ABSTRACT Peronophythora litchii (P. litchii) is the pathogenic factor of litchi downy blight. Derivatives extracted from harmine officinalis and modified, N-(2-pyridyl)-1-phenyl-9 H-pyrido [3, 4-b] indole-3-formamide (PPPIF), could inhibited P. litchii growth and development. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses indicated that PPPIF severely damaged the mitochondria, cell wall and endomembrane system of P. litchii cells, thus abnormal morphology, as well as deformed mycelia. PPPIF could suppress mycelial growth, sporulation, sporangia germination and germ tube elongation as well. PPPIF also caused a series of physiological and biochemical changes of P. litchii, including the serious deviation of extracellular pH, the obvious increase of the content of extracellular reducing sugar and malondialdehyde, the notable decrease of soluble protein and the activity of NADH oxidase. Furthermore, PPPIF seriously raised openness of membrane permeability transporter (MPTP) and markedly decreased the transmembrane potential (Δψm) and the activity of enzyme complex I–complex V in respiratory chain of mitochondria. The current research suggests that PPPIF may act upon the mitochondrion of P. litchii, then respiratory chain complex activity was blocked and energy metabolism disrupted or inhibited, resulting in the growth inhibition of P. litchii. Above results have strengthened our understanding of P. litchii resistance mechanisms and may help in the development of more potent inhibitors against plant diseases in the fields.
摘要荔枝疫霉(Peronophythora litchii, P. litchii)是荔枝霜枯病的致病因子。从山毒草中提取并修饰的N-(2-吡啶基)-1-苯基-9 h -吡啶[3,4 -b]吲哚-3-甲酰胺(PPPIF)可抑制荔枝的生长发育。扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)分析表明，PPPIF对荔枝细胞的线粒体、细胞壁和膜系统造成严重破坏，导致细胞形态异常，菌丝变形。PPPIF对菌丝生长、产孢、孢子囊萌发和胚管伸长均有抑制作用。PPPIF还引起荔枝胞外pH严重偏离，胞外还原糖和丙二醛含量明显升高，可溶性蛋白和NADH氧化酶活性显著降低等一系列生理生化变化。此外，PPPIF严重提高了膜通透性转运蛋白(MPTP)的开放性，显著降低了线粒体呼吸链的跨膜电位(Δψm)和酶复合体i -复合体V的活性。目前的研究表明，PPPIF可能作用于荔枝线粒体，阻断呼吸链复合物活性，破坏或抑制能量代谢，从而抑制荔枝生长。上述结果加强了我们对荔枝抗性机制的认识，并可能有助于开发更有效的田间植物病害抑制剂。
{"title":"Antifungal Activity of β-Carboline Alkaloids Compound and Its Resistance Mechanism on Peronophythora Litchii","authors":"Shifan Li, Ke Zhang, Yayu Chen, Zhibin Li, Q. Hu, Q. Weng","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2097154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2097154","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Peronophythora litchii (P. litchii) is the pathogenic factor of litchi downy blight. Derivatives extracted from harmine officinalis and modified, N-(2-pyridyl)-1-phenyl-9 H-pyrido [3, 4-b] indole-3-formamide (PPPIF), could inhibited P. litchii growth and development. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses indicated that PPPIF severely damaged the mitochondria, cell wall and endomembrane system of P. litchii cells, thus abnormal morphology, as well as deformed mycelia. PPPIF could suppress mycelial growth, sporulation, sporangia germination and germ tube elongation as well. PPPIF also caused a series of physiological and biochemical changes of P. litchii, including the serious deviation of extracellular pH, the obvious increase of the content of extracellular reducing sugar and malondialdehyde, the notable decrease of soluble protein and the activity of NADH oxidase. Furthermore, PPPIF seriously raised openness of membrane permeability transporter (MPTP) and markedly decreased the transmembrane potential (Δψm) and the activity of enzyme complex I–complex V in respiratory chain of mitochondria. The current research suggests that PPPIF may act upon the mitochondrion of P. litchii, then respiratory chain complex activity was blocked and energy metabolism disrupted or inhibited, resulting in the growth inhibition of P. litchii. Above results have strengthened our understanding of P. litchii resistance mechanisms and may help in the development of more potent inhibitors against plant diseases in the fields.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"646 - 663"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79909500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-15DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2022.2092580
S. Sabzi, M. Nadimi, Y. Abbaspour‐Gilandeh, J. Paliwal
ABSTRACT Nondestructive estimation of physicochemical properties, post-harvest physiology, and level of ripeness of fruits is essential to their automated harvesting, sorting, and handling. Recent research efforts have identified machine vision systems as a promising noninvasive nondestructive tool for exploring the relationship between physicochemical and appearance characteristics of fruits at various ripening levels. In this regard, the purpose of the current study is to provide an intelligent algorithm for estimating two physical properties including firmness, and soluble solid content (SSC), three chemical properties viz. starch, acidity, and titratable acidity (TA), as well as detection of the ripening level of apples (cultivar Red Delicious) using video processing and artificial intelligence. To this end, videos of apples in orchards at four levels of ripeness were recorded and 444 color and texture features were extracted from these samples. Five physicochemical properties including firmness, SSC, starch, acidity, and TA were measured. Using the hybrid artificial neural network-difference evolution (ANN-DE), six most effective features (one texture and five color features) were selected to estimate the physicochemical properties of apples. The physicochemical estimation was then further optimized using a hybrid multilayer perceptron artificial neural network-cultural algorithm (ANN-CA). The results showed that the coefficient of determinations (R2) related to the prediction models for the physicochemical properties were in excess of 0.92. Additionally, the ripeness level of apples was estimated based on physicochemical properties using a hybrid multilayer perceptron artificial neural network-harmonic search algorithm (ANN-HS) classifier. The developed machine vision system examined ripeness levels of 1356 apples in natural orchard environments and achieved a correct classification rate (CCR) of 97.86%.
{"title":"Non-Destructive Estimation of Physicochemical Properties and Detection of Ripeness Level of Apples Using Machine Vision","authors":"S. Sabzi, M. Nadimi, Y. Abbaspour‐Gilandeh, J. Paliwal","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2092580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2092580","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nondestructive estimation of physicochemical properties, post-harvest physiology, and level of ripeness of fruits is essential to their automated harvesting, sorting, and handling. Recent research efforts have identified machine vision systems as a promising noninvasive nondestructive tool for exploring the relationship between physicochemical and appearance characteristics of fruits at various ripening levels. In this regard, the purpose of the current study is to provide an intelligent algorithm for estimating two physical properties including firmness, and soluble solid content (SSC), three chemical properties viz. starch, acidity, and titratable acidity (TA), as well as detection of the ripening level of apples (cultivar Red Delicious) using video processing and artificial intelligence. To this end, videos of apples in orchards at four levels of ripeness were recorded and 444 color and texture features were extracted from these samples. Five physicochemical properties including firmness, SSC, starch, acidity, and TA were measured. Using the hybrid artificial neural network-difference evolution (ANN-DE), six most effective features (one texture and five color features) were selected to estimate the physicochemical properties of apples. The physicochemical estimation was then further optimized using a hybrid multilayer perceptron artificial neural network-cultural algorithm (ANN-CA). The results showed that the coefficient of determinations (R2) related to the prediction models for the physicochemical properties were in excess of 0.92. Additionally, the ripeness level of apples was estimated based on physicochemical properties using a hybrid multilayer perceptron artificial neural network-harmonic search algorithm (ANN-HS) classifier. The developed machine vision system examined ripeness levels of 1356 apples in natural orchard environments and achieved a correct classification rate (CCR) of 97.86%.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"628 - 645"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89914314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-30DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2022.2092932
J. S. Kaba, Alberta Y. Asare, Henrietta Andoh, Godswill K.S Kwashie, A. Abunyewa
ABSTRACT Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) is an understorey plant that is highly sensitive to drought, especially at the seedling stage. In Ghana, only 20% cocoa seedlings survive the dry spells within 24 months after transplanting. Potassium (K) is known to enhance the growth of plants root to increase water uptake under drought conditions. This study assessed the effect of different levels of K fertilizer in enhancing the drought recovery and survival of four cocoa genotypes grown in Ghana. A 3 × 3 factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design was carried out at the FRNR farm, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 cropping seasons. The treatments consisted of 0 g, 4 g and 6 g plant−1 of muriate of potash (60% K2O) and three cocoa varieties: Amaz15-15XEqx78 (V1); CRG8914XPA150 (V2) and PA7/808XPound10 (V3). The result showed that cocoa varieties applied with 4 g or 6 gK plant−1 produced higher (p < .05) belowground and aboveground biomass than the control. The K treated seedlings had about 77% survival rate than the control (43%) seedlings. Among the varieties, V2 had better drought recovery and survival rate (81%), followed by V3 (78%) and V1 (71%). In addition to the morphological characteristics, K enhanced the nitrogen content in cocoa seedlings during drought recovery and this correlated positively (R = 0.863) with survival rate. In conclusion, when farmers grow V2 and apply 4 gK plant−1 during drought, over 80% of the seedling will recovery and survive. This has implications for K fertility management, yield and the livelihood of smallholder (70%) cocoa farmers.
{"title":"Toward Sustainable Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L) Production: The Role of Potassium Fertilizer in Cocoa Seedlings Drought Recovery and Survival","authors":"J. S. Kaba, Alberta Y. Asare, Henrietta Andoh, Godswill K.S Kwashie, A. Abunyewa","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2092932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2092932","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) is an understorey plant that is highly sensitive to drought, especially at the seedling stage. In Ghana, only 20% cocoa seedlings survive the dry spells within 24 months after transplanting. Potassium (K) is known to enhance the growth of plants root to increase water uptake under drought conditions. This study assessed the effect of different levels of K fertilizer in enhancing the drought recovery and survival of four cocoa genotypes grown in Ghana. A 3 × 3 factorial experiment in Randomized Complete Block Design was carried out at the FRNR farm, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana in 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 cropping seasons. The treatments consisted of 0 g, 4 g and 6 g plant−1 of muriate of potash (60% K2O) and three cocoa varieties: Amaz15-15XEqx78 (V1); CRG8914XPA150 (V2) and PA7/808XPound10 (V3). The result showed that cocoa varieties applied with 4 g or 6 gK plant−1 produced higher (p < .05) belowground and aboveground biomass than the control. The K treated seedlings had about 77% survival rate than the control (43%) seedlings. Among the varieties, V2 had better drought recovery and survival rate (81%), followed by V3 (78%) and V1 (71%). In addition to the morphological characteristics, K enhanced the nitrogen content in cocoa seedlings during drought recovery and this correlated positively (R = 0.863) with survival rate. In conclusion, when farmers grow V2 and apply 4 gK plant−1 during drought, over 80% of the seedling will recovery and survive. This has implications for K fertility management, yield and the livelihood of smallholder (70%) cocoa farmers.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"47 1","pages":"618 - 627"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80733779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-12DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2022.2080791
Jéssica Giordano Paranhos, F. H. Ishikawa, M. A. D. de Lima, F. P. Lima Neto
ABSTRACT Genetic parameters to fruit quality of mango hybrids were estimated using a mixed model REM/BLUP. Twenty-seven hybrids (Tommy Atkins cross with Haden, Palmer, Van Dyke, Kent and Coquinho) were evaluated, in two crop seasons. Physical and chemical traits analyzed were weight, longitudinal length, transverse diameter, fiber presence, pulp firmness, skin and pulp color, fibers presence titratable acidity, and soluble solids (SS). Repeatability varying from 0.53 (SS) to 0.89 (diameter). Selective Accuracy (Acm ) based on average harvests varying from 0.73 (SS) to 0.94 (weight, length, and diameter). According to selection gain and the new averages the most promising hybrids were selected.
{"title":"Estimation of Genetic Parameters and Prediction of Breeding Values for Fruit-Quality Traits in Hybrid Mangoes","authors":"Jéssica Giordano Paranhos, F. H. Ishikawa, M. A. D. de Lima, F. P. Lima Neto","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2080791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2080791","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Genetic parameters to fruit quality of mango hybrids were estimated using a mixed model REM/BLUP. Twenty-seven hybrids (Tommy Atkins cross with Haden, Palmer, Van Dyke, Kent and Coquinho) were evaluated, in two crop seasons. Physical and chemical traits analyzed were weight, longitudinal length, transverse diameter, fiber presence, pulp firmness, skin and pulp color, fibers presence titratable acidity, and soluble solids (SS). Repeatability varying from 0.53 (SS) to 0.89 (diameter). Selective Accuracy (Acm ) based on average harvests varying from 0.73 (SS) to 0.94 (weight, length, and diameter). According to selection gain and the new averages the most promising hybrids were selected.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"35 1","pages":"608 - 617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74804989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-08DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2022.2084805
Haibo Yang, Tiantian Gao, Qingliang Li, Wei Tan, Xia Sun, Deya Wang, H. Cao
ABSTRACT Grape downy mildew is a major grape disease that typically occurs when grape leaves are subjected to high temperature. In this study, downy mildew incidence in ‘Red Globe’ grape was investigated. To clarify the effects of grape downy mildew on grape leaves under high-temperature stress. Grape downy mildew infestation and high-temperature treatment alone or combinations were applied to ‘Red Globe’ grape. The gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of grape leaves were measured. The results showed that logistic growth period of grape downy mildew in the Jinzhong, China was from July 20 to August 10. After the combined stress of high temperature and grape downy mildew, photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (G s), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (C i), maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSII), and performance index on absorption basis (PIABS ) of grape leaves were all decreased more than the sum of those indexes under the two stresses individually. At 28°C, the damage of downy mildew had no significant effect on the degree of photosystem closure of leaves, but it was significantly increased with the combined stresses. The electron transfer efficiency from photosystem II to photosystem I was decreased significantly under the combined stresses. Under 38°C high-temperature stress, the energy dissipated per active reaction center of the leaves affected by grape downy mildew was significantly increased. High temperature aggravated adverse effects of downy mildew on the structure and function of photosystem II (PSII) of grape leaves and then further exacerbated reduction of photosynthesis caused by heat stress.
{"title":"Effects of Grape Downy Mildew on Photosynthesis of ‘Red Globe’ Grape Leaves under High Temperature Stress","authors":"Haibo Yang, Tiantian Gao, Qingliang Li, Wei Tan, Xia Sun, Deya Wang, H. Cao","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2084805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2084805","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Grape downy mildew is a major grape disease that typically occurs when grape leaves are subjected to high temperature. In this study, downy mildew incidence in ‘Red Globe’ grape was investigated. To clarify the effects of grape downy mildew on grape leaves under high-temperature stress. Grape downy mildew infestation and high-temperature treatment alone or combinations were applied to ‘Red Globe’ grape. The gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of grape leaves were measured. The results showed that logistic growth period of grape downy mildew in the Jinzhong, China was from July 20 to August 10. After the combined stress of high temperature and grape downy mildew, photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (G s), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (C i), maximum photochemical efficiency(Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency(ΦPSII), and performance index on absorption basis (PIABS ) of grape leaves were all decreased more than the sum of those indexes under the two stresses individually. At 28°C, the damage of downy mildew had no significant effect on the degree of photosystem closure of leaves, but it was significantly increased with the combined stresses. The electron transfer efficiency from photosystem II to photosystem I was decreased significantly under the combined stresses. Under 38°C high-temperature stress, the energy dissipated per active reaction center of the leaves affected by grape downy mildew was significantly increased. High temperature aggravated adverse effects of downy mildew on the structure and function of photosystem II (PSII) of grape leaves and then further exacerbated reduction of photosynthesis caused by heat stress.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"92 1","pages":"581 - 594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80352111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-29DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2022.2079584
M. Nadeem, Muhamad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, K. Ameer, Ammara Ainee, Z. Yasmin, Sadaf Javaria, Tadesse Fikre Teferra
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on the functional properties of citrus juices. Citrus fruits and juices were analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The ‘Pamelo’ excelled in terms of average fruit weight (451.83 ± 7.1 g), fruit volume (543.33 ± 9.1 cm3) and rag percentage (68.64 ± 1.1%). ‘Valencia late’ (48.67 ± 0.3%), ‘Flame’ (48.38 ± 1.3%) and ‘Kinnow’ (35.95 ± 4.9%) were good in juice %. The juice was subjected to sonication treatment at 15°C for 5 min keeping pulse duration 5 s on and 5 s off (70% amplitude level and 20 kHz frequency). Total phenol, flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity, antioxidant capacity, and reducing power increased in fruit juices as a result of sonication. The total phenolic contents in the juices of all citrus cultivars ranged from 223.49 ± 4.5 to 590.47 ± 5.5 µg gallic acid equivalent/g and increased from 315.18 ± 6.1 to 645.44 ± 7.1 µg GAE/g after ultrasonic processing. The DPPH values of juices of all citrus cultivars ranged from 791.54 to 1251.93 µmol equivalent of trolox/mL and increased from 1001.54 to 1336.77 µmol equivalent of trolox/mL after applying ultrasound. The sonication is highly feasible for practical use in the industry for the production of citrus fruit juices with improved quality in terms of nutrients.
{"title":"Effect of Sonication on the Functional Properties of Different Citrus Fruit Juices","authors":"M. Nadeem, Muhamad Modassar Ali Nawaz Ranjha, K. Ameer, Ammara Ainee, Z. Yasmin, Sadaf Javaria, Tadesse Fikre Teferra","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2079584","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2079584","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultrasound on the functional properties of citrus juices. Citrus fruits and juices were analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The ‘Pamelo’ excelled in terms of average fruit weight (451.83 ± 7.1 g), fruit volume (543.33 ± 9.1 cm3) and rag percentage (68.64 ± 1.1%). ‘Valencia late’ (48.67 ± 0.3%), ‘Flame’ (48.38 ± 1.3%) and ‘Kinnow’ (35.95 ± 4.9%) were good in juice %. The juice was subjected to sonication treatment at 15°C for 5 min keeping pulse duration 5 s on and 5 s off (70% amplitude level and 20 kHz frequency). Total phenol, flavonoids, free radical scavenging activity, antioxidant capacity, and reducing power increased in fruit juices as a result of sonication. The total phenolic contents in the juices of all citrus cultivars ranged from 223.49 ± 4.5 to 590.47 ± 5.5 µg gallic acid equivalent/g and increased from 315.18 ± 6.1 to 645.44 ± 7.1 µg GAE/g after ultrasonic processing. The DPPH values of juices of all citrus cultivars ranged from 791.54 to 1251.93 µmol equivalent of trolox/mL and increased from 1001.54 to 1336.77 µmol equivalent of trolox/mL after applying ultrasound. The sonication is highly feasible for practical use in the industry for the production of citrus fruit juices with improved quality in terms of nutrients.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"36 1","pages":"568 - 580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85575143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-11DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2022.2070577
R. Gumbrewicz, Lily Calderwood
ABSTRACT Climate change in Maine is characterized by increasing rates of warming temperatures and more intense rain events, which lead to altered growing seasons, earlier emergence of pests, increased seasonal drought and large crop losses. These changes have significant impacts on wild blueberry systems and make it more difficult for growers to manage this crop under increasingly unpredictable weather patterns. Mulching is a tool growers use to combat some of these challenges, but the comparative effects of wood mulch particle size in wild blueberry systems has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of wood mulch particle size on wild blueberry soil, plant development, pest pressure, and yield. This study was carried out over a 2-year period (one production cycle) in an organic wild blueberry field in Stockton Springs, ME. There was no mulch particle size treatment used in this study that demonstrated significantly greater overall mean soil moisture compared to the control at the 1.27 cm application thickness. All mulch treatments significantly reduced disease pressure, primarily Sphaerulina leaf spot caused by Sphaerulina vaccinii, compared to the control in year 1. The two finest particle size treatments, sawdust and shavings, resulted in significantly greater yields than the control, and were the least expensive materials. This suggests that growers should consider using finer particle size mulches rather than the current practice, wood chips, but may need to reapply more frequently. From this study, application of softwood mulch of any particle size is better than no application.
{"title":"Comparison of Wood Mulch Particle Sizes for Wild Blueberry Management in a Changing Climate","authors":"R. Gumbrewicz, Lily Calderwood","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2070577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2070577","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Climate change in Maine is characterized by increasing rates of warming temperatures and more intense rain events, which lead to altered growing seasons, earlier emergence of pests, increased seasonal drought and large crop losses. These changes have significant impacts on wild blueberry systems and make it more difficult for growers to manage this crop under increasingly unpredictable weather patterns. Mulching is a tool growers use to combat some of these challenges, but the comparative effects of wood mulch particle size in wild blueberry systems has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of wood mulch particle size on wild blueberry soil, plant development, pest pressure, and yield. This study was carried out over a 2-year period (one production cycle) in an organic wild blueberry field in Stockton Springs, ME. There was no mulch particle size treatment used in this study that demonstrated significantly greater overall mean soil moisture compared to the control at the 1.27 cm application thickness. All mulch treatments significantly reduced disease pressure, primarily Sphaerulina leaf spot caused by Sphaerulina vaccinii, compared to the control in year 1. The two finest particle size treatments, sawdust and shavings, resulted in significantly greater yields than the control, and were the least expensive materials. This suggests that growers should consider using finer particle size mulches rather than the current practice, wood chips, but may need to reapply more frequently. From this study, application of softwood mulch of any particle size is better than no application.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"551 - 567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73822561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-10DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2022.2070575
P. Adu-Gyamfi, Michael Barnnor, A. Akpertey, F. Padi
ABSTRACT Introduction of exotic clones into the pedigree of commercial cashew clones could constitute a viable strategy to overcome the current low early nut yield and nut weight of the crop in West Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the combining abilities of Beninese, Brazilian and Ghanaian clones for early nut yield and nut weight. Twelve F1 hybrids were evaluated in the field for five traits such as stem diameter increment, canopy spread, nut yield, nut weight and cropping efficiency. Significant difference (p ≤ .01) was observed for most of the traits. Nut weight varied from 5.3 to 10.1 g/year, whilst nut yield ranged from 666.1 to 872.8 kg/ha/year among the top five crosses in the third to fifth year after planting. The Beninese (BE) progenies were comparable to the Ghanaian (SG) progenies for early nut yield but inferior to the Ghanaian and Brazilian (A) progenies for nut weight. Pearson correlation coefficient estimate (r = 0.74; p ≤ .01) suggest that, selecting for canopy spread in the north-south direction might improve early nut yield. GCA effects were more important than SCA effects. Narrow-sense heritability was moderate and exceeded 50% for all the traits. BE203 and SG224 showed positive GCA for early nut yield, whereas A2 and SG273 showed positive GCA for nut weight. Our study suggest that the Brazilian, Beninese and Ghanaian clones had different merits as potential parents for early nut yield and nut weight and could constitute a suitable genetic resource for improving cashew productivity.
{"title":"Genetic Variability and Combining Abilities for Earliness to Nut Yield and Nut Weight in Selected Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) Clones","authors":"P. Adu-Gyamfi, Michael Barnnor, A. Akpertey, F. Padi","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2070575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2070575","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction of exotic clones into the pedigree of commercial cashew clones could constitute a viable strategy to overcome the current low early nut yield and nut weight of the crop in West Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the combining abilities of Beninese, Brazilian and Ghanaian clones for early nut yield and nut weight. Twelve F1 hybrids were evaluated in the field for five traits such as stem diameter increment, canopy spread, nut yield, nut weight and cropping efficiency. Significant difference (p ≤ .01) was observed for most of the traits. Nut weight varied from 5.3 to 10.1 g/year, whilst nut yield ranged from 666.1 to 872.8 kg/ha/year among the top five crosses in the third to fifth year after planting. The Beninese (BE) progenies were comparable to the Ghanaian (SG) progenies for early nut yield but inferior to the Ghanaian and Brazilian (A) progenies for nut weight. Pearson correlation coefficient estimate (r = 0.74; p ≤ .01) suggest that, selecting for canopy spread in the north-south direction might improve early nut yield. GCA effects were more important than SCA effects. Narrow-sense heritability was moderate and exceeded 50% for all the traits. BE203 and SG224 showed positive GCA for early nut yield, whereas A2 and SG273 showed positive GCA for nut weight. Our study suggest that the Brazilian, Beninese and Ghanaian clones had different merits as potential parents for early nut yield and nut weight and could constitute a suitable genetic resource for improving cashew productivity.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"13 1","pages":"539 - 550"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83779397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2022.2070576
Gurpreet Kaur Dhillon, A. Kour, N. Gupta
ABSTRACT Peach is an important fruit; however, its perishability limits its availability to the consumers. The present study fosters a low-cost preservation method of peach involving osmotic dehydration at 35–45◦C using a sugar solution (50–70◦Brix) for 60–180 minutes. The conditions for osmotic dehydration (OD) of peach slices in terms of maximum water loss (WL), rehydration ratio (RR), minimum solute gain (SG) with optimum hardness, and maximum overall acceptability (OA) were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The regression coefficient of the models indicated that the time of immersion was the most significant (p < .001) factor for WL and SG, followed by the temperature. Furthermore, immersion time had a positive effect on hardness, whereas it had a negative effect on the organoleptic properties of osmo-dried peach slices. Sucrose concentration of 63.20◦Brix for 133 minutes at 41◦C was most suitable for osmotic dehydration of peach slices to obtain maximum possible WL, minimum SG, maximum RR, optimum hardness, and maximum overall acceptability. Combined drying (OD+CAD) significantly reduced the drying time and had better retention of sensory attributes. The peach slices subjected to a combination of OD+CAD had good retention (45–50%) of bioactive components even at ambient temperature and had an overall acceptability score of above 6.0 with a 6-months shelf life of the product. The technology was demonstrated among the small-scale processors and entrepreneurs and based on the response received, more than 90% highly rated this technique as efficient, energy-conserving, and easy to adopt.
{"title":"Optimization of Low-cost Drying Technology for Preservation of Peach (Prunus Persica) Using RSM","authors":"Gurpreet Kaur Dhillon, A. Kour, N. Gupta","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2070576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2070576","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Peach is an important fruit; however, its perishability limits its availability to the consumers. The present study fosters a low-cost preservation method of peach involving osmotic dehydration at 35–45◦C using a sugar solution (50–70◦Brix) for 60–180 minutes. The conditions for osmotic dehydration (OD) of peach slices in terms of maximum water loss (WL), rehydration ratio (RR), minimum solute gain (SG) with optimum hardness, and maximum overall acceptability (OA) were optimized using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The regression coefficient of the models indicated that the time of immersion was the most significant (p < .001) factor for WL and SG, followed by the temperature. Furthermore, immersion time had a positive effect on hardness, whereas it had a negative effect on the organoleptic properties of osmo-dried peach slices. Sucrose concentration of 63.20◦Brix for 133 minutes at 41◦C was most suitable for osmotic dehydration of peach slices to obtain maximum possible WL, minimum SG, maximum RR, optimum hardness, and maximum overall acceptability. Combined drying (OD+CAD) significantly reduced the drying time and had better retention of sensory attributes. The peach slices subjected to a combination of OD+CAD had good retention (45–50%) of bioactive components even at ambient temperature and had an overall acceptability score of above 6.0 with a 6-months shelf life of the product. The technology was demonstrated among the small-scale processors and entrepreneurs and based on the response received, more than 90% highly rated this technique as efficient, energy-conserving, and easy to adopt.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"44 1","pages":"525 - 538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79848513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2022.2068733
Veer Singh, S. Jawandha, P. Gill, Davinder Singh
ABSTRACT Pear fruits are climacteric in nature and remain biologically active due to continuous respiration, transpiration, and other biochemical processes even after harvest. Under ambient conditions of north-western India, pear fruits have a short shelf life. An experiment was conducted to enhance the shelf life of pear fruits cv. Punjab Beauty using preharvest sprays of putrescine (PUT) @ 1 mM, 2 mM & 3 mM. Mature fruits from PUT treated and control plants were harvested and stored at ambient conditions (32 ± 2 ℃, 78 ± 5% RH). Periodical observations for various physicochemical parameters and enzymatic activities were taken on 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days after ambient storage. As compared to control, 2 and 3 mM PUT treatments resulted into a reduction in weight loss (WL), spoilage along with retention of higher firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and starch content in stored pear fruits. During storage, these treatments had also reduced the fruit softening by reducing the activities of cell wall degrading enzymes like pectin methylesterase (PME) and cellulase. So, it could be inferred that PUT treatment of 2 mM & 3 mM was effective to enhance the shelf life of pear fruits at ambient conditions with acceptable quality.
{"title":"Preharvest Putrescine Application Extends the Shelf Life and Maintains the Pear Fruit Quality","authors":"Veer Singh, S. Jawandha, P. Gill, Davinder Singh","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2022.2068733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2022.2068733","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Pear fruits are climacteric in nature and remain biologically active due to continuous respiration, transpiration, and other biochemical processes even after harvest. Under ambient conditions of north-western India, pear fruits have a short shelf life. An experiment was conducted to enhance the shelf life of pear fruits cv. Punjab Beauty using preharvest sprays of putrescine (PUT) @ 1 mM, 2 mM & 3 mM. Mature fruits from PUT treated and control plants were harvested and stored at ambient conditions (32 ± 2 ℃, 78 ± 5% RH). Periodical observations for various physicochemical parameters and enzymatic activities were taken on 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days after ambient storage. As compared to control, 2 and 3 mM PUT treatments resulted into a reduction in weight loss (WL), spoilage along with retention of higher firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and starch content in stored pear fruits. During storage, these treatments had also reduced the fruit softening by reducing the activities of cell wall degrading enzymes like pectin methylesterase (PME) and cellulase. So, it could be inferred that PUT treatment of 2 mM & 3 mM was effective to enhance the shelf life of pear fruits at ambient conditions with acceptable quality.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"109 1","pages":"514 - 524"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88416995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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