Pub Date : 2022-01-11DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.2023069
Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan Iqbal, Ayesha Hakim
ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera Indica L. Family Anacardiaceae) is a climatic fruit with a short shelf life. A significant percentage of fruit is wasted each year due to the time-consuming manual grading and classification process. There is a need to replace the traditional methods by adopting automation technologies in the agriculture sector. This paper presents a deep learning-based approach for automated classification and grading of eight cultivars of harvested mangoes based on quality features such as color, size, shape, and texture. Five types of data augmentation methods were used: images rotation, translation, zooming, shearing, and horizontal flip. We compared three architectures of 3-layer Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): VGG16, ResNet152, and Inception v3 on augmented data. The proposed approach achieved up to 99.2% classification accuracy and 96.7% grading accuracy respectively using the Inception v3 architecture of CNN.
摘要芒果(Mangifera Indica L. Family anac心科)是一种保质期短的气候水果。由于耗时的人工分级和分类过程，每年浪费了相当大比例的水果。有必要在农业部门采用自动化技术来取代传统方法。本文提出了一种基于深度学习的芒果自动分类和分级方法，该方法基于芒果的颜色、大小、形状和纹理等质量特征。使用了五种类型的数据增强方法:图像旋转、平移、缩放、剪切和水平翻转。我们在增强数据上比较了三层卷积神经网络(CNN)的三种架构:VGG16、ResNet152和Inception v3。本文提出的方法使用CNN的Inception v3架构，分别达到99.2%的分类准确率和96.7%的分级准确率。
{"title":"Classification and Grading of Harvested Mangoes Using Convolutional Neural Network","authors":"Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan Iqbal, Ayesha Hakim","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.2023069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.2023069","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mango (Mangifera Indica L. Family Anacardiaceae) is a climatic fruit with a short shelf life. A significant percentage of fruit is wasted each year due to the time-consuming manual grading and classification process. There is a need to replace the traditional methods by adopting automation technologies in the agriculture sector. This paper presents a deep learning-based approach for automated classification and grading of eight cultivars of harvested mangoes based on quality features such as color, size, shape, and texture. Five types of data augmentation methods were used: images rotation, translation, zooming, shearing, and horizontal flip. We compared three architectures of 3-layer Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): VGG16, ResNet152, and Inception v3 on augmented data. The proposed approach achieved up to 99.2% classification accuracy and 96.7% grading accuracy respectively using the Inception v3 architecture of CNN.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"91 4","pages":"95 - 109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72597723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-11DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1988809
E. Graff, T. Montague, Suraj Kar
ABSTRACT In recent years, the economic impact of the grape and wine industry within Texas has significantly increased. The majority of grapes grown in Texas are produced within the Texas High Plains American Viticultural Area (AVA). Vineyards within this AVA are subject to late spring frosts that may potentially reduce crop yields, and lower fruit quality. Objectives of this experiment were to compare the growth and fruitfulness of shoots grown from primary and secondary buds of V. vinifera ‘Grenache’ vines grafted onto three rootstocks (110 R, 1103P, and Freedom). Over two growing seasons, field-grown vines were exposed to the following treatments: primary bud growth and forced secondary bud growth (simulated late spring frost). Leaf gas exchange, pruning cane weight, vine yield, and fruit maturity data were collected each year. Bud treatment or rootstock did not influence leaf gas exchange. Cane weight and yield data were greater for shoots grown from primary bud shoots, and rootstock 1103P. In addition, berries grown from primary buds and 1103P rootstocks were more mature compared to fruits from secondary buds or vines grown on other rootstocks. Results offer insight into the potential interaction of ‘Grenache’ scions with grafted rootstocks during a late spring frost within the Texas High Plains AVA.
{"title":"Secondary Bud Growth and Fruitfulness of Vitis Vinifera L. ‘Grenache’ Grafted to Three Different Rootstocks and Grown within the Texas High Plains AVA","authors":"E. Graff, T. Montague, Suraj Kar","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1988809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1988809","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In recent years, the economic impact of the grape and wine industry within Texas has significantly increased. The majority of grapes grown in Texas are produced within the Texas High Plains American Viticultural Area (AVA). Vineyards within this AVA are subject to late spring frosts that may potentially reduce crop yields, and lower fruit quality. Objectives of this experiment were to compare the growth and fruitfulness of shoots grown from primary and secondary buds of V. vinifera ‘Grenache’ vines grafted onto three rootstocks (110 R, 1103P, and Freedom). Over two growing seasons, field-grown vines were exposed to the following treatments: primary bud growth and forced secondary bud growth (simulated late spring frost). Leaf gas exchange, pruning cane weight, vine yield, and fruit maturity data were collected each year. Bud treatment or rootstock did not influence leaf gas exchange. Cane weight and yield data were greater for shoots grown from primary bud shoots, and rootstock 1103P. In addition, berries grown from primary buds and 1103P rootstocks were more mature compared to fruits from secondary buds or vines grown on other rootstocks. Results offer insight into the potential interaction of ‘Grenache’ scions with grafted rootstocks during a late spring frost within the Texas High Plains AVA.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"167 1","pages":"64 - 77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73957499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-11DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.2023067
Tatiana Osorio Montoya, Ana María Henao Ramírez, Tatiana de la Hoz Vasquez, Aura Inés Urrea Trujillo
ABSTRACT One major problem with cacao crops is the variability of plantings obtained from seeds. This has led to considering somatic embryogenesis (SE), a means of obtaining stable clones with minimal somaclonal variation; however, achieving this has not been possible with many genotypes. In this work, we used IMC67 genotype (rootstock in the traditional grafting process) to evaluated various SE protocols; four culture media for induction and expression primary embryogenesis (PSE): induction medium (INDI), expression medium (INDIEXP), primary callus induction medium (PCG), and secondary callus growth medium (SCG), as well as two explants (petal and staminode). Different culture times for PSE (15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65 days) and SSE (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 80 days) were evaluated in terms of callus formation, PSE, and SSE. For acclimation, seven substrates were evaluated for plantlet survival. One hundred percent callogenesis was achieved at 50 days with the staminode in INDI, and the most PSE per explant (8) in INDIexp was achieved at 45 days. Secondary somatic embryogenesis (SSE) obtained the most globular and cotyledonary embryos (30) at 30 days in callus multiplication (CM2). The embryos achieved conversion and development into plantlets in maturation medium (MM6). Embryogenic efficiency from explants was 11.7 for PSE, and 15.2 for SSE. Acclimation obtained a 42.1% survival rate in the 70% sand- 30% soil substrate. This work reports a complete regeneration protocol via somatic embryogenesis up to plantlet development in a nursey for the IMC67 rootstock genotype; contributing to standardizing a high-quality plant production system.
{"title":"Propagation of IMC67 Plants, Universal Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.) Rootstock via Somatic Embryogenesis","authors":"Tatiana Osorio Montoya, Ana María Henao Ramírez, Tatiana de la Hoz Vasquez, Aura Inés Urrea Trujillo","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.2023067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.2023067","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One major problem with cacao crops is the variability of plantings obtained from seeds. This has led to considering somatic embryogenesis (SE), a means of obtaining stable clones with minimal somaclonal variation; however, achieving this has not been possible with many genotypes. In this work, we used IMC67 genotype (rootstock in the traditional grafting process) to evaluated various SE protocols; four culture media for induction and expression primary embryogenesis (PSE): induction medium (INDI), expression medium (INDIEXP), primary callus induction medium (PCG), and secondary callus growth medium (SCG), as well as two explants (petal and staminode). Different culture times for PSE (15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65 days) and SSE (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 80 days) were evaluated in terms of callus formation, PSE, and SSE. For acclimation, seven substrates were evaluated for plantlet survival. One hundred percent callogenesis was achieved at 50 days with the staminode in INDI, and the most PSE per explant (8) in INDIexp was achieved at 45 days. Secondary somatic embryogenesis (SSE) obtained the most globular and cotyledonary embryos (30) at 30 days in callus multiplication (CM2). The embryos achieved conversion and development into plantlets in maturation medium (MM6). Embryogenic efficiency from explants was 11.7 for PSE, and 15.2 for SSE. Acclimation obtained a 42.1% survival rate in the 70% sand- 30% soil substrate. This work reports a complete regeneration protocol via somatic embryogenesis up to plantlet development in a nursey for the IMC67 rootstock genotype; contributing to standardizing a high-quality plant production system.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"16 1","pages":"78 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82374724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1988810
Segundo Maita, Nube Minchala, René Orellana
ABSTRACT Yield in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) is affected by various factors reducing fertilization and fruit production such as: the protogynous dichogamy of the flowers, deficient natural pollination, and low pollen quality. The objective of this study was to determine in vitro the differences in pollen quality of nine ecotypes and one cultivar of A. cherimola from pollen samples collected at the female and male phenological stages of flowering. The percentage of pollen germination and the length of pollen tubes was evaluated in vitro at 2 and 24 hours after incubation at 21°C, in two phenological stages of the flowers during bloom in 2018 and 2019 seasons. The germination medium contained: 10% sucrose, 1% agar, 0.005% boric acid, and 0.025% calcium nitrate. Fabulosa and Austro ecotypes and the Fino de Jete cultivar had the highest pollen germination in the male phenological stage, after 2 and 24 hours in both seasons. Fabulosa had the highest percentage of germination in the female stage in both seasons. The ideal phenological stage for pollen collection was at anther dehiscence. Austro and Fabulosa ecotypes had the longest pollen tubes after 2 and 24 hours, in both phenological stages for both seasons. Fabulosa and Austro ecotypes, and Fino de Jete cultivar, showed promising pollen characteristics for hand pollination of cherimoya.
摘要番荔枝(Annona cherimola Mill.)的产量受到多种因素的影响，如花的雌雄同体、自然授粉不足和花粉质量低等，降低了受精和果实产量。本研究旨在通过花期雌花和雄花物候期采集的花粉样品，在离体条件下测定9个生态型和1个凤仙花品种的花粉品质差异。在2018年和2019年花期的两个物候阶段，在21℃条件下培养2 h和24 h，对花粉发芽率和花粉管长度进行体外测定。萌发培养基为:10%蔗糖、1%琼脂、0.005%硼酸、0.025%硝酸钙。Fabulosa和Austro生态型以及Fino de Jete品种在两个季节的雄性物候期(2和24小时)花粉萌发率最高。在两个季节中，法布洛沙在雌期的发芽率最高。花粉收集的理想物候期是在花药开裂时。Austro生态型和Fabulosa生态型的花粉管在两个季节的两个物候阶段均在2 h和24 h时最长。Fabulosa和Austro生态型以及Fino de Jete品种具有较好的手传粉花粉特征。
{"title":"Assessment of in Vitro Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth of Annona Cherimola Mill","authors":"Segundo Maita, Nube Minchala, René Orellana","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1988810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1988810","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Yield in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) is affected by various factors reducing fertilization and fruit production such as: the protogynous dichogamy of the flowers, deficient natural pollination, and low pollen quality. The objective of this study was to determine in vitro the differences in pollen quality of nine ecotypes and one cultivar of A. cherimola from pollen samples collected at the female and male phenological stages of flowering. The percentage of pollen germination and the length of pollen tubes was evaluated in vitro at 2 and 24 hours after incubation at 21°C, in two phenological stages of the flowers during bloom in 2018 and 2019 seasons. The germination medium contained: 10% sucrose, 1% agar, 0.005% boric acid, and 0.025% calcium nitrate. Fabulosa and Austro ecotypes and the Fino de Jete cultivar had the highest pollen germination in the male phenological stage, after 2 and 24 hours in both seasons. Fabulosa had the highest percentage of germination in the female stage in both seasons. The ideal phenological stage for pollen collection was at anther dehiscence. Austro and Fabulosa ecotypes had the longest pollen tubes after 2 and 24 hours, in both phenological stages for both seasons. Fabulosa and Austro ecotypes, and Fino de Jete cultivar, showed promising pollen characteristics for hand pollination of cherimoya.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"29 1","pages":"57 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76431176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1970080
F. Hahn, J. A. García
ABSTRACT Mexico has dominated the international mango trade having high yields and excellent fruit quality. The use of soil, plant and environmental sensors can monitor plant hydric status and optimize water application. Linear resistance dendrometers were developed and installed in a high-density 8-year old commercial mango orchard during two seasons; 10 in 2019 and 40 in 2020. Stem diameter fluctuations were acquired every 10 minutes to obtain maximum diameter (MXD), minimum diameter (MND), morning slope (MS) and afternoon slope (AS). Mango stem response during flowering, fruit-fall and fruit-growth was analyzed after applying daily irrigation (DI) or reduced deficit irrigation (RDI). Yield was similar for both treatments, but water use efficiency was higher with deficit irrigation. A new variable known as negative integral (NI) was obtained from the dendrometer signature after adding all the values between 8:00 and 18:00. NI provided a stem shrinkage magnitude, peaks attributed to transpiration and slopes showing flow transport to and from the trunk. NI presented a high correlation of 0.85 against T7 during the flowering stage for RDI-1. If NI crossed zero, a severe stress was present; a high AS present in the evening, indicates nutrient solution provided to fruits. Fruit yield depends on panicle number and fruit-drop during the first production stages, being RDI-1 more efficient in retaining fruits.
{"title":"Mango Stem Response under Different Irrigation Regimes","authors":"F. Hahn, J. A. García","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1970080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1970080","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Mexico has dominated the international mango trade having high yields and excellent fruit quality. The use of soil, plant and environmental sensors can monitor plant hydric status and optimize water application. Linear resistance dendrometers were developed and installed in a high-density 8-year old commercial mango orchard during two seasons; 10 in 2019 and 40 in 2020. Stem diameter fluctuations were acquired every 10 minutes to obtain maximum diameter (MXD), minimum diameter (MND), morning slope (MS) and afternoon slope (AS). Mango stem response during flowering, fruit-fall and fruit-growth was analyzed after applying daily irrigation (DI) or reduced deficit irrigation (RDI). Yield was similar for both treatments, but water use efficiency was higher with deficit irrigation. A new variable known as negative integral (NI) was obtained from the dendrometer signature after adding all the values between 8:00 and 18:00. NI provided a stem shrinkage magnitude, peaks attributed to transpiration and slopes showing flow transport to and from the trunk. NI presented a high correlation of 0.85 against T7 during the flowering stage for RDI-1. If NI crossed zero, a severe stress was present; a high AS present in the evening, indicates nutrient solution provided to fruits. Fruit yield depends on panicle number and fruit-drop during the first production stages, being RDI-1 more efficient in retaining fruits.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"35 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74149115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1995570
Z. Ahmed, N. Kaur, F. E. Hassan
ABSTRACT Ornamental date palm and sidr trees growing near or within urban areas are exposed to heavy metals (HMs) contamination. This study aimed to determine the elemental composition and HMs concentrations of fruits from ornamental date palm and sidr trees to evaluate their relative safety for human/animal consumption. The results showed that while these fruits contain varying quantities of essential nutrients (macro and trace elements), the concentrations of macro elements and trace elements in the fruits varied significantly depending on location. The concentrations levels were within the acceptable limits and thus safe. Heavy metals were also present in the fruits at different locations. The concentrations of the HMs were within the permissible limits in the majority of the locations, with the exception of some samples collected from sites with increased traffic density; which had lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), concentrations above the permissible limits. Washing the fruits reduced the load of HMs contamination in most of the samples; however, the concentrations were still above the maximum allowable limits (MAL) in highly contaminated samples. Accordingly, fruits produced by ornamental date palm and sidr trees may pose some risk for human and animal consumption depending on the location and contamination level of specific HMs.
{"title":"Ornamental Date Palm and Sidr Trees: Fruit Elements Composition and Concerns Regarding Consumption","authors":"Z. Ahmed, N. Kaur, F. E. Hassan","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1995570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1995570","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ornamental date palm and sidr trees growing near or within urban areas are exposed to heavy metals (HMs) contamination. This study aimed to determine the elemental composition and HMs concentrations of fruits from ornamental date palm and sidr trees to evaluate their relative safety for human/animal consumption. The results showed that while these fruits contain varying quantities of essential nutrients (macro and trace elements), the concentrations of macro elements and trace elements in the fruits varied significantly depending on location. The concentrations levels were within the acceptable limits and thus safe. Heavy metals were also present in the fruits at different locations. The concentrations of the HMs were within the permissible limits in the majority of the locations, with the exception of some samples collected from sites with increased traffic density; which had lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and cadmium (Cd), concentrations above the permissible limits. Washing the fruits reduced the load of HMs contamination in most of the samples; however, the concentrations were still above the maximum allowable limits (MAL) in highly contaminated samples. Accordingly, fruits produced by ornamental date palm and sidr trees may pose some risk for human and animal consumption depending on the location and contamination level of specific HMs.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"22 1","pages":"17 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79261024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-04DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1990188
Arindo Lukawu Akweni, S. Sibanda, G. E. Zharare, C. Zimudzi
ABSTRACT Fruits contribute to carbon (C) fixation in fruit tree species of savannah woodlands despite that the C fixed in fruits is rapidly turned back to carbon dioxide (CO2) when the fruits decompose or are eaten. The aim of this study was to determine biomass allocation between fruit components of Strychnos madagascariensis and Strychnos spinosa and to derive the C stocks sequestrated by fruits. A total of 400 ripe fruits were harvested from trees distributed in seven plots across the UMkhanyakude district. Fruit shell and pulp were separated from seeds. Puree and juice of S. spinosa were separated by centrifugation and steam extraction, respectively. Moisture contents of the fruit components were measured. For S. madagascariensis fruits, seeds contributed the most biomass (50.2%), followed by the shell (30.8%), and pulp had the least biomass (16.7%). The loss of material was 2.3%. For S. spinosa, the largest part of fruit biomass was in the shell (41.8%), followed by puree (25.6%), seeds (18.6%), juice (6.2%), and pulp (0.9%). The loss of material was 6.9%. Fruit dry biomass (FDB; in g) and fruit carbon stocks (CB; in g) were both related to fruit diameter (D; in cm) for S. madagascariensis (FDB = 1.022 ᵡ D 2.492; CB = 0.463 ᵡ D 2.539) and S. spinosa (FDB = 1.015 ᵡ D 2.38; CB = 0.198 ᵡ D 2.821). Proportion values and regression techniques were both valid methods to derive biomass and carbon stocks of the fruit and its components.
在热带草原林地的果树物种中，果实有助于碳(C)的固定，尽管果实中固定的碳在果实分解或被食用时迅速转化为二氧化碳(CO2)。本研究的目的是确定马钱子(Strychnos pinsposa)和马钱子(Strychnos pinsposa)果实组分之间的生物量分配，并得出果实固存的碳储量。共收获了400个成熟的水果，这些水果分布在UMkhanyakude地区的7块土地上。将果皮、果肉与种子分离。采用离心分离法和蒸汽萃取法分别分离棘叶果泥和汁。测定了果实各组分的水分含量。其中种子生物量最多(50.2%)，其次是壳(30.8%)，果肉生物量最少(16.7%)。材料损失率为2.3%。果壳生物量最多(41.8%)，其次是果泥(25.6%)、种子(18.6%)、果汁(6.2%)和果肉(0.9%)。材料损失率为6.9%。果实干生物量(FDB);g)和水果碳储量(CB;g)均与果实直径有关(D;S. madagascar (cm)， FDB = 1.022;CB = 0.463 r D 2.539)和棘松(FDB = 1.015 r D 2.38;Cb = 0.198 (d 2.821)。比例值和回归技术都是计算果实及其组分生物量和碳储量的有效方法。
{"title":"Deriving Biomass Allocation and Carbon Stocks in Fruit Components of Strychnos Madagascariensis (Poir.) And Strychnos Spinosa (Lam.) In South Africa","authors":"Arindo Lukawu Akweni, S. Sibanda, G. E. Zharare, C. Zimudzi","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1990188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1990188","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Fruits contribute to carbon (C) fixation in fruit tree species of savannah woodlands despite that the C fixed in fruits is rapidly turned back to carbon dioxide (CO2) when the fruits decompose or are eaten. The aim of this study was to determine biomass allocation between fruit components of Strychnos madagascariensis and Strychnos spinosa and to derive the C stocks sequestrated by fruits. A total of 400 ripe fruits were harvested from trees distributed in seven plots across the UMkhanyakude district. Fruit shell and pulp were separated from seeds. Puree and juice of S. spinosa were separated by centrifugation and steam extraction, respectively. Moisture contents of the fruit components were measured. For S. madagascariensis fruits, seeds contributed the most biomass (50.2%), followed by the shell (30.8%), and pulp had the least biomass (16.7%). The loss of material was 2.3%. For S. spinosa, the largest part of fruit biomass was in the shell (41.8%), followed by puree (25.6%), seeds (18.6%), juice (6.2%), and pulp (0.9%). The loss of material was 6.9%. Fruit dry biomass (FDB; in g) and fruit carbon stocks (CB; in g) were both related to fruit diameter (D; in cm) for S. madagascariensis (FDB = 1.022 ᵡ D 2.492; CB = 0.463 ᵡ D 2.539) and S. spinosa (FDB = 1.015 ᵡ D 2.38; CB = 0.198 ᵡ D 2.821). Proportion values and regression techniques were both valid methods to derive biomass and carbon stocks of the fruit and its components.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2022-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83680336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1872050
T. B. Santos, F. P. D. Araujo, Acácio Figueiredo Neto, S. T. D. Freitas, J. D. S. Araújo, S. B. D. O. Vilar, A. J. B. Araújo, Marcos dos Santos Lima
ABSTRACT About 600 species of Passiflora are described around the world, of which 120 are native to Brazil. In the present work, the phytochemical compounds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the antioxidant activities (AOX) were measured in the pulp of P. edulis and P. cincinnata species. The P. edulis presented a higher bioactive content and AOX when compared to P. cincinnata. Citric and malic acids were the main organic acids found. The principal component analysis-PCA associated the highest values of quercetin-3-glucoside, hesperidin, trans-caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-resveratrol, rutin, procyanidin-B2, epigallocatechin-gallate and epicatechin-gallate, to P. cincinnata. The P. edulis was associated with higher values of total phenolic, vitamin C, total carotenoids, AOX (DPPH•, ABTS+• and FRAP), cis-resveratrol, naringenin, kaempferol-3-glucoside, myricetin and procyanidin-B1. P. cincinnata, although not a commercial species such as P. edulis, presented phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in acceptable values, including the high values of quercetin 3-glucoside. The present study contributes to the knowledge of the physical-chemical composition of the Passiflora species.
{"title":"Phytochemical Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of the Pulp of Two Brazilian Passion Fruit Species: Passiflora Cincinnata Mast. And Passiflora Edulis Sims","authors":"T. B. Santos, F. P. D. Araujo, Acácio Figueiredo Neto, S. T. D. Freitas, J. D. S. Araújo, S. B. D. O. Vilar, A. J. B. Araújo, Marcos dos Santos Lima","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1872050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1872050","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT About 600 species of Passiflora are described around the world, of which 120 are native to Brazil. In the present work, the phytochemical compounds were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the antioxidant activities (AOX) were measured in the pulp of P. edulis and P. cincinnata species. The P. edulis presented a higher bioactive content and AOX when compared to P. cincinnata. Citric and malic acids were the main organic acids found. The principal component analysis-PCA associated the highest values of quercetin-3-glucoside, hesperidin, trans-caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, trans-resveratrol, rutin, procyanidin-B2, epigallocatechin-gallate and epicatechin-gallate, to P. cincinnata. The P. edulis was associated with higher values of total phenolic, vitamin C, total carotenoids, AOX (DPPH•, ABTS+• and FRAP), cis-resveratrol, naringenin, kaempferol-3-glucoside, myricetin and procyanidin-B1. P. cincinnata, although not a commercial species such as P. edulis, presented phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in acceptable values, including the high values of quercetin 3-glucoside. The present study contributes to the knowledge of the physical-chemical composition of the Passiflora species.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"255 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90241186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2021.1897921
S. Hansen, B. Black, D. Alston, T. Lindstrom, S. Olsen
ABSTRACT A replicated trial, planted in 2011, compared nine primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars for suitability to commercial production in the U.S. Intermountain West. Factors evaluated included annual yield, fruit size, fruiting season, consumer preference, leaf chlorophyll content, and cane infestation by raspberry horntail, a common insect pest of raspberries in northern Utah. ‘Joan J’ was the highest yielding cultivar, averaging 3.32 kg per row meter, followed by ‘Polana’, ‘Autumn Bliss’, and ‘Dinkum’ with 2.53, 2.01, and 1.34 kg·m−1, respectively. ‘Autumn Bliss’ and ‘Joan J’ were the earliest to fruit with a harvest midpoint 4 and 2 days before ‘Polana’, respectively. Leaf chlorophyll concentration (CCl) was highest in ‘Joan J’ and ‘Autumn Treasure’, averaging 30.9 and 27.0 CCl, respectively. All cultivars exhibited similar susceptibility to raspberry horntail, with differences in infestation rates related to the location in the field. A survey of farmers’ market customers found the highest consumer preference for ‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Dinkum’, and ‘Vintage’. Only the earliest cultivars gave commercially viable yields for the high elevation valleys of the Intermountain West region of the U.S.
{"title":"A Comparison of Nine Primocane Fruiting Raspberry Cultivars for Suitability to a High-Elevation, Arid Climate","authors":"S. Hansen, B. Black, D. Alston, T. Lindstrom, S. Olsen","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2021.1897921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2021.1897921","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A replicated trial, planted in 2011, compared nine primocane-fruiting raspberry cultivars for suitability to commercial production in the U.S. Intermountain West. Factors evaluated included annual yield, fruit size, fruiting season, consumer preference, leaf chlorophyll content, and cane infestation by raspberry horntail, a common insect pest of raspberries in northern Utah. ‘Joan J’ was the highest yielding cultivar, averaging 3.32 kg per row meter, followed by ‘Polana’, ‘Autumn Bliss’, and ‘Dinkum’ with 2.53, 2.01, and 1.34 kg·m−1, respectively. ‘Autumn Bliss’ and ‘Joan J’ were the earliest to fruit with a harvest midpoint 4 and 2 days before ‘Polana’, respectively. Leaf chlorophyll concentration (CCl) was highest in ‘Joan J’ and ‘Autumn Treasure’, averaging 30.9 and 27.0 CCl, respectively. All cultivars exhibited similar susceptibility to raspberry horntail, with differences in infestation rates related to the location in the field. A survey of farmers’ market customers found the highest consumer preference for ‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Dinkum’, and ‘Vintage’. Only the earliest cultivars gave commercially viable yields for the high elevation valleys of the Intermountain West region of the U.S.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"82 1","pages":"500 - 508"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90266178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/15538362.2020.1866735
Andreas A. Panou, K. Akrida-Demertzi, P. Demertzis, K. Riganakos
ABSTRACT Ozone is a powerful oxidant agent which is used in foods preservation on account of its ability of killing microorganisms. In the present study, the combined effects of ozone gas treatment and heat treatment on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics and shelf-life of strawberries kept under refrigeration were investigated. Strawberries were heat treated, ozonated at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm for 40 min and ozonated at the above-mentioned conditions in combination with heat treatment. Ozone and heat treatment affected significantly (p < .05) weight loss percentage and titratable acidity. Total soluble solids (TSS) content was affected significantly by heat treatment, ozone treatment at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm and by the ozone treatments at all concentrations plus heat treatment. Color parameters L*, a*, b*, and pH were affected significantly by ozonation at concentration of 1.5 ppm plus heat treatment. Firmness, pH, and color parameter L* were affected significantly by ozonation at 1.0 ppm. Heat treatment and ozonation at 1.0 ppm plus heat treatment also affected firmness. In conclusion, strawberries treated with ozone at a concentration of 0.5 ppm and at 0.5 ppm plus heat treatment recorded a higher score in sensory analysis and slightly longer storage time.
{"title":"Effect of Gaseous Ozone and Heat Treatment on Quality and Shelf Life of Fresh Strawberries during Cold Storage","authors":"Andreas A. Panou, K. Akrida-Demertzi, P. Demertzis, K. Riganakos","doi":"10.1080/15538362.2020.1866735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2020.1866735","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ozone is a powerful oxidant agent which is used in foods preservation on account of its ability of killing microorganisms. In the present study, the combined effects of ozone gas treatment and heat treatment on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics and shelf-life of strawberries kept under refrigeration were investigated. Strawberries were heat treated, ozonated at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm for 40 min and ozonated at the above-mentioned conditions in combination with heat treatment. Ozone and heat treatment affected significantly (p < .05) weight loss percentage and titratable acidity. Total soluble solids (TSS) content was affected significantly by heat treatment, ozone treatment at concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 ppm and by the ozone treatments at all concentrations plus heat treatment. Color parameters L*, a*, b*, and pH were affected significantly by ozonation at concentration of 1.5 ppm plus heat treatment. Firmness, pH, and color parameter L* were affected significantly by ozonation at 1.0 ppm. Heat treatment and ozonation at 1.0 ppm plus heat treatment also affected firmness. In conclusion, strawberries treated with ozone at a concentration of 0.5 ppm and at 0.5 ppm plus heat treatment recorded a higher score in sensory analysis and slightly longer storage time.","PeriodicalId":14014,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fruit Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"218 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89170529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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