Pub Date : 2022-01-11DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.2023069
Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan Iqbal, Ayesha Hakim
ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera Indica L. Family Anacardiaceae) is a climatic fruit with a short shelf life. A significant percentage of fruit is wasted each year due to the time-consuming manual grading and classification process. There is a need to replace the traditional methods by adopting automation technologies in the agriculture sector. This paper presents a deep learning-based approach for automated classification and grading of eight cultivars of harvested mangoes based on quality features such as color, size, shape, and texture. Five types of data augmentation methods were used: images rotation, translation, zooming, shearing, and horizontal flip. We compared three architectures of 3-layer Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): VGG16, ResNet152, and Inception v3 on augmented data. The proposed approach achieved up to 99.2% classification accuracy and 96.7% grading accuracy respectively using the Inception v3 architecture of CNN.
摘要芒果(Mangifera Indica L. Family anac心科)是一种保质期短的气候水果。由于耗时的人工分级和分类过程，每年浪费了相当大比例的水果。有必要在农业部门采用自动化技术来取代传统方法。本文提出了一种基于深度学习的芒果自动分类和分级方法，该方法基于芒果的颜色、大小、形状和纹理等质量特征。使用了五种类型的数据增强方法:图像旋转、平移、缩放、剪切和水平翻转。我们在增强数据上比较了三层卷积神经网络(CNN)的三种架构:VGG16、ResNet152和Inception v3。本文提出的方法使用CNN的Inception v3架构，分别达到99.2%的分类准确率和96.7%的分级准确率。
{"title":"Classification and Grading of Harvested Mangoes Using Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan Iqbal, Ayesha Hakim","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.2023069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.2023069","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera Indica L. Family Anacardiaceae) is a climatic fruit with a short shelf life. A significant percentage of fruit is wasted each year due to the time-consuming manual grading and classification process. There is a need to replace the traditional methods by adopting automation technologies in the agriculture sector. This paper presents a deep learning-based approach for automated classification and grading of eight cultivars of harvested mangoes based on quality features such as color, size, shape, and texture. Five types of data augmentation methods were used: images rotation, translation, zooming, shearing, and horizontal flip. We compared three architectures of 3-layer Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): VGG16, ResNet152, and Inception v3 on augmented data. The proposed approach achieved up to 99.2% classification accuracy and 96.7% grading accuracy respectively using the Inception v3 architecture of CNN.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"91 4","pages":"95 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72597723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-11DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1988809
E. Graff, T. Montague, Suraj Kar
ABSTRACT In recent years, the economic impact of the grape and wine industry within Texas has significantly increased. The majority of grapes grown in Texas are produced within the Texas High Plains American Viticultural Area (AVA). Vineyards within this AVA are subject to late spring frosts that may potentially reduce crop yields, and lower fruit quality. Objectives of this experiment were to compare the growth and fruitfulness of shoots grown from primary and secondary buds of V. vinifera ‘Grenache’ vines grafted onto three rootstocks (110 R, 1103P, and Freedom). Over two growing seasons, field-grown vines were exposed to the following treatments: primary bud growth and forced secondary bud growth (simulated late spring frost). Leaf gas exchange, pruning cane weight, vine yield, and fruit maturity data were collected each year. Bud treatment or rootstock did not influence leaf gas exchange. Cane weight and yield data were greater for shoots grown from primary bud shoots, and rootstock 1103P. In addition, berries grown from primary buds and 1103P rootstocks were more mature compared to fruits from secondary buds or vines grown on other rootstocks. Results offer insight into the potential interaction of ‘Grenache’ scions with grafted rootstocks during a late spring frost within the Texas High Plains AVA.
{"title":"Secondary Bud Growth and Fruitfulness of Vitis Vinifera L. ‘Grenache’ Grafted to Three Different Rootstocks and Grown within the Texas High Plains AVA","authors":"E. Graff, T. Montague, Suraj Kar","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1988809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1988809","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In recent years, the economic impact of the grape and wine industry within Texas has significantly increased. The majority of grapes grown in Texas are produced within the Texas High Plains American Viticultural Area (AVA). Vineyards within this AVA are subject to late spring frosts that may potentially reduce crop yields, and lower fruit quality. Objectives of this experiment were to compare the growth and fruitfulness of shoots grown from primary and secondary buds of V. vinifera ‘Grenache’ vines grafted onto three rootstocks (110 R, 1103P, and Freedom). Over two growing seasons, field-grown vines were exposed to the following treatments: primary bud growth and forced secondary bud growth (simulated late spring frost). Leaf gas exchange, pruning cane weight, vine yield, and fruit maturity data were collected each year. Bud treatment or rootstock did not influence leaf gas exchange. Cane weight and yield data were greater for shoots grown from primary bud shoots, and rootstock 1103P. In addition, berries grown from primary buds and 1103P rootstocks were more mature compared to fruits from secondary buds or vines grown on other rootstocks. Results offer insight into the potential interaction of ‘Grenache’ scions with grafted rootstocks during a late spring frost within the Texas High Plains AVA.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"167 1","pages":"64 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73957499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-11DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.2023067
Tatiana Osorio Montoya, Ana María Henao Ramírez, Tatiana de la Hoz Vasquez, Aura Inés Urrea Trujillo
ABSTRACT One major problem with cacao crops is the variability of plantings obtained from seeds. This has led to considering somatic embryogenesis (SE), a means of obtaining stable clones with minimal somaclonal variation; however, achieving this has not been possible with many genotypes. In this work, we used IMC67 genotype (rootstock in the traditional grafting process) to evaluated various SE protocols; four culture media for induction and expression primary embryogenesis (PSE): induction medium (INDI), expression medium (INDIEXP), primary callus induction medium (PCG), and secondary callus growth medium (SCG), as well as two explants (petal and staminode). Different culture times for PSE (15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65 days) and SSE (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 80 days) were evaluated in terms of callus formation, PSE, and SSE. For acclimation, seven substrates were evaluated for plantlet survival. One hundred percent callogenesis was achieved at 50 days with the staminode in INDI, and the most PSE per explant (8) in INDIexp was achieved at 45 days. Secondary somatic embryogenesis (SSE) obtained the most globular and cotyledonary embryos (30) at 30 days in callus multiplication (CM2). The embryos achieved conversion and development into plantlets in maturation medium (MM6). Embryogenic efficiency from explants was 11.7 for PSE, and 15.2 for SSE. Acclimation obtained a 42.1% survival rate in the 70% sand- 30% soil substrate. This work reports a complete regeneration protocol via somatic embryogenesis up to plantlet development in a nursey for the IMC67 rootstock genotype; contributing to standardizing a high-quality plant production system.
{"title":"Propagation of IMC67 Plants, Universal Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.) Rootstock via Somatic Embryogenesis","authors":"Tatiana Osorio Montoya, Ana María Henao Ramírez, Tatiana de la Hoz Vasquez, Aura Inés Urrea Trujillo","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.2023067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.2023067","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One major problem with cacao crops is the variability of plantings obtained from seeds. This has led to considering somatic embryogenesis (SE), a means of obtaining stable clones with minimal somaclonal variation; however, achieving this has not been possible with many genotypes. In this work, we used IMC67 genotype (rootstock in the traditional grafting process) to evaluated various SE protocols; four culture media for induction and expression primary embryogenesis (PSE): induction medium (INDI), expression medium (INDIEXP), primary callus induction medium (PCG), and secondary callus growth medium (SCG), as well as two explants (petal and staminode). Different culture times for PSE (15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65 days) and SSE (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 80 days) were evaluated in terms of callus formation, PSE, and SSE. For acclimation, seven substrates were evaluated for plantlet survival. One hundred percent callogenesis was achieved at 50 days with the staminode in INDI, and the most PSE per explant (8) in INDIexp was achieved at 45 days. Secondary somatic embryogenesis (SSE) obtained the most globular and cotyledonary embryos (30) at 30 days in callus multiplication (CM2). The embryos achieved conversion and development into plantlets in maturation medium (MM6). Embryogenic efficiency from explants was 11.7 for PSE, and 15.2 for SSE. Acclimation obtained a 42.1% survival rate in the 70% sand- 30% soil substrate. This work reports a complete regeneration protocol via somatic embryogenesis up to plantlet development in a nursey for the IMC67 rootstock genotype; contributing to standardizing a high-quality plant production system.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"78 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82374724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1988810
Segundo Maita, Nube Minchala, René Orellana
ABSTRACT Yield in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) is affected by various factors reducing fertilization and fruit production such as: the protogynous dichogamy of the flowers, deficient natural pollination, and low pollen quality. The objective of this study was to determine in vitro the differences in pollen quality of nine ecotypes and one cultivar of A. cherimola from pollen samples collected at the female and male phenological stages of flowering. The percentage of pollen germination and the length of pollen tubes was evaluated in vitro at 2 and 24 hours after incubation at 21°C, in two phenological stages of the flowers during bloom in 2018 and 2019 seasons. The germination medium contained: 10% sucrose, 1% agar, 0.005% boric acid, and 0.025% calcium nitrate. Fabulosa and Austro ecotypes and the Fino de Jete cultivar had the highest pollen germination in the male phenological stage, after 2 and 24 hours in both seasons. Fabulosa had the highest percentage of germination in the female stage in both seasons. The ideal phenological stage for pollen collection was at anther dehiscence. Austro and Fabulosa ecotypes had the longest pollen tubes after 2 and 24 hours, in both phenological stages for both seasons. Fabulosa and Austro ecotypes, and Fino de Jete cultivar, showed promising pollen characteristics for hand pollination of cherimoya.
摘要番荔枝(Annona cherimola Mill.)的产量受到多种因素的影响，如花的雌雄同体、自然授粉不足和花粉质量低等，降低了受精和果实产量。本研究旨在通过花期雌花和雄花物候期采集的花粉样品，在离体条件下测定9个生态型和1个凤仙花品种的花粉品质差异。在2018年和2019年花期的两个物候阶段，在21℃条件下培养2 h和24 h，对花粉发芽率和花粉管长度进行体外测定。萌发培养基为:10%蔗糖、1%琼脂、0.005%硼酸、0.025%硝酸钙。Fabulosa和Austro生态型以及Fino de Jete品种在两个季节的雄性物候期(2和24小时)花粉萌发率最高。在两个季节中，法布洛沙在雌期的发芽率最高。花粉收集的理想物候期是在花药开裂时。Austro生态型和Fabulosa生态型的花粉管在两个季节的两个物候阶段均在2 h和24 h时最长。Fabulosa和Austro生态型以及Fino de Jete品种具有较好的手传粉花粉特征。
{"title":"Assessment of in Vitro Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth of Annona Cherimola Mill","authors":"Segundo Maita, Nube Minchala, René Orellana","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1988810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1988810","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Yield in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) is affected by various factors reducing fertilization and fruit production such as: the protogynous dichogamy of the flowers, deficient natural pollination, and low pollen quality. The objective of this study was to determine in vitro the differences in pollen quality of nine ecotypes and one cultivar of A. cherimola from pollen samples collected at the female and male phenological stages of flowering. The percentage of pollen germination and the length of pollen tubes was evaluated in vitro at 2 and 24 hours after incubation at 21°C, in two phenological stages of the flowers during bloom in 2018 and 2019 seasons. The germination medium contained: 10% sucrose, 1% agar, 0.005% boric acid, and 0.025% calcium nitrate. Fabulosa and Austro ecotypes and the Fino de Jete cultivar had the highest pollen germination in the male phenological stage, after 2 and 24 hours in both seasons. Fabulosa had the highest percentage of germination in the female stage in both seasons. The ideal phenological stage for pollen collection was at anther dehiscence. Austro and Fabulosa ecotypes had the longest pollen tubes after 2 and 24 hours, in both phenological stages for both seasons. Fabulosa and Austro ecotypes, and Fino de Jete cultivar, showed promising pollen characteristics for hand pollination of cherimoya.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"29 1","pages":"57 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76431176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1970080
F. Hahn, J. A. García
ABSTRACT Mexico has dominated the international mango trade having high yields and excellent fruit quality. The use of soil, plant and environmental sensors can monitor plant hydric status and optimize water application. Linear resistance dendrometers were developed and installed in a high-density 8-year old commercial mango orchard during two seasons; 10 in 2019 and 40 in 2020. Stem diameter fluctuations were acquired every 10 minutes to obtain maximum diameter (MXD), minimum diameter (MND), morning slope (MS) and afternoon slope (AS). Mango stem response during flowering, fruit-fall and fruit-growth was analyzed after applying daily irrigation (DI) or reduced deficit irrigation (RDI). Yield was similar for both treatments, but water use efficiency was higher with deficit irrigation. A new variable known as negative integral (NI) was obtained from the dendrometer signature after adding all the values between 8:00 and 18:00. NI provided a stem shrinkage magnitude, peaks attributed to transpiration and slopes showing flow transport to and from the trunk. NI presented a high correlation of 0.85 against T7 during the flowering stage for RDI-1. If NI crossed zero, a severe stress was present; a high AS present in the evening, indicates nutrient solution provided to fruits. Fruit yield depends on panicle number and fruit-drop during the first production stages, being RDI-1 more efficient in retaining fruits.
{"title":"Mango Stem Response under Different Irrigation Regimes","authors":"F. Hahn, J. A. García","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1970080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1970080","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mexico has dominated the international mango trade having high yields and excellent fruit quality. The use of soil, plant and environmental sensors can monitor plant hydric status and optimize water application. Linear resistance dendrometers were developed and installed in a high-density 8-year old commercial mango orchard during two seasons; 10 in 2019 and 40 in 2020. Stem diameter fluctuations were acquired every 10 minutes to obtain maximum diameter (MXD), minimum diameter (MND), morning slope (MS) and afternoon slope (AS). Mango stem response during flowering, fruit-fall and fruit-growth was analyzed after applying daily irrigation (DI) or reduced deficit irrigation (RDI). Yield was similar for both treatments, but water use efficiency was higher with deficit irrigation. A new variable known as negative integral (NI) was obtained from the dendrometer signature after adding all the values between 8:00 and 18:00. NI provided a stem shrinkage magnitude, peaks attributed to transpiration and slopes showing flow transport to and from the trunk. NI presented a high correlation of 0.85 against T7 during the flowering stage for RDI-1. If NI crossed zero, a severe stress was present; a high AS present in the evening, indicates nutrient solution provided to fruits. Fruit yield depends on panicle number and fruit-drop during the first production stages, being RDI-1 more efficient in retaining fruits.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"35 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74149115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1995570
Z. Ahmed, N. Kaur, F. E. Hassan
ABSTRACT Ornamental date palm and sidr trees growing near or within urban areas are exposed to heavy metals (HMs) contamination. This study aimed to determine the elemental composition and HMs concentrations of fruits from ornamental date palm and sidr trees to evaluate their relative safety for human/animal consumption. The results showed that while these fruits contain varying quantities of essential nutrients (macro and trace elements), the concentrations of macro elements and trace elements in the fruits varied significantly depending on location. The concentrations levels were within the acceptable limits and thus safe. Heavy metals were also present in the fruits at different locations. The concentrations of the HMs were within the permissible limits in the majority of the locations, with the exception of some samples collected from sites with increased traffic density; which had lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), concentrations above the permissible limits. Washing the fruits reduced the load of HMs contamination in most of the samples; however, the concentrations were still above the maximum allowable limits (MAL) in highly contaminated samples. Accordingly, fruits produced by ornamental date palm and sidr trees may pose some risk for human and animal consumption depending on the location and contamination level of specific HMs.
{"title":"Ornamental Date Palm and Sidr Trees: Fruit Elements Composition and Concerns Regarding Consumption","authors":"Z. Ahmed, N. Kaur, F. E. Hassan","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1995570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1995570","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ornamental date palm and sidr trees growing near or within urban areas are exposed to heavy metals (HMs) contamination. This study aimed to determine the elemental composition and HMs concentrations of fruits from ornamental date palm and sidr trees to evaluate their relative safety for human/animal consumption. The results showed that while these fruits contain varying quantities of essential nutrients (macro and trace elements), the concentrations of macro elements and trace elements in the fruits varied significantly depending on location. The concentrations levels were within the acceptable limits and thus safe. Heavy metals were also present in the fruits at different locations. The concentrations of the HMs were within the permissible limits in the majority of the locations, with the exception of some samples collected from sites with increased traffic density; which had lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), concentrations above the permissible limits. Washing the fruits reduced the load of HMs contamination in most of the samples; however, the concentrations were still above the maximum allowable limits (MAL) in highly contaminated samples. Accordingly, fruits produced by ornamental date palm and sidr trees may pose some risk for human and animal consumption depending on the location and contamination level of specific HMs.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"22 1","pages":"17 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79261024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1990188
Arindo Lukawu Akweni, S. Sibanda, G. E. Zharare, C. Zimudzi
ABSTRACT Fruits contribute to carbon (C) fixation in fruit tree species of savannah woodlands despite that the C fixed in fruits is rapidly turned back to carbon dioxide (CO2) when the fruits decompose or are eaten. The aim of this study was to determine biomass allocation between fruit components of Strychnos madagascariensis and Strychnos spinosa and to derive the C stocks sequestrated by fruits. A total of 400 ripe fruits were harvested from trees distributed in seven plots across the UMkhanyakude district. Fruit shell and pulp were separated from seeds. Puree and juice of S. spinosa were separated by centrifugation and steam extraction, respectively. Moisture contents of the fruit components were measured. For S. madagascariensis fruits, seeds contributed the most biomass (50.2%), followed by the shell (30.8%), and pulp had the least biomass (16.7%). The loss of material was 2.3%. For S. spinosa, the largest part of fruit biomass was in the shell (41.8%), followed by puree (25.6%), seeds (18.6%), juice (6.2%), and pulp (0.9%). The loss of material was 6.9%. Fruit dry biomass (FDB; in g) and fruit carbon stocks (CB; in g) were both related to fruit diameter (D; in cm) for S. madagascariensis (FDB = 1.022 ᵡ D 2.492; CB = 0.463 ᵡ D 2.539) and S. spinosa (FDB = 1.015 ᵡ D 2.38; CB = 0.198 ᵡ D 2.821). Proportion values and regression techniques were both valid methods to derive biomass and carbon stocks of the fruit and its components.
在热带草原林地的果树物种中，果实有助于碳(C)的固定，尽管果实中固定的碳在果实分解或被食用时迅速转化为二氧化碳(CO2)。本研究的目的是确定马钱子(Strychnos pinsposa)和马钱子(Strychnos pinsposa)果实组分之间的生物量分配，并得出果实固存的碳储量。共收获了400个成熟的水果，这些水果分布在UMkhanyakude地区的7块土地上。将果皮、果肉与种子分离。采用离心分离法和蒸汽萃取法分别分离棘叶果泥和汁。测定了果实各组分的水分含量。其中种子生物量最多(50.2%)，其次是壳(30.8%)，果肉生物量最少(16.7%)。材料损失率为2.3%。果壳生物量最多(41.8%)，其次是果泥(25.6%)、种子(18.6%)、果汁(6.2%)和果肉(0.9%)。材料损失率为6.9%。果实干生物量(FDB);g)和水果碳储量(CB;g)均与果实直径有关(D;S. madagascar (cm)， FDB = 1.022;CB = 0.463 r D 2.539)和棘松(FDB = 1.015 r D 2.38;Cb = 0.198 (d 2.821)。比例值和回归技术都是计算果实及其组分生物量和碳储量的有效方法。
{"title":"Deriving Biomass Allocation and Carbon Stocks in Fruit Components of Strychnos Madagascariensis (Poir.) And Strychnos Spinosa (Lam.) In South Africa","authors":"Arindo Lukawu Akweni, S. Sibanda, G. E. Zharare, C. Zimudzi","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1990188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1990188","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fruits contribute to carbon (C) fixation in fruit tree species of savannah woodlands despite that the C fixed in fruits is rapidly turned back to carbon dioxide (CO2) when the fruits decompose or are eaten. The aim of this study was to determine biomass allocation between fruit components of Strychnos madagascariensis and Strychnos spinosa and to derive the C stocks sequestrated by fruits. A total of 400 ripe fruits were harvested from trees distributed in seven plots across the UMkhanyakude district. Fruit shell and pulp were separated from seeds. Puree and juice of S. spinosa were separated by centrifugation and steam extraction, respectively. Moisture contents of the fruit components were measured. For S. madagascariensis fruits, seeds contributed the most biomass (50.2%), followed by the shell (30.8%), and pulp had the least biomass (16.7%). The loss of material was 2.3%. For S. spinosa, the largest part of fruit biomass was in the shell (41.8%), followed by puree (25.6%), seeds (18.6%), juice (6.2%), and pulp (0.9%). The loss of material was 6.9%. Fruit dry biomass (FDB; in g) and fruit carbon stocks (CB; in g) were both related to fruit diameter (D; in cm) for S. madagascariensis (FDB = 1.022 ᵡ D 2.492; CB = 0.463 ᵡ D 2.539) and S. spinosa (FDB = 1.015 ᵡ D 2.38; CB = 0.198 ᵡ D 2.821). Proportion values and regression techniques were both valid methods to derive biomass and carbon stocks of the fruit and its components.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83680336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1975011
M. Šiško, A. Ivančič, A. Šušek
ABSTRACT Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) are important vegetatively propagated fruit plants. They are used as food, as medicinal plants, and in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. For the protection of intellectual property rights, it is very important to have efficient methods that enable fast and accurate identification of cultivars. Raspberry cultivars can be differentiated in two ways: on the phenotypic level with morphological descriptors and on the molecular level with molecular markers. Among the frequently used are SSRs, which are highly informative, easy to score and have a good genome coverage. Considering 19 previously published SSR molecular markers, we selected the most specific loci for each selected genotype and developed specific fingerprint for each of the genotypes included in the study: four red raspberry cultivars (‘Polka,’ ‘Glen Ample,’ ‘Meeker,’ ‘Rose de Côte d’Or’) and two genotypes named Sicoly and Dieffenbach. The aim of our investigation was to demonstrate the differentiation between studied raspberry genotypes by specific amplified fragment patterns, which were unique for each genotype and were based on simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Furthermore, the developed fingerprints were successfully tested on randomly chosen, unknown genotypes.
树莓(Rubus idaeus L.)是重要的无性繁殖果树。它们被用作食品，药用植物，以及制药和化妆品工业。为了保护知识产权，建立快速、准确的品种鉴定方法是十分重要的。树莓品种的分化可通过两种途径进行:表型水平上的形态描述符和分子水平上的分子标记。其中常用的是SSRs，它信息量大，易于评分，并且具有良好的基因组覆盖率。考虑到19个先前发表的SSR分子标记，我们为每个选定的基因型选择了最特异性的位点，并为研究中包括的每个基因型建立了特异性指纹图谱:4个红覆膜莓品种(Polka, Glen Ample, Meeker, Rose de Côte d ' or)和2个基因型(Sicoly和Dieffenbach)。我们研究的目的是通过特定的扩增片段模式来证明所研究的覆盆子基因型之间的差异，每个基因型都是独特的，并且基于简单序列重复序列(SSRs)。此外，所建立的指纹图谱可成功地在随机选择的未知基因型上进行检测。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1948376
A. Öztürk
ABSTRACT In modern pear growing, quince and pear clonal rootstocks are used instead of pear seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different quince and pear rootstocks on the graft success and the stion (scion+rootstock) growth performance of some pear cultivars/genotypes. In the study, quince (Quince BA 29, Quince A and Quince MC), pear (OHxF 333, Fox 11, Farold 40) clones and pear seedlings were grafted in two standard (Deveci and Williams) and 11 local (‘Bardak,’ ‘Dalkıran,’ ‘Eşek,’ ‘İstanbul,’ ‘Kara,’ ‘Karga,’ ‘Karpuz,’ ‘Kış,’ ‘Sarıkum,’ ‘Tefenc’ and ‘Yaz Ziraati’) promising pear cultivars were used. Significant differences were observed in both rootstocks and varieties in terms of graft success and plant development in the study. The graft take, sprout and survival ratios were higher in pear rootstocks than in the quince rootstocks. While the highest graft survival ratio was observed in Fox 11, the lowest was in the BA 29 quince rootstock. The highest graft sprout and graft survival ratio were in ‘Deveci,’ the lowest in ‘Williams,’ ‘Bardak’ and ‘Kış’ varieties. While the highest shoot lengths and highest diameters were detected in the pear seedling, the lowest were in the MC rootstock. While the longest shoots were observed in ‘Kara,’ the thickest shoots were observed in ‘Eşek’ genotypes. As a result of this study, it was determined that the 13 pear cultivars/genotypes grafted on different rootstocks were sufficient in terms of graft success and stion growth performances and it was found that stion of sufficient quality could be grown in the field condition.
摘要在现代梨的种植中，使用榅桲和梨无性系砧木代替梨苗。本研究旨在评价不同砧木对部分梨品种/基因型嫁接成功率及接穗+砧木生长性能的影响。本研究以quince (quince BA 29、quince A和quince MC)、梨(OHxF 333、Fox 11、Farold 40)无性系和梨苗嫁接在2个标准品种(Deveci和Williams)和11个地方品种(' Bardak '、' Dalkıran '、' e ek '、' Kara '、' Karga '、' Karpuz '、' Kış '、' Sarıkum '、' Tefenc '和' Yaz Ziraati ')上。砧木和品种在嫁接成功率和植株发育方面存在显著差异。梨砧木的接枝率、出芽率和成活率均高于太子砧木。嫁接成活率最高的是Fox 11，最低的是BA 29。接枝出芽率和成活率最高的品种是‘Deveci’，最低的品种是‘Williams’、‘Bardak’和‘Kış’。梨苗的茎长和茎径最高，而MC砧木的茎长和茎径最低。在‘Kara’基因型中观察到最长的芽，而在‘e ek’基因型中观察到最粗的芽。结果表明，嫁接在不同砧木上的13个梨品种/基因型在嫁接成功率和立地生长性能方面都是足够的，在田间条件下可以培育出质量足够的立地。
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Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1911746
F. Salehi
ABSTRACT Heat pump (HP) dryers have been used as one of the useful and promising drying techniques in food industries owing to their low energy consumption and costs, high coefficient of performance (COP), high energy efficiency, high drying efficiency, low drying temperature, and time, and less quality loss of dried products. It can be operated over a wide range of temperatures and humidity, providing the optimum conditions for drying of heat-sensitive food materials (vitamins). Many studies were done on food products drying by various HP drying systems such as simple HP, solar-assisted HP, infrared- assisted HP, vacuum HP and ultrasound intensified HP dryers. This paper reviews the effect of different and recent HP drying methods on the drying performance and quality of dried apple, banana, grape, jujube, kiwifruit, and pineapple. Also, this study reported the suitable mathematical models for HP drying modeling of various fruit crops. The HP dryer provides high-quality dried fruits as their drying conditions can be controlled. In addition, combination of solar/infrared/vacuum/ultrasound techniques and HP dryer has been used as an efficient and rapid drying method compared to HP drying alone. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) values lie within in range of 10−7 to 10−11 m2/s for some fruit crops during drying by HP dryer. Abbreviations: COP: Coefficient of performance; Deff: Effective moisture diffusivity; HP: Heat pump.
{"title":"Recent Applications of Heat Pump Dryer for Drying of Fruit Crops: A Review","authors":"F. Salehi","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1911746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1911746","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Heat pump (HP) dryers have been used as one of the useful and promising drying techniques in food industries owing to their low energy consumption and costs, high coefficient of performance (COP), high energy efficiency, high drying efficiency, low drying temperature, and time, and less quality loss of dried products. It can be operated over a wide range of temperatures and humidity, providing the optimum conditions for drying of heat-sensitive food materials (vitamins). Many studies were done on food products drying by various HP drying systems such as simple HP, solar-assisted HP, infrared- assisted HP, vacuum HP and ultrasound intensified HP dryers. This paper reviews the effect of different and recent HP drying methods on the drying performance and quality of dried apple, banana, grape, jujube, kiwifruit, and pineapple. Also, this study reported the suitable mathematical models for HP drying modeling of various fruit crops. The HP dryer provides high-quality dried fruits as their drying conditions can be controlled. In addition, combination of solar/infrared/vacuum/ultrasound techniques and HP dryer has been used as an efficient and rapid drying method compared to HP drying alone. The effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) values lie within in range of 10−7 to 10−11 m2/s for some fruit crops during drying by HP dryer. Abbreviations: COP: Coefficient of performance; Deff: Effective moisture diffusivity; HP: Heat pump.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"43 1","pages":"546 - 555"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84891446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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