Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104647
Rafał Morga, Krzysztof Labus, Tomasz Suponik
The production of ultra-light weight coke proppants for fracturing coal bed methane deposits is presented. The raw material is blast-furnace coke, foundry coke and a coke breeze. The method used obtains coke proppants that meet all the requirements of the ISO 13503-2:2006/Amd.1:2009 standard for proppants used in hydraulic fracturing, with the exception of crush resistance. They have porosity up to 40 % and they are mainly macroporous materials, containing predominantly cylindrical, less frequently bottle-shaped or wedge-shaped pores. The proppants with the lowest crush rate were obtained from the blast furnace coke (CSR > 65 %).
介绍了用于压裂煤层气矿床的超轻型焦炭支撑剂的生产情况。原材料是高炉焦炭、铸造焦炭和焦炭微风。采用这种方法生产的焦炭支撑剂符合 ISO 13503-2:2006/Amd.1:2009《水力压裂支撑剂》标准的所有要求，但抗压强度除外。它们的孔隙率最高可达 40%，主要是大孔材料，主要含有圆柱形孔隙，较少含有瓶形或楔形孔隙。压碎率最低的支撑剂来自高炉焦炭（CSR > 65 %）。
{"title":"Coke-based proppant for coalbed methane technology","authors":"Rafał Morga, Krzysztof Labus, Tomasz Suponik","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The production of ultra-light weight coke proppants for fracturing coal bed methane deposits is presented. The raw material is blast-furnace coke, foundry coke and a coke breeze. The method used obtains coke proppants that meet all the requirements of the ISO 13503-2:2006/Amd.1:2009 standard for proppants used in hydraulic fracturing, with the exception of crush resistance. They have porosity up to 40 % and they are mainly macroporous materials, containing predominantly cylindrical, less frequently bottle-shaped or wedge-shaped pores. The proppants with the lowest crush rate were obtained from the blast furnace coke (CSR > 65 %).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 104647"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-04DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104644
Yanwen Shao , Fenghua Zhao , Baruch Spiro , Dehui Li , Guangyuan Mu , Jiangman Chu , Jing Lu , Longyi Shao
<div><div>Peatlands, an important organic carbon reservoir, play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. The carbon accumulation of peatlands, reflected by net primary productivity (NPP), can have an impact on global carbon cycling and climate change. The late Carboniferous - early Permian is an icehouse period, during which numerous thick coal beds were accumulated in the North China Block (NCB) located within a low-latitude area, providing an opportunity for studying the carbon cycling under the glacial and interglacial climates. In this study, spectral analysis was performed on the natural gamma-ray (GR) logs of the Benxi, Taiyuan, and Shanxi formations of the late Carboniferous to early Permian in a borehole section located within the Ordos Basin in western NCB. Cyclic signals related to astronomical orbital parameters were identified, including long eccentricity (∼405 kyr), short eccentricity (∼125 kyr and ∼ 95 kyr), and obliquity (∼35.5 kyr). A floating astronomical time scale was established by using the long eccentricity signal, and this time scale was further used to constrain the durations of the accumulation of coal-forming paleo-peatlands. The paleo-peatland for the C<sub>8+9</sub> coal seam (9 m thick) of the Taiyuan Formation lasted approximately 203 kyr, and the paleo-peatland for the C5 coal seam (4 m thick) of the Shanxi Formation lasted approximately 46 kyr. Using this timeframe and an estimation of carbon loss during coalification, the carbon accumulation rates of the late Carboniferous - early Permian low-latitude peatlands are calculated to be 104.7 ± 14.9 g·<em>C</em>·m<sup>−2</sup>·a<sup>−1</sup>for the C<sub>8+9</sub> coal seam and 192.6 ± 11.6 g·<em>C</em>·m<sup>−2</sup>·a<sup>−1</sup>for the C<sub>5</sub> coal seam. The NPP of the paleo-peatlands, which deducts a part of the carbon loss caused by the loss of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>, can be calculated from the carbon accumulation rates. The calculated average NPP of the paleo-peatlands for the C<sub>8+9</sub> seam was 199 ± 28 g·<em>C</em>·m<sup>−2</sup>·a<sup>−1</sup>, and that of the C<sub>5</sub> seam was 366 ± 22 g·<em>C</em>·m<sup>−2</sup>·a<sup>−1</sup>. In combination with the absolute time scale calibrated by high-precision U<img>Pb dates from Palougou section in western NCB, the depositional time of the investigated strata was constrained to be from 300.1 ± 0.5 Ma to 294.3 ± 0.5 Ma. The coal seams of the late Carboniferous to early Permian in the NCB correspond to an interglacial interval around ∼298 Ma. The peatland with a lower NPP corresponds to the warming stage and the peatland with a higher NPP corresponds to the cooling stage. This implies that a lower NPP of paleo-peatland tends to be less efficient in carbon storage, and could not reduce the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> substantially. In contrast, a higher NPP of paleo-peatland tends to accelerate carbon fixation, leading to temperature decrease and the termination of interglacial interval in
{"title":"Net primary productivity of paleo-peatlands linked to deep-time glacial periods in the late Carboniferous and early Permian icehouse interval","authors":"Yanwen Shao , Fenghua Zhao , Baruch Spiro , Dehui Li , Guangyuan Mu , Jiangman Chu , Jing Lu , Longyi Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Peatlands, an important organic carbon reservoir, play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. The carbon accumulation of peatlands, reflected by net primary productivity (NPP), can have an impact on global carbon cycling and climate change. The late Carboniferous - early Permian is an icehouse period, during which numerous thick coal beds were accumulated in the North China Block (NCB) located within a low-latitude area, providing an opportunity for studying the carbon cycling under the glacial and interglacial climates. In this study, spectral analysis was performed on the natural gamma-ray (GR) logs of the Benxi, Taiyuan, and Shanxi formations of the late Carboniferous to early Permian in a borehole section located within the Ordos Basin in western NCB. Cyclic signals related to astronomical orbital parameters were identified, including long eccentricity (∼405 kyr), short eccentricity (∼125 kyr and ∼ 95 kyr), and obliquity (∼35.5 kyr). A floating astronomical time scale was established by using the long eccentricity signal, and this time scale was further used to constrain the durations of the accumulation of coal-forming paleo-peatlands. The paleo-peatland for the C<sub>8+9</sub> coal seam (9 m thick) of the Taiyuan Formation lasted approximately 203 kyr, and the paleo-peatland for the C5 coal seam (4 m thick) of the Shanxi Formation lasted approximately 46 kyr. Using this timeframe and an estimation of carbon loss during coalification, the carbon accumulation rates of the late Carboniferous - early Permian low-latitude peatlands are calculated to be 104.7 ± 14.9 g·<em>C</em>·m<sup>−2</sup>·a<sup>−1</sup>for the C<sub>8+9</sub> coal seam and 192.6 ± 11.6 g·<em>C</em>·m<sup>−2</sup>·a<sup>−1</sup>for the C<sub>5</sub> coal seam. The NPP of the paleo-peatlands, which deducts a part of the carbon loss caused by the loss of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>, can be calculated from the carbon accumulation rates. The calculated average NPP of the paleo-peatlands for the C<sub>8+9</sub> seam was 199 ± 28 g·<em>C</em>·m<sup>−2</sup>·a<sup>−1</sup>, and that of the C<sub>5</sub> seam was 366 ± 22 g·<em>C</em>·m<sup>−2</sup>·a<sup>−1</sup>. In combination with the absolute time scale calibrated by high-precision U<img>Pb dates from Palougou section in western NCB, the depositional time of the investigated strata was constrained to be from 300.1 ± 0.5 Ma to 294.3 ± 0.5 Ma. The coal seams of the late Carboniferous to early Permian in the NCB correspond to an interglacial interval around ∼298 Ma. The peatland with a lower NPP corresponds to the warming stage and the peatland with a higher NPP corresponds to the cooling stage. This implies that a lower NPP of paleo-peatland tends to be less efficient in carbon storage, and could not reduce the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> substantially. In contrast, a higher NPP of paleo-peatland tends to accelerate carbon fixation, leading to temperature decrease and the termination of interglacial interval in ","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"296 ","pages":"Article 104644"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-03DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104643
Anji Liu , Qingyong Luo , Arka Rudra , Niels Hemmingsen Schovsbo , Xiaowei Zheng , Zhiheng Zhou , Hamed Sanei
The middle (Miaolingian) to upper (Furongian) Cambrian Alum Shale Formation in the DBH15/73 core from south-central Sweden was exposed to local heat from a diabase intrusion, providing an opportunity to investigate the molecular geochemical response to thermal stress. Organic petrological observations and biomarker analyses were conducted to study changes in maturity-indicating parameters and the distribution of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the maturation process. The DBH15/73 samples exhibit a maturity gradient, ranging from immature at the base to mature in the upper part of the Alum Shale Formation. Multiple maturity-based biomarker parameters were analyzed, and Ts/(Ts + Tm), M30/(M30 + H30), and Hopane H32: 22S/(22S + 22R) of saturated hydrocarbon parameters are found to be more reliable. Ratios of alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes, and alkyldibenzothiophenes (MNR, DNR, TMNr, TeMNr, MPI-1, MPR, MDR, and DMDR) also showed consistent correlations with thermal maturity. Thermal maturation impacted the macromolecular structure, resulting in the aromatization and demethylation, leading to MPy/Py, MChy/Chy, and the sum of unsubstituted 5-ring/4-ring PAH ratios changes with maturity. The influence of thermal maturation outweighs that of uranium radiation in this study, and maturity varies mainly with depth.
{"title":"Effects of thermal intrusion on biomarker distributions in the Alum Shale from south-central Sweden","authors":"Anji Liu , Qingyong Luo , Arka Rudra , Niels Hemmingsen Schovsbo , Xiaowei Zheng , Zhiheng Zhou , Hamed Sanei","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The middle (Miaolingian) to upper (Furongian) Cambrian Alum Shale Formation in the DBH15/73 core from south-central Sweden was exposed to local heat from a diabase intrusion, providing an opportunity to investigate the molecular geochemical response to thermal stress. Organic petrological observations and biomarker analyses were conducted to study changes in maturity-indicating parameters and the distribution of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the maturation process. The DBH15/73 samples exhibit a maturity gradient, ranging from immature at the base to mature in the upper part of the Alum Shale Formation. Multiple maturity-based biomarker parameters were analyzed, and Ts/(Ts + Tm), M<sub>30</sub>/(M<sub>30</sub> + H<sub>30</sub>), and Hopane H<sub>32</sub>: 22S/(22S + 22R) of saturated hydrocarbon parameters are found to be more reliable. Ratios of alkylnaphthalenes, alkylphenanthrenes, and alkyldibenzothiophenes (MNR, DNR, TMNr, TeMNr, MPI-1, MPR, MDR, and DMDR) also showed consistent correlations with thermal maturity. Thermal maturation impacted the macromolecular structure, resulting in the aromatization and demethylation, leading to MPy/Py, MChy/Chy, and the sum of unsubstituted 5-ring/4-ring PAH ratios changes with maturity. The influence of thermal maturation outweighs that of uranium radiation in this study, and maturity varies mainly with depth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 104643"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142586647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104640
Zhiyang Li , Maria Mastalerz
Although limestone-marl bedding couplets in the Cenomanian-Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone (BCL) have been widely attributed to changes in environmental conditions ultimately driven by Earth's orbital cycles, the causes of short-term variations in organic matter (OM) enrichment and composition (i.e., types and proportions of different macerals) in the bedding couplets through the BCL have rarely been examined in detail. To fill this gap, this study examined the BCL through an integrated sedimentological and organic petrology analysis. With the well-developed depositional context, organic petrology analysis was conducted on 17 samples from seven limestone-marl bedding couplets consisting of different sedimentary facies types in the USGS #1 Portland Core to systematically examine differences in the maceral composition among different expressions of the limestone-marl bedding couplets. The BCL in the #1 Portland Core has overall low thermal maturity (∼0.60 % vitrinite reflectance). All BCL samples contain dominant marine OM including bituminite (dominantly micrinized), alginite, and liptodetrinite and minor but persistently present terrigenous OM including vitrinite and inertinite. The OM composition and characteristics, combined with sedimentary facies characteristics and TOC data, suggest that the OM enrichment and preservation through the BCL is subject to various processes such as bottom current reworking and burial, bioturbation, early diagenesis, and pulses of volcanic ash input. The interplay of these processes led to changes in sedimentation rate, which can be associated with short-term relative changes in sea level and episodic volcanic input. Direct examinations of the composition and texture of OM in fine-grained sedimentary rocks can provide valuable insights into the causes of short-term variations in depositional conditions on a process basis, which should be integrated with other datasets (e.g., sedimentology, geochemistry) to fully resolve the specific mechanism(s) that modulated sedimentation in similar fine-grained marine systems characterized by apparently cyclic lithological alternations.
{"title":"Disentangling causes of the limestone-marl bedding couplets in the Bridge Creek Limestone Member of the Greenhorn Formation through an integrated sedimentological and organic petrology analysis","authors":"Zhiyang Li , Maria Mastalerz","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although limestone-marl bedding couplets in the Cenomanian-Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone (BCL) have been widely attributed to changes in environmental conditions ultimately driven by Earth's orbital cycles, the causes of short-term variations in organic matter (OM) enrichment and composition (i.e., types and proportions of different macerals) in the bedding couplets through the BCL have rarely been examined in detail. To fill this gap, this study examined the BCL through an integrated sedimentological and organic petrology analysis. With the well-developed depositional context, organic petrology analysis was conducted on 17 samples from seven limestone-marl bedding couplets consisting of different sedimentary facies types in the USGS #1 Portland Core to systematically examine differences in the maceral composition among different expressions of the limestone-marl bedding couplets. The BCL in the #1 Portland Core has overall low thermal maturity (∼0.60 % vitrinite reflectance). All BCL samples contain dominant marine OM including bituminite (dominantly micrinized), alginite, and liptodetrinite and minor but persistently present terrigenous OM including vitrinite and inertinite. The OM composition and characteristics, combined with sedimentary facies characteristics and TOC data, suggest that the OM enrichment and preservation through the BCL is subject to various processes such as bottom current reworking and burial, bioturbation, early diagenesis, and pulses of volcanic ash input. The interplay of these processes led to changes in sedimentation rate, which can be associated with short-term relative changes in sea level and episodic volcanic input. Direct examinations of the composition and texture of OM in fine-grained sedimentary rocks can provide valuable insights into the causes of short-term variations in depositional conditions on a process basis, which should be integrated with other datasets (e.g., sedimentology, geochemistry) to fully resolve the specific mechanism(s) that modulated sedimentation in similar fine-grained marine systems characterized by apparently cyclic lithological alternations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 104640"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research discusses new data on the geochemistry of tungsten (W) in the coals of North Asia (Siberia, the Russian Far East, and Kazakhstan), based on analyses of over two thousand samples. In general, the studied coals are enriched in W in comparison with the average value for coals all over the world. In different regions of the studied area, coal deposits with anomalous W concentrations (up to commercially important concentrations) were found and the factors controlling the W content in these coals were investigated. Samples were selected in order to study both the vertical variation in W through the seams and laterally to determine its distribution across the coal basins. Seams with average W concentrations generally show some enrichment at the margins of the seam (Zilbermints law). In anomalously enriched seams, however, several patterns of W distribution are observed. Most commonly the base of the seam is enriched and concentrations decrease upwards, less commonly the reverse is the case and rarely the central parts of the seam are enriched. The results from the present work demonstrate that W is predominantly organically associated. In lignites, more than 80 % is concentrated in humic substances with the remainder in mineral matter. However, as the organic matter transforms during coalification some of the W passes into solution leading both to the formation of authigenic minerals and also loss from the seam. The nature of the W distributions in the coal seams indicates a predominantly hydrogenous (aqueous) mechanism of transport and accumulation. It is concluded that the composition of the rock types surrounding the coal-forming basins and the hydrogeochemical conditions of these basins and deposits are critical factors in determining the levels of W accumulation in the coals. The elevated and anomalous tungsten concentrations in coal and peat described in this work are due to the leaching of tungsten rich rocks, primarily granitoids and tungsten-bearing greisens and skarns.
本研究根据对两千多个样本的分析，讨论了北亚（西伯利亚、俄罗斯远东和哈萨克斯坦）煤中钨（W）地球化学的新数据。总体而言，与全世界煤炭的平均值相比，所研究煤炭中的钨含量较高。在研究区域的不同地区，发现了W含量异常的煤层（达到重要的商业浓度），并对控制这些煤炭中W含量的因素进行了研究。选择样本的目的是研究煤层中 W 的垂直变化，以及确定 W 在整个煤盆地中的横向分布。具有平均 W 浓度的煤层通常会在煤层边缘出现一些富集现象（Zilbermints 法）。然而，在异常富集的煤层中，可以观察到几种 W 分布模式。最常见的是煤层底部富集，浓度向上递减，较少见的是相反的情况，很少有煤层中部富集的情况。目前的研究结果表明，W 主要与有机物有关。在褐煤中，80%以上富集在腐殖质中，其余富集在矿物物质中。然而，随着煤化过程中有机物的转化，部分 W 进入溶液，形成自生矿物，并从煤层中流失。煤层中 W 分布的性质表明，主要是一种氢（水）迁移和积累机制。结论是，成煤盆地周围岩石类型的组成以及这些盆地和矿床的水文地球化学条件是决定煤中 W 累积水平的关键因素。这项研究中描述的煤炭和泥炭中钨浓度的升高和异常是由于富含钨的岩石，主要是花岗岩和含钨灰岩和矽卡岩的浸出作用造成的。
{"title":"Tungsten (W) geochemistry in north Asian coals (Siberia, Russian far east and Kazakhstan)","authors":"S.I. Arbuzov , I.Yu. Chekryzhov , V.I. Vyalov , D.A. Spears , A.S. Kholodov , N.Yu. Popov","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research discusses new data on the geochemistry of tungsten (W) in the coals of North Asia (Siberia, the Russian Far East, and Kazakhstan), based on analyses of over two thousand samples. In general, the studied coals are enriched in W in comparison with the average value for coals all over the world. In different regions of the studied area, coal deposits with anomalous W concentrations (up to commercially important concentrations) were found and the factors controlling the W content in these coals were investigated. Samples were selected in order to study both the vertical variation in W through the seams and laterally to determine its distribution across the coal basins. Seams with average W concentrations generally show some enrichment at the margins of the seam (Zilbermints law). In anomalously enriched seams, however, several patterns of W distribution are observed. Most commonly the base of the seam is enriched and concentrations decrease upwards, less commonly the reverse is the case and rarely the central parts of the seam are enriched. The results from the present work demonstrate that W is predominantly organically associated. In lignites, more than 80 % is concentrated in humic substances with the remainder in mineral matter. However, as the organic matter transforms during coalification some of the W passes into solution leading both to the formation of authigenic minerals and also loss from the seam. The nature of the W distributions in the coal seams indicates a predominantly hydrogenous (aqueous) mechanism of transport and accumulation. It is concluded that the composition of the rock types surrounding the coal-forming basins and the hydrogeochemical conditions of these basins and deposits are critical factors in determining the levels of W accumulation in the coals. The elevated and anomalous tungsten concentrations in coal and peat described in this work are due to the leaching of tungsten rich rocks, primarily granitoids and tungsten-bearing greisens and skarns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 104639"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142560685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104638
Yujie Yuan , Songtao Wu , Emad A. Al-Khdheeawi , Jingqiang Tan , Zhuo Feng , Zhenjiang You , Reza Rezaee , Han Jiang , Jun Wang , Stefan Iglauer
The substantial gas enrichment in shales of the Ordovician–Silurian transition is associated with the development of the organic matter (OM)-rich source rock. While organic matter enrichment has been linked to intensive volcanism, it remains a challenge to precisely evaluate the impact of the volcanism on substantial gas enrichment containing the largest gas storage capacity. This study focused on consecutive borehole shale samples from the Wufeng–Longmaxi formations during the Ordovician–Silurian transition in southern China. We conducted a comprehensive analysis, integrating the major geological volcanism with high-resolution analysis, including QEMSCAN, argon-ion SEM, thin-section examination, XRD mineralogy, TOC, Hg concentration, petrophysical properties and nanopore structure analysis (low-pressure CO2/N2 gas adsorption, helium porosity and permeability). The results link the significant shale gas enrichment in Wufeng–Longmaxi formations to intensive volcanism across the Ordovician–Silurian transition. We identified the most favorable shale intervals in the lower Longmaxi Formation, aligning with the peak period of volcanism. This period showed synchronous spikes in Hg, Hg/TOC, and TOC contents. Shale deposited during this favorable paleoenvironment exhibited the highest values of TOC, porosity, permeability, specific surface area, pore volume, and maximum gas adsorption capacity, leading to the largest amount of gas content and substantial gas enrichment. Our work, therefore, provides new insights into identifying the most favorable shale gas resources. This knowledge assists in accurate predictions of the stratigraphic ‘sweet spot’ intervals for large shale gas storage capacity, providing crucial information for engineering explorations and developments in shale formations.
{"title":"Substantial gas enrichment in shales influenced by volcanism during the Ordovician–Silurian transition","authors":"Yujie Yuan , Songtao Wu , Emad A. Al-Khdheeawi , Jingqiang Tan , Zhuo Feng , Zhenjiang You , Reza Rezaee , Han Jiang , Jun Wang , Stefan Iglauer","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The substantial gas enrichment in shales of the Ordovician–Silurian transition is associated with the development of the organic matter (OM)-rich source rock. While organic matter enrichment has been linked to intensive volcanism, it remains a challenge to precisely evaluate the impact of the volcanism on substantial gas enrichment containing the largest gas storage capacity. This study focused on consecutive borehole shale samples from the Wufeng–Longmaxi formations during the Ordovician–Silurian transition in southern China. We conducted a comprehensive analysis, integrating the major geological volcanism with high-resolution analysis, including QEMSCAN, argon-ion SEM, thin-section examination, XRD mineralogy, TOC, Hg concentration, petrophysical properties and nanopore structure analysis (low-pressure CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> gas adsorption, helium porosity and permeability). The results link the significant shale gas enrichment in Wufeng–Longmaxi formations to intensive volcanism across the Ordovician–Silurian transition. We identified the most favorable shale intervals in the lower Longmaxi Formation, aligning with the peak period of volcanism. This period showed synchronous spikes in Hg, Hg/TOC, and TOC contents. Shale deposited during this favorable paleoenvironment exhibited the highest values of TOC, porosity, permeability, specific surface area, pore volume, and maximum gas adsorption capacity, leading to the largest amount of gas content and substantial gas enrichment. Our work, therefore, provides new insights into identifying the most favorable shale gas resources. This knowledge assists in accurate predictions of the stratigraphic ‘sweet spot’ intervals for large shale gas storage capacity, providing crucial information for engineering explorations and developments in shale formations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 104638"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142593250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-21DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104629
Liu Wang , Bo Liu , Longhui Bai , Lin Ma , Zhichao Yu , Qiuli Huo , Kevin G. Taylor
Understanding the differential diagenetic evolution of different lithofacies is essential for assessing the spatial development of shale reservoirs. These insights are crucial in predicting sealing integrity and storage capacity for sequestered CO2. In this study, we examined seven wells from the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin, China, with vitrinite reflectance (Ro) values ranging from 0.60 % to 1.62 %. Thin section-based petrographic observations, coupled with QEMSCAN analysis, were used to classify the different lithofacies. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of clay minerals, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS) analyses were employed to analyze the mineral textures, pore types, and diagenetic pathways. The results showed that early diagenetic mineral phases include calcite cement (1st phase), framboidal and microcrystalline pyrite, ferroan and non-ferroan dolomite. Intermediate diagenetic mineral phases were marked by illitization of smectite, chlorite formed by chloritization of smectite and alteration of K-feldspar, and the formation of authigenic albite and quartz, calcite cement (2nd phase) and ankerite. Given the higher potential reaction rate of CO2-fluid‑carbonate systems, we propose that the lithofacies dominated by carbonate minerals are not effective for CO2 storage, even in short-term. In contrast, lithofacies rich in feldspar and clay minerals are likely to be more effective for long-term CO2 storage.
了解不同岩性的不同成岩演化过程对于评估页岩储层的空间发展至关重要。这些见解对于预测密封完整性和封存二氧化碳的能力至关重要。在这项研究中，我们考察了中国松辽盆地白垩系青山口地层的七口井，其玻璃光泽反射率（Ro）值从 0.60 % 到 1.62 % 不等。通过薄片岩相观察和 QEMSCAN 分析，对不同岩性进行了分类。粘土矿物的 X 射线衍射（XRD）分析、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）和能量色散光谱（EDS）分析被用来分析矿物纹理、孔隙类型和成岩途径。结果表明，早期成岩矿物相包括方解石胶结物（第一相）、镜铁黄铁矿和微晶黄铁矿、铁白云岩和非铁白云岩。中期成岩矿物相的特征是闪长岩的照明化、闪长岩的绿泥石化和 K 长石的蚀变，以及自生白云石和石英、方解石胶结物（第 2 相）和绿泥石的形成。鉴于二氧化碳-流体-碳酸盐系统的潜在反应速率较高，我们认为以碳酸盐矿物为主的岩相对二氧化碳封存无效，即使在短期内也是如此。相比之下，富含长石和粘土矿物的岩相可能对长期封存二氧化碳更有效。
{"title":"Differential mineral diagenetic evolution of lacustrine shale: Implications for CO2 storage","authors":"Liu Wang , Bo Liu , Longhui Bai , Lin Ma , Zhichao Yu , Qiuli Huo , Kevin G. Taylor","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the differential diagenetic evolution of different lithofacies is essential for assessing the spatial development of shale reservoirs. These insights are crucial in predicting sealing integrity and storage capacity for sequestered CO<sub>2</sub>. In this study, we examined seven wells from the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin, China, with vitrinite reflectance (<em>R</em><sub><em>o</em></sub>) values ranging from 0.60 % to 1.62 %. Thin section-based petrographic observations, coupled with QEMSCAN analysis, were used to classify the different lithofacies. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of clay minerals, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive spectrum (EDS) analyses were employed to analyze the mineral textures, pore types, and diagenetic pathways. The results showed that early diagenetic mineral phases include calcite cement (1st phase), framboidal and microcrystalline pyrite, ferroan and non-ferroan dolomite. Intermediate diagenetic mineral phases were marked by illitization of smectite, chlorite formed by chloritization of smectite and alteration of K-feldspar, and the formation of authigenic albite and quartz, calcite cement (2nd phase) and ankerite. Given the higher potential reaction rate of CO<sub>2</sub>-fluid‑carbonate systems, we propose that the lithofacies dominated by carbonate minerals are not effective for CO<sub>2</sub> storage, even in short-term. In contrast, lithofacies rich in feldspar and clay minerals are likely to be more effective for long-term CO<sub>2</sub> storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 104629"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142538561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research presents an integrated approach to organic petrographical and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Permian Newcastle Coal Measures outcropping in the northern Sydney Basin, southeast Australia. Twenty-seven coal, coaly mudstone and mudstone samples were collected and analyzed by using organic petrography (maceral composition and vitrinite reflectance) techniques, Rock–Eval pyrolysis, bitumen extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The obtained results indicate that the samples exhibit promising gas-prone source rock potential and contain a predominantly terrestrial in origin organic matter, with limited contribution by marine organisms. The prevalence of terrestrial organic matter is inferred by the presence of collotelinite and sporinite macerals in most of the samples and the ternary plot of C27, C28 and C29 regular steranes. Further, the low C27/C29 ratio, the cross-plots of C27/(C27 + C29) regular steranes vs. Pr/Ph ratio, the C27/C29 vs. Pr/Ph and the C24 tetracyclic/C26 tricyclic terpane ratio point also to the terrestrial origin of the organic matter. The obtained values of vitrinite reflectance, Tmax, OEP27–31 and CPI25–33, along the cross plots of 20S/(20S + 20R) versus ββ/(ββ + αα) suggest that the samples are immature and were subjected to a low burial depth. The examined samples indicate accumulation in a delta-plain environment of deposition, under fluctuating oxic/anoxic conditions, in a humid climatic zone that is characterized by dry periods, interrupting the longer-termed humid climatic regime. This research adds knowledge on the source rock potential in the northern Sydney Basin and on the environmental and climatic setting of a time interval just prior to the major Permian - Triassic climatic crisis.
{"title":"Petrographic and geochemical signatures of the Upper Permian Gondwana coals: Newcastle Coal Measures, Northern Sydney Basin, Australia","authors":"Angelos G. Maravelis , Konstantinos Perleros , Evangelia Papandropoulou , Elina Chamilaki , Nikos Pasadakis , Stavros Kalaitzidis , Avraam Zelilidis","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research presents an integrated approach to organic petrographical and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Permian Newcastle Coal Measures outcropping in the northern Sydney Basin, southeast Australia. Twenty-seven coal, coaly mudstone and mudstone samples were collected and analyzed by using organic petrography (maceral composition and vitrinite reflectance) techniques, Rock–Eval pyrolysis, bitumen extraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The obtained results indicate that the samples exhibit promising gas-prone source rock potential and contain a predominantly terrestrial in origin organic matter, with limited contribution by marine organisms. The prevalence of terrestrial organic matter is inferred by the presence of collotelinite and sporinite macerals in most of the samples and the ternary plot of C<sub>27</sub>, C<sub>28</sub> and C<sub>29</sub> regular steranes. Further, the low C<sub>27</sub>/C<sub>29</sub> ratio, the cross-plots of C<sub>27</sub>/(C<sub>27</sub> + C<sub>29</sub>) regular steranes vs. Pr/Ph ratio, the C<sub>27</sub>/C<sub>29</sub> vs. Pr/Ph and the C<sub>24</sub> tetracyclic/C<sub>26</sub> tricyclic terpane ratio point also to the terrestrial origin of the organic matter. The obtained values of vitrinite reflectance, T<sub>max</sub>, OEP<sub>27–31</sub> and CPI<sub>25–33</sub>, along the cross plots of 20S/(20S + 20R) versus ββ/(ββ + αα) suggest that the samples are immature and were subjected to a low burial depth. The examined samples indicate accumulation in a delta-plain environment of deposition, under fluctuating oxic/anoxic conditions, in a humid climatic zone that is characterized by dry periods, interrupting the longer-termed humid climatic regime. This research adds knowledge on the source rock potential in the northern Sydney Basin and on the environmental and climatic setting of a time interval just prior to the major Permian - Triassic climatic crisis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 104628"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104626
Juan Sebastian Gomez-Neita , Ana Maria Pimentel Mizusaki , Taís Freitas da Silva , Sandra Rocio Manosalva-Sánchez , Jorge Eliecer Mariño-Martínez
Stratal stacking patterns and factors influencing peat accumulation in coastal and continental settings represent a significant problem in studying coal-bearing sequences. To address this issue, this work focused on the Cretaceous-Paleogene Guaduas Formation on the Checua-Lenguazaque Syncline (CLS) coalfield in the Eastern Cordillera Basin (Colombian Andes). This study relies on geological survey, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, organic geochemistry, and coal petrography. Through these methods, depositional systems and sequences were characterized, and their relationship with coal composition was established. Sedimentary facies were categorized into four Facies Associations (FAs): lagoon, tidal flat, delta plain, and mixed fluvial system. Five T-R sequences (S1 to S5, in ascending order) were identified. S1 consists of lagoon and tidal sandstone, mudstone, and coal. S2-S4 comprise tidal, deltaic, and fluvial deposits. S5 is composed mainly of deltaic and fluvial facies. Thick coal seams (> 0.7 m) were concentrated in the regressive system tracts of S1 and S3, while the transgressive coals were deposited in S2-S3 and are associated with tidal environments. The organic petrography showed enrichment in vitrinite (30.00–85.20 %), while liptinite (0.00–16.60 %) and inertinite (4.60–34.40 %) varied according to depth and paleoenvironments. CLS coalfield displays an environmental evolution from shallow marine and lagoon deposits to deltaic and fluvial environments. Minor sea-level fluctuations, changes in accommodation, siliciclastic influx, and plant community distinguish this sedimentary succession. The deposition of the Guaduas Formation is characterized by a prograding pattern with dominant shallowing-upward cycles in a high accommodation setting. The organic matter accumulated under limno-telmatic to telmatic conditions in mesotrophic to ombrotrophic environments with nutrients derived mainly from rainfall. The paleoclimate for the Guaduas Formation indicates wet and hot conditions for flora expansion. This investigation determined paleoenvironments of the Maastrichtian-Paleocene coastal to fluvial successions within the tropical latitudes, indicating a strong relationship between depositional systems, sequence stratigraphy, paleoclimate, and coal composition.
{"title":"Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of coal deposition during the Cretaceous-Paleogene transition in the Eastern Cordillera Basin, Colombian Andes","authors":"Juan Sebastian Gomez-Neita , Ana Maria Pimentel Mizusaki , Taís Freitas da Silva , Sandra Rocio Manosalva-Sánchez , Jorge Eliecer Mariño-Martínez","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stratal stacking patterns and factors influencing peat accumulation in coastal and continental settings represent a significant problem in studying coal-bearing sequences. To address this issue, this work focused on the Cretaceous-Paleogene Guaduas Formation on the Checua-Lenguazaque Syncline (CLS) coalfield in the Eastern Cordillera Basin (Colombian Andes). This study relies on geological survey, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy, organic geochemistry, and coal petrography. Through these methods, depositional systems and sequences were characterized, and their relationship with coal composition was established. Sedimentary facies were categorized into four Facies Associations (FAs): lagoon, tidal flat, delta plain, and mixed fluvial system. Five T-R sequences (S1 to S5, in ascending order) were identified. S1 consists of lagoon and tidal sandstone, mudstone, and coal. S2-S4 comprise tidal, deltaic, and fluvial deposits. S5 is composed mainly of deltaic and fluvial facies. Thick coal seams (> 0.7 m) were concentrated in the regressive system tracts of S1 and S3, while the transgressive coals were deposited in S2-S3 and are associated with tidal environments. The organic petrography showed enrichment in vitrinite (30.00–85.20 %), while liptinite (0.00–16.60 %) and inertinite (4.60–34.40 %) varied according to depth and paleoenvironments. CLS coalfield displays an environmental evolution from shallow marine and lagoon deposits to deltaic and fluvial environments. Minor sea-level fluctuations, changes in accommodation, siliciclastic influx, and plant community distinguish this sedimentary succession. The deposition of the Guaduas Formation is characterized by a prograding pattern with dominant shallowing-upward cycles in a high accommodation setting. The organic matter accumulated under limno-telmatic to telmatic conditions in mesotrophic to ombrotrophic environments with nutrients derived mainly from rainfall. The paleoclimate for the Guaduas Formation indicates wet and hot conditions for flora expansion. This investigation determined paleoenvironments of the Maastrichtian-Paleocene coastal to fluvial successions within the tropical latitudes, indicating a strong relationship between depositional systems, sequence stratigraphy, paleoclimate, and coal composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 104626"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142538560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-20DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2024.104623
C. Özgen Karacan , Robert A. Field , Maria Olczak , Malgorzata Kasprzak , Felicia A. Ruiz , Stefan Schwietzke
<div><div>Methane has a short atmospheric lifetime compared to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), ∼decade versus ∼centuries, but it has a much higher global warming potential (GWP), highlighting how reducing methane emissions can slow the rate of climate change. When considering the contribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to current global warming (2010–2019) relative to the industrial revolution (1850–1900) levels, methane contributes 0.5 °C or ∼ a third of the total. The most recent post-2023 global estimates of methane emissions by bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches for the coal mining sector are in the range of ∼41 ± 3 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup> and 33 ± 5 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. This divergence, notwithstanding overlapping confidence intervals, is a result of differences between applied TD global inversion models and BU emission inventories. Further research can help to better refine emissions from the various contributing coal mine methane (CMM) emissions sources. The coal mining sector accounts for over 10 % of global anthropogenic methane emissions. The contribution of CMM emissions to the global budget have increased since 2000, although upward and downward regional trends have been observed.</div><div>The Global Methane Pledge (GMP), which was signed by more than 150 nations, aims to reduce methane emissions by 30 % from 2020 levels by 2030. This could eliminate 0.2 °C of warming by 2050. The success or failure to reach the emission reduction targets of the GMP will depend on engagement with different sectors of the economy. In that regard, the coal sector could play a significant role for mitigating emissions and reaching emission reduction targets. The International Energy Agency (IEA) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) both estimate that over half of global methane emissions from coal operations could be avoided with the application of existing technologies. However, setting up emission reduction scenario targets for the coal mining sector poses significant challenges, which require clear understanding of the magnitude and behavior of CMM emission sources. Notwithstanding regional differences, with improved reporting and data transparency, emission control potential can be more accurately defined, which can inform effective and defensible policy approaches.</div><div>This paper highlights the climate forcing role of methane in the atmosphere and presents a detailed review of CMM emission sources along the coal lifecycle, traditional and new inventory practices applied in different countries, the status of estimating CMM emissions, and opportunities and difficulties associated with mitigating emissions from different CMM sources. Different policy approaches utilizing regulatory and economic mechanisms are explored and concluding remarks for importance and tools of CMM emission mitigation are provided. Ultimately, this paper aims to inform global CMM mitigation and emission reduction scenario t
{"title":"Mitigating climate change by abating coal mine methane: A critical review of status and opportunities","authors":"C. Özgen Karacan , Robert A. Field , Maria Olczak , Malgorzata Kasprzak , Felicia A. Ruiz , Stefan Schwietzke","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.coal.2024.104623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Methane has a short atmospheric lifetime compared to carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), ∼decade versus ∼centuries, but it has a much higher global warming potential (GWP), highlighting how reducing methane emissions can slow the rate of climate change. When considering the contribution of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to current global warming (2010–2019) relative to the industrial revolution (1850–1900) levels, methane contributes 0.5 °C or ∼ a third of the total. The most recent post-2023 global estimates of methane emissions by bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) approaches for the coal mining sector are in the range of ∼41 ± 3 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup> and 33 ± 5 Tg yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. This divergence, notwithstanding overlapping confidence intervals, is a result of differences between applied TD global inversion models and BU emission inventories. Further research can help to better refine emissions from the various contributing coal mine methane (CMM) emissions sources. The coal mining sector accounts for over 10 % of global anthropogenic methane emissions. The contribution of CMM emissions to the global budget have increased since 2000, although upward and downward regional trends have been observed.</div><div>The Global Methane Pledge (GMP), which was signed by more than 150 nations, aims to reduce methane emissions by 30 % from 2020 levels by 2030. This could eliminate 0.2 °C of warming by 2050. The success or failure to reach the emission reduction targets of the GMP will depend on engagement with different sectors of the economy. In that regard, the coal sector could play a significant role for mitigating emissions and reaching emission reduction targets. The International Energy Agency (IEA) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) both estimate that over half of global methane emissions from coal operations could be avoided with the application of existing technologies. However, setting up emission reduction scenario targets for the coal mining sector poses significant challenges, which require clear understanding of the magnitude and behavior of CMM emission sources. Notwithstanding regional differences, with improved reporting and data transparency, emission control potential can be more accurately defined, which can inform effective and defensible policy approaches.</div><div>This paper highlights the climate forcing role of methane in the atmosphere and presents a detailed review of CMM emission sources along the coal lifecycle, traditional and new inventory practices applied in different countries, the status of estimating CMM emissions, and opportunities and difficulties associated with mitigating emissions from different CMM sources. Different policy approaches utilizing regulatory and economic mechanisms are explored and concluding remarks for importance and tools of CMM emission mitigation are provided. Ultimately, this paper aims to inform global CMM mitigation and emission reduction scenario t","PeriodicalId":13864,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Coal Geology","volume":"295 ","pages":"Article 104623"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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