-20.5 ‰)意味着在缺氧条件下黄铁矿形成于沉积物的更深处(更封闭的系统)。在贾恩蒂亚煤炭中,OS 比黄铁矿硫、框架黄铁矿占优势,其微晶尺寸分布可能表明黄铁矿是在准缺氧环境下的开放水体还原/缺氧条件下形成的。这些煤炭中升高的 Sr/Ba 值和 U/Th 值进一步证实了缺氧条件。尽管如此,卡西煤中存在的八面体黄铁矿与减轻的黄铁矿框架结构,以及加罗煤中完全不存在的黄铁矿框架结构,可能分别表明了缺氧-亚缺氧和亚缺氧-缺氧沉积条件。加罗煤炭的同位素特征表明,在淡水-缺氧环境下,母体古生物群和 MSR 对硫有贡献。δ34SPy和δ34SOS之间的分馏不明显,表明铁和硫酸盐的可用性有限,无法进行额外的硫循环和歧化反应,这是典型的缺氧条件。镜铁矿的缺失、硫酸盐浓度的升高以及 Sr/Ba 和 U/Th 的平均值分别为 0.5 和 0.3,进一步表明加罗山的淡水泥炭沉积是在石灰岩型到透镜型淡水条件下进行的。此外,惰性气体含量较高(Immf = 9.77-33.16 vol%),可能是由于泥炭暴露在大气中造成的,这支持了对加罗山亚缺氧-缺氧古环境条件的解释。矿物物质含量从 Jaintia 煤(平均 13.6 vol%)逐渐减少到 Garo 煤(平均 7.4 vol%),这进一步推测了中营养咸水环境向淡水石灰岩环境的过渡,补充了古地层条件从东部(Jaintia)到西部(Garo)梅加拉亚山脉的转变。
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引用次数: 0
Weathering-induced organic matter enrichment in marine-continental transitional shale: A case study on the early Permian Taiyuan Formation in the Ordos Basin, China 海洋-大陆过渡页岩中风化作用引起的有机质富集:中国鄂尔多斯盆地早二叠世太原组案例研究
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104562
Zhengfu Zhao , Caineng Zou , Shifeng Dai , Zhaojie Guo , Yong Li , Arne Thorshøj Nielsen , Niels Hemmingsen Schovsbo , Zhenhua Jing , Hanlin Liu , Ming Yuan , Fangliang Fu , Jia Yin , Fujie Jiang

A comparative analysis of the factors controlling organic matter (OM) enrichment between marine-continental transitional (transitional hereafter) and marine or lacustrine shales is lacking. The early Permian Taiyuan Formation in the Ordos Basin, deposited during a shift from marine to continental settings in northern China, provides a unique opportunity to unravel the differences in OM enrichment mechanisms among these shales. The Taiyuan Formation is characterized by high TOC content (average 4.50%) and kerogen type II2-III. Most samples are thermally mature with a few high to post-mature samples relating to the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Yanshanian magmatism. Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) are dominated by light- and medium-types enrichments, with distinctly positive Gd anomaly, likely due to seawater incursion. A warm and humid climate prevailed during deposition of the Taiyuan Formation, consistent with the tropical-subtropical location of the North China Plate in the early Permian. The climatic conditions promoted intense continental weathering as reflected by high Th/Sc ratios, chemical index of alteration values, and feldspar alteration to scaly kaolinite. The V/(V + Ni) ratio is inconsistent with the other redox proxies, presumably due to variations in the redox buffer supply in the transitional facies (e.g., OM and pyrite), varying burial rates and dissimilar redox potential of different elements. Hence, this proxy should be interpreted with caution in such settings. Most redox proxies indicate oxic bottom water during deposition of the Taiyuan Formation transitional shale, in contrast to typical OM enriched marine and lacustrine shales where redox stratification or euxinic conditions are common. Instead, the dominant factor for OM enrichment in transitional shales appears to have been a high influx of terrestrial weathering products, including abundant higher-plants OM, associated with preservation of OM due to rapid burial. This process minimizes the detrimental effects of oxic conditions on OM accumulation in the transitional shale facies. This mechanism may hold relevance for analogous basins elsewhere.

目前还缺乏对控制海洋-大陆过渡页岩(以下简称过渡页岩)与海洋或湖泊页岩之间有机质(OM)富集因素的对比分析。鄂尔多斯盆地二叠纪早期的太原地层沉积于中国北部从海洋环境向大陆环境转变的过程中,为揭示这些页岩之间有机质富集机制的差异提供了一个独特的机会。太原地层的特点是总有机碳含量高(平均为 4.50%),角质类型为 II2-III 型。大多数样品为热成熟样品,少数高成熟至后成熟样品与晚侏罗世-早白垩世燕山岩浆活动有关。稀土元素和钇(REY)以轻型和中型富集为主,钆异常明显呈阳性,可能是海水侵入所致。太原组沉积期间气候温暖湿润,这与二叠纪早期华北板块所处的热带-亚热带位置相一致。气候条件促进了强烈的大陆风化作用,这体现在高Th/Sc比值、化学蚀变指数值以及长石蚀变为鳞片状高岭石等方面。V/(V + Ni)比值与其他氧化还原代用指标不一致,这可能是由于过渡层中氧化还原缓冲供应(如 OM 和黄铁矿)的变化、不同的埋藏率以及不同元素的氧化还原电位不同造成的。因此,在这种情况下,应谨慎解释这种代用指标。大多数氧化还原代用指标表明,太原地层过渡页岩沉积过程中的底层水是缺氧的,这与典型的富含 OM 的海相和湖相页岩不同,在海相和湖相页岩中,氧化还原分层或氧化还原条件是常见的。相反,过渡页岩中 OM 富集的主要因素似乎是陆地风化产物的大量涌入,其中包括丰富的高植被 OM,以及由于快速埋藏而保存的 OM。这一过程最大限度地减少了缺氧条件对过渡页岩层中 OM 积累的不利影响。这种机制可能对其他地方的类似盆地具有借鉴意义。
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引用次数: 0
Sulfur stable isotopes in Paleogene coals of Northeast India 印度东北部第三纪煤炭中的硫稳定同位素
IF 5.6 2区 工程技术 Q2 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104550
Vivek Kumar , Dibyendu Paul , Sudhir Kumar

Sulfur stable isotope signatures are instrumental in tracing the sources and tracking the movement of sulfur in different environmental compartments, besides providing vital insights into the origin and transport dynamics. Sulfur stable isotope composition in coal can give valuable information regarding sulfur sources and the process of sulfur incorporation in coal. The present study was conducted to determine the total sulfur content and sulfur isotopic composition for bulk sulfur (bulk S δ34S) in Oligocene and Eocene coal samples from coal mines and a few coal stockings in northeast India. The results revealed that the total sulfur content in coal samples varied between 1.03 and 4.80 (wt%) with an average value of 2.64 wt%. The bulk S δ34S in coal samples exhibited a wide range between −4.66 ‰ to 14.78 ‰ (VCDT). Oligocene coal samples from mines in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, and Nagaland were enriched with heavier sulfur isotopes relative to Eocene coal samples from the Jaintia Hills region of Meghalaya. A moderate positive correlation was observed in the Oligocene coal samples, in contrast to the moderate negative correlation found in the Eocene coal samples. The bulk S δ34S values and sulfur content in coal samples from coal stockings matched closely with Assam and Meghalaya mine samples. The findings of this study can be used to track the sources and movement of coal sulfur in various environmental compartments, besides providing valuable information about sulfur sources, the process of sulfur incorporation in coal, and the depositional environment.

硫稳定同位素特征有助于追溯硫的来源并追踪硫在不同环境区划中的移动,此外还能提供有关硫的来源和迁移动态的重要见解。煤中的硫稳定同位素组成可以提供有关硫来源和煤中硫掺入过程的宝贵信息。本研究的目的是测定印度东北部煤矿和一些煤层样本中渐新世和始新世煤炭样本中的总硫含量和块状硫(bulk S δ34S)的硫同位素组成。结果显示,煤样中的全硫含量在 1.03 至 4.80(重量百分比)之间变化,平均值为 2.64(重量百分比)。煤样中的大量 S δ34S 在 -4.66 ‰ 至 14.78 ‰(VCDT)之间变化很大。阿鲁纳恰尔邦、阿萨姆邦和那加兰邦煤矿的渐新世煤炭样品与梅加拉亚邦詹蒂亚山地区的始新世煤炭样品相比,富含更重的硫同位素。在渐新世煤炭样本中观察到了中等程度的正相关,而在始新世煤炭样本中则发现了中等程度的负相关。煤炭样品中的大量 S δ34S 值和硫含量与阿萨姆邦和梅加拉亚邦的煤矿样品非常吻合。这项研究的结果可用于追踪煤炭硫磺在不同环境区划中的来源和移动,此外还提供了有关硫磺来源、煤炭中硫磺掺入过程和沉积环境的宝贵信息。
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引用次数: 0
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International Journal of Coal Geology
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