Pub Date : 2022-04-15DOI: 10.5923/j.ijee.20221201.01
Abaubakry M’baye
{"title":"Reduction of Carbon Emissions of HVAC Systems: A Case Study of a Pharmaceutical Site in France","authors":"Abaubakry M’baye","doi":"10.5923/j.ijee.20221201.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijee.20221201.01","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83587727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.5923/j.ijee.20201002.01
E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, A. Hines, G. S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett
In an era saddled by mounting energy dependency and insecurity, some are not only turning to renewable geothermal energy to ensure access, but it is growing in usage in the Western region of the United States of America. Notwithstanding the United States role as a major producer of geothermal resources globally, geothermal energy has over the last several years found ample use in various spheres of daily endeavors within communities. The surging demand is much so that, it now contributes quite significantly in the generation of electricity to power households and farming activities and to sustain domestic supplies essential to segments of the economy for communities from California to Nevada. With much of the production levels, installations and plant capacities of geothermal power fully entrenched in the western region of the country considering the geologic and physical attributes, California stands out as the largest producer of geothermal power compared to its neighbors in the western region. For that, the demand for geothermal resource has been recurrent in quite a few counties over the years on the California side of the US Western region. In the face of widespread demands in the region, geothermal energy infrastructure in the form of new plants has gradually penetrated different states under varying level of production and installed capacities to boost energy security and sustain development of the areas. Even at that, very little has been done in the literature to undertake a regional assessment of the potentials of geothermal energy using a mix scale approach of spatial analysis anchored in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Accordingly, this study will fill that void in research by utilizing mix scale tools of GIS and descriptive states in analyzing the geothermal energy potentials of states in the Western region of the United States. Emphasizing the issues, trends, impacts, production, factors and future efforts through recommendations, the results point to growing usage and changes in a whole set of energy indicators ranging from production and demands, installed capacity to others over time in the region with much of that in California coupled with an uptick in geothermal portfolio. Additionally, the GIS mapping of the trends highlights gradual dispersion of changing patterns in consumption and presence of infrastructural facilities visibly concentrated in a cluster of areas located in the western region. With all these attributed to a host of socio-economic and physical factors, the paper proposed suggestions ranging from the design of a regional geothermal energy information system, the education of the public and more infrastructural development in the sector.
{"title":"Evaluating Geothermal Energy Potentials in the US Western Region with GIS","authors":"E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, A. Hines, G. S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett","doi":"10.5923/j.ijee.20201002.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijee.20201002.01","url":null,"abstract":"In an era saddled by mounting energy dependency and insecurity, some are not only turning to renewable geothermal energy to ensure access, but it is growing in usage in the Western region of the United States of America. Notwithstanding the United States role as a major producer of geothermal resources globally, geothermal energy has over the last several years found ample use in various spheres of daily endeavors within communities. The surging demand is much so that, it now contributes quite significantly in the generation of electricity to power households and farming activities and to sustain domestic supplies essential to segments of the economy for communities from California to Nevada. With much of the production levels, installations and plant capacities of geothermal power fully entrenched in the western region of the country considering the geologic and physical attributes, California stands out as the largest producer of geothermal power compared to its neighbors in the western region. For that, the demand for geothermal resource has been recurrent in quite a few counties over the years on the California side of the US Western region. In the face of widespread demands in the region, geothermal energy infrastructure in the form of new plants has gradually penetrated different states under varying level of production and installed capacities to boost energy security and sustain development of the areas. Even at that, very little has been done in the literature to undertake a regional assessment of the potentials of geothermal energy using a mix scale approach of spatial analysis anchored in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Accordingly, this study will fill that void in research by utilizing mix scale tools of GIS and descriptive states in analyzing the geothermal energy potentials of states in the Western region of the United States. Emphasizing the issues, trends, impacts, production, factors and future efforts through recommendations, the results point to growing usage and changes in a whole set of energy indicators ranging from production and demands, installed capacity to others over time in the region with much of that in California coupled with an uptick in geothermal portfolio. Additionally, the GIS mapping of the trends highlights gradual dispersion of changing patterns in consumption and presence of infrastructural facilities visibly concentrated in a cluster of areas located in the western region. With all these attributed to a host of socio-economic and physical factors, the paper proposed suggestions ranging from the design of a regional geothermal energy information system, the education of the public and more infrastructural development in the sector.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78800146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-30DOI: 10.4172/2157-7463.1000347
N. Adam, A. Shanableh
In this study, three bioenergy resources namely lipid, sugars and biogas were produced using two treatment sequences to combine production of three bioenergy resources from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp.,. Sequance-1 started with hydrolysis hydrocarbons using cellulase enzyme obtained from Trichoderma viride fungi. Following hydrolysis, lipids were extracted and the spent algae was mixed with wastewater sludge and anaerobically digested to produce biogas. Sequence-2 started with lipids extraction, followed by hydrolysis then biogas production. In sequence-1, hydrolysis improved with increased enzyme dose and produced a maximum of approximately 103 mg/g total sugars and 88 mg/g reducing sugars. Lipids were then extracted, which resulted in approximately 0.48 g lipids/g algae. Biogas production increased as the quantity of spent algae added to sludge increased but enzymatic hydrolysis reduced the substrate value of spent algae. The maximum specific biogas (263 mL/g) was produced from the water-hydrolyzed algae and sludge mixtures, then from the enzyme-hydrolyzed algae and sludge mixtures (213 mL/g), then from sludge alone (106 mL/g). In sequence-2, lipids (0.48 g/g) were fully extracted then enzymatic hydrolysis of the residues produced a maximum of approximately 83 mg /g total sugars and 79 mg/g reducing sugars. The ultimate biogas produced from the spent algae and sludge mixtures reached 238 mL/g. The results confirmed the potential of combining production of three bioenergy resources from Nannochloropsis sp. The sugars can be used for bioethanol production, the lipids for biodiesel production and the biogas can be processed to benefit from its methane content. Furthermore, the results suggested that the production sequence influences the relative production of the three resources, with sequence-1 being the better option.
{"title":"Combined Production of Three Bioenergy Resources from Nannochloropsis sp. Microalgae","authors":"N. Adam, A. Shanableh","doi":"10.4172/2157-7463.1000347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000347","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, three bioenergy resources namely lipid, sugars and biogas were produced using two treatment sequences to combine production of three bioenergy resources from microalgae Nannochloropsis sp.,. Sequance-1 started with hydrolysis hydrocarbons using cellulase enzyme obtained from Trichoderma viride fungi. Following hydrolysis, lipids were extracted and the spent algae was mixed with wastewater sludge and anaerobically digested to produce biogas. Sequence-2 started with lipids extraction, followed by hydrolysis then biogas production. In sequence-1, hydrolysis improved with increased enzyme dose and produced a maximum of approximately 103 mg/g total sugars and 88 mg/g reducing sugars. Lipids were then extracted, which resulted in approximately 0.48 g lipids/g algae. Biogas production increased as the quantity of spent algae added to sludge increased but enzymatic hydrolysis reduced the substrate value of spent algae. The maximum specific biogas (263 mL/g) was produced from the water-hydrolyzed algae and sludge mixtures, then from the enzyme-hydrolyzed algae and sludge mixtures (213 mL/g), then from sludge alone (106 mL/g). In sequence-2, lipids (0.48 g/g) were fully extracted then enzymatic hydrolysis of the residues produced a maximum of approximately 83 mg /g total sugars and 79 mg/g reducing sugars. The ultimate biogas produced from the spent algae and sludge mixtures reached 238 mL/g. The results confirmed the potential of combining production of three bioenergy resources from Nannochloropsis sp. The sugars can be used for bioethanol production, the lipids for biodiesel production and the biogas can be processed to benefit from its methane content. Furthermore, the results suggested that the production sequence influences the relative production of the three resources, with sequence-1 being the better option.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"114-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84841532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20170702.03
O. M. Longe, Narasimha D. Rao, F. Omowole, A. S. Oluwalami, O. Oni
Microgrid is progressively an option for electricity access in unelectrified areas in developing nations. This study investigates the costs of microgrid solutions in comparison to grid extension to provide universal electricity access in Ntabankulu Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software was used to carry out simulation, optimization and sensitivity analyses. The results showed that a Wind/Diesel Generator/Battery-powered microgrid has the lowest cost with a breakeven grid extension distance of -45.38 km. The proposed microgrid could supply electricity at $0.320/kWh, with 0.0057 kg/kWh CO2 emissions and 90.5% renewable fraction, which are lower than grid extension. Therefore, a Renewable Energy Source (RES) hybrid microgrid solution can be a viable option for electrifying far-from-the-grid unelectrified areas of the Eastern Cape.
{"title":"A Case Study on Off-grid Microgrid for Universal Electricity Access in the Eastern Cape of South Africa","authors":"O. M. Longe, Narasimha D. Rao, F. Omowole, A. S. Oluwalami, O. Oni","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20170702.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20170702.03","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrid is progressively an option for electricity access in unelectrified areas in developing nations. This study investigates the costs of microgrid solutions in comparison to grid extension to provide universal electricity access in Ntabankulu Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) software was used to carry out simulation, optimization and sensitivity analyses. The results showed that a Wind/Diesel Generator/Battery-powered microgrid has the lowest cost with a breakeven grid extension distance of -45.38 km. The proposed microgrid could supply electricity at $0.320/kWh, with 0.0057 kg/kWh CO2 emissions and 90.5% renewable fraction, which are lower than grid extension. Therefore, a Renewable Energy Source (RES) hybrid microgrid solution can be a viable option for electrifying far-from-the-grid unelectrified areas of the Eastern Cape.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"3 1","pages":"55-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74016795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-02-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20170701.01
E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, P. Isokpehi, M. Shenge, S. Fageir, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, A. Hines, G. Hirse, S. Ochai, S. Leggett, E. Nwagboso
In a globalizing world where development hinges on access to modern energy services, many regard renewables as catalysts for regional economic advancement. Yet, various parts of Africa lack access to modern energy services along with relevant spatial information tools to support decision making. It is also the only place in the globe where a major portion of the inhabitants stay without adequate electricity. Tracking renewable trends spatially remains the ideal way to improve access to energy services sustainably and efficiently as opposed to the other options. The matter is compounded by many limiting factors to energy security in West Africa such as poor system reliability, inadequate infrastructure and fuel import dependence. Seeing the positive linkage between energy access and growth, increasing access to renewable services through electricity and other services serves a vital purpose for the West African region. While identifying current developments in West Africa’s renewable energy sector remains essential in understanding its potential, attaining it requires improvements to current approaches to energy management through new knowledge and spatial analysis of energy undertakings using GIS. In that light, the projected development of renewable energy in the region cannot be attained without complete and reliable information calibrated in a GIS environment. Accordingly, this paper focuses on regional assessment of energy in West Africa with emphasis on the issues, trends, factors, impacts and efforts. Using a mix scale method of descriptive statistics and GIS, the results show that the region has untapped renewable energy potentials spread across many nations. This is followed by changes in a set of renewable energy categories that are germane to regional development due to socio-economic factors. GIS mapping of the trends also reveals gradual dispersal of energy security predictors clustered around many localities. For future lines of action, the paper suggests the need for effective policy, continual use of GIS and the design of a regional energy information system for West Africa.
{"title":"Regional Assessment of Energy Trends in West Africa Using GIS","authors":"E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, P. Isokpehi, M. Shenge, S. Fageir, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, A. Hines, G. Hirse, S. Ochai, S. Leggett, E. Nwagboso","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20170701.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20170701.01","url":null,"abstract":"In a globalizing world where development hinges on access to modern energy services, many regard renewables as catalysts for regional economic advancement. Yet, various parts of Africa lack access to modern energy services along with relevant spatial information tools to support decision making. It is also the only place in the globe where a major portion of the inhabitants stay without adequate electricity. Tracking renewable trends spatially remains the ideal way to improve access to energy services sustainably and efficiently as opposed to the other options. The matter is compounded by many limiting factors to energy security in West Africa such as poor system reliability, inadequate infrastructure and fuel import dependence. Seeing the positive linkage between energy access and growth, increasing access to renewable services through electricity and other services serves a vital purpose for the West African region. While identifying current developments in West Africa’s renewable energy sector remains essential in understanding its potential, attaining it requires improvements to current approaches to energy management through new knowledge and spatial analysis of energy undertakings using GIS. In that light, the projected development of renewable energy in the region cannot be attained without complete and reliable information calibrated in a GIS environment. Accordingly, this paper focuses on regional assessment of energy in West Africa with emphasis on the issues, trends, factors, impacts and efforts. Using a mix scale method of descriptive statistics and GIS, the results show that the region has untapped renewable energy potentials spread across many nations. This is followed by changes in a set of renewable energy categories that are germane to regional development due to socio-economic factors. GIS mapping of the trends also reveals gradual dispersal of energy security predictors clustered around many localities. For future lines of action, the paper suggests the need for effective policy, continual use of GIS and the design of a regional energy information system for West Africa.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83484865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sankar Shanmugasundaram, Praveen Maruthur, M. Kumaresan, P. AbhilashO., K. AkhilDas, Abdul Maluf
This paper discusses a detailed study on the performance of a SI engine fuelled with camphor-ethanol-petrol blends. In this study, a mixture consists of camphor and ethanol in weight percentage (20:80) was blended with petrol in three different ratios: 10%, 20% and 30%. A performance test was conducted in the SI engine at constant speed with varying torque using an eddy current dynamometer in order to evaluate the performance between the blended fuel and the sole fuel, such as brake power, specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency, among others. The study also includes viscosity measurements from a redwood viscometer, Calorific value measurements from a bomb calorimeter, density calculations and exhaust emission tests in a four gas analyser for both blended fuels as well as for pure petrol. It is inferred from the study that lesser specific fuel consumption, less emissions due to complete combustion of air fuel mixture and maximum volumetric efficiency were achieved in the blended fuel that results in efficient working of the spark ignition engine with less pollution. The main objective of this study is to increase the performance of SI engines, to reduce the emission rate and minimize the specific fuel consumption with the blended fuel to make the planet greener. KeywordsCamphor and ethanol mixture; Petrol; Spark ignition engine; Performance test; Exhaust emission test
{"title":"Experimental study on the effects of camphor ethanol petrol blends in a spark ignition engine: performance and emissions analysis","authors":"Sankar Shanmugasundaram, Praveen Maruthur, M. Kumaresan, P. AbhilashO., K. AkhilDas, Abdul Maluf","doi":"10.5963/IJEE0601003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEE0601003","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses a detailed study on the performance of a SI engine fuelled with camphor-ethanol-petrol blends. In this study, a mixture consists of camphor and ethanol in weight percentage (20:80) was blended with petrol in three different ratios: 10%, 20% and 30%. A performance test was conducted in the SI engine at constant speed with varying torque using an eddy current dynamometer in order to evaluate the performance between the blended fuel and the sole fuel, such as brake power, specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency, among others. The study also includes viscosity measurements from a redwood viscometer, Calorific value measurements from a bomb calorimeter, density calculations and exhaust emission tests in a four gas analyser for both blended fuels as well as for pure petrol. It is inferred from the study that lesser specific fuel consumption, less emissions due to complete combustion of air fuel mixture and maximum volumetric efficiency were achieved in the blended fuel that results in efficient working of the spark ignition engine with less pollution. The main objective of this study is to increase the performance of SI engines, to reduce the emission rate and minimize the specific fuel consumption with the blended fuel to make the planet greener. KeywordsCamphor and ethanol mixture; Petrol; Spark ignition engine; Performance test; Exhaust emission test","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"19-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82016270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper highlights the major findings of a research project on building energy conservation study in a tropical savanna climate. The aim of this paper is to reduce the substantial contribution of the built environment to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The energy audit enabled the building of a specific building energy model that has been used to analyze the impact of various energy saving actions on the primary energy consumption of the site. In this specific case, the improvement of the building's utilities and the performance optimization of the existing HVAC systems can reduce electrical energy consumption up to 19.6% per year, with a predicted annual economic saving of the order of INR 4.2 million. The complete process of the energy audit is demonstrated by using an existing building as a case study building; it is located at Bangalore, India. KeywordsPerformance Indicators’ (PIs); Commercial Buildings; Connected Load, Energy Conservation Studies; Energy Savings; Energy Efficiency
{"title":"Energy Audit and Prospective Energy Conservation: Studies at Commercial Buildings in a Tropical Region in India","authors":"R. Agrawal, S. C. Kaushik, T. Bhatti","doi":"10.5963/IJEE0503004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEE0503004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper highlights the major findings of a research project on building energy conservation study in a tropical savanna climate. The aim of this paper is to reduce the substantial contribution of the built environment to energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The energy audit enabled the building of a specific building energy model that has been used to analyze the impact of various energy saving actions on the primary energy consumption of the site. In this specific case, the improvement of the building's utilities and the performance optimization of the existing HVAC systems can reduce electrical energy consumption up to 19.6% per year, with a predicted annual economic saving of the order of INR 4.2 million. The complete process of the energy audit is demonstrated by using an existing building as a case study building; it is located at Bangalore, India. KeywordsPerformance Indicators’ (PIs); Commercial Buildings; Connected Load, Energy Conservation Studies; Energy Savings; Energy Efficiency","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":"85-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84686152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the comparisons of energy production predictions of a small-scale 40 kW wind turbine using an exponential smoothing technique and multilayer feed-forward neural network. For wind energy predictions, the developed mathematical model based on exponential smoothing was used to smoothen any seasonality arising in the time series data obtained at the site. This model was developed using three smoothing constant values of 0.20, 0.65, and 0.90, as well as a combination of a smoothing constant value of 0.90 with a seasonal adjustment factor for prediction of a small-scale wind turbine output for a period of 12 months. In addition, an energy model based on a multilayer feed-forward neural network was used to compute the energy generation of the turbine. The seasonally adjusted forecast model accurately predicted the wind energy output with the lowest forecast errors when compared to the chosen three smoothing constants. The energy forecasts obtained from the seasonal adjusted forecast model and multilayer feed-forward neural network were compared to the actual energy generation of the turbine at the considered tower height in terms of their forecast erroneous values. KeywordsTime Series Data (TSD); Smoothing and Seasonal Factor; Exponential Smoothing; Feed-Forward Neural Network (FNN), Small-Scale Wind Turbine
{"title":"Wind Energy Predictions of Small-Scale Turbine Output Using Exponential Smoothing and Feed- Forward Neural Network","authors":"Zaccheus Olaofe Olaofe","doi":"10.5963/IJEE0502002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEE0502002","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the comparisons of energy production predictions of a small-scale 40 kW wind turbine using an exponential smoothing technique and multilayer feed-forward neural network. For wind energy predictions, the developed mathematical model based on exponential smoothing was used to smoothen any seasonality arising in the time series data obtained at the site. This model was developed using three smoothing constant values of 0.20, 0.65, and 0.90, as well as a combination of a smoothing constant value of 0.90 with a seasonal adjustment factor for prediction of a small-scale wind turbine output for a period of 12 months. In addition, an energy model based on a multilayer feed-forward neural network was used to compute the energy generation of the turbine. The seasonally adjusted forecast model accurately predicted the wind energy output with the lowest forecast errors when compared to the chosen three smoothing constants. The energy forecasts obtained from the seasonal adjusted forecast model and multilayer feed-forward neural network were compared to the actual energy generation of the turbine at the considered tower height in terms of their forecast erroneous values. KeywordsTime Series Data (TSD); Smoothing and Seasonal Factor; Exponential Smoothing; Feed-Forward Neural Network (FNN), Small-Scale Wind Turbine","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"38 1","pages":"28-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73932386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A simple mathematical model of heat balance was applied to a cement kiln plant with a precalciner to estimate the effect of using rice husk as a substitute fuel for natural gas on specific heat consumption. Effects of the husk ash on the characteristics of the raw mix and clinker of ordinary Portland cement were also evaluated. Referring to Egyptian kiln plants data, it was found that the weight of rice husk required to supply fuel heat in the precalciner represented about 11-13% of the raw mix weight and about 90% of the total fuel weight (natural gas + husk). Specific heat consumption increased by about 3.7%, and the amount of combustion flue gases increased by about 20% when natural gas was completely substituted by rice husk. The use of rice husk as a substitute fuel in a cement kiln plant was accompanied by a marked decrease of lime saturation factor of the raw mix, a drastic decrease of tricalcium silicate and an increase of dicalcium silicate in the clinker. This data can provide the basis for the formation of a new type of cement such as high belite cement. The raw mix design was adjusted using pyrite as a correcting factor to keep the characteristics of the raw mix and the clinker similar to the factory data. KeywordsAlternative Fuel; Rice Husk; Natural Gas; Raw Mix Design; Clinker Mineral Composition; Raw Mix Parameters; Specific Heat Consumption Nomenclature ms1 = mass of the inlet raw mix to the preheater (kg) hs1 = specific enthalpy of the inlet raw mix to the preheater (kJ/kg) mf = mass of the fuel (kg) hf = low calorific value of the fuel (kJ/kg) hu = specific enthalpy of the fuel (kJ/kg) mA3 = mass of tertiary air from the cooler to the calciner (kg) hA3 = specific enthalpy of tertiary air from the cooler to the calciner (kJ/kg) mA5 = mass of secondary air from the precooling zone in the kiln (kg) hA5 = specific enthalpy of secondary air from the precooling zone (kJ/kg) mA6 = mass of secondary air from the cooler to the kiln (kg) hA6 = specific enthalpy of secondary air from the cooler to the kiln (kJ/kg) mG1 = mass of outlet flue gas from the preheater (kg) hG1 = specific enthalpy of outlet flue gas from the preheater (kJ/kg) ms6 = mass of clinker leaving the firing zone to the cooler (kg) hs6 = specific enthalpy of clinker leaving the firing zone (kJ/kg) HR.c, HR.K = heat of reactions in the calciner and the kiln, respectively (kJ) Qw.p.c, Qw.k, Qw.c. = wall heat losses from the preheatercalciner, kiln, and cooler, respectively (kJ) Vaf = theoretical amount of fuel combustion air (Nm /kg fuel) Vgf = theoretical amount of fuel combustion gases (Nm /kg fuel) = excess air factor for fuel combustion MCO2 = mass of evolved CO2 from calcination Cpg, Cpa = specific heat of flue gases and air, respectively (kJ/Nm 3 C) Tg, Ta = temperature of flue gas and combustion air, respectively ( C) h.f.o. = heavy fuel oil cli. = clinker LSF = lime saturation factor SIM = silica modulus AM = alumina modulus C3S = tricalcium silicate C2S = dica
{"title":"Rice Husk as a Substitute Fuel in Cement Kiln Plant","authors":"L. M. Farag, H. A. El-Hamid","doi":"10.5963/IJEE0502001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEE0502001","url":null,"abstract":"A simple mathematical model of heat balance was applied to a cement kiln plant with a precalciner to estimate the effect of using rice husk as a substitute fuel for natural gas on specific heat consumption. Effects of the husk ash on the characteristics of the raw mix and clinker of ordinary Portland cement were also evaluated. Referring to Egyptian kiln plants data, it was found that the weight of rice husk required to supply fuel heat in the precalciner represented about 11-13% of the raw mix weight and about 90% of the total fuel weight (natural gas + husk). Specific heat consumption increased by about 3.7%, and the amount of combustion flue gases increased by about 20% when natural gas was completely substituted by rice husk. The use of rice husk as a substitute fuel in a cement kiln plant was accompanied by a marked decrease of lime saturation factor of the raw mix, a drastic decrease of tricalcium silicate and an increase of dicalcium silicate in the clinker. This data can provide the basis for the formation of a new type of cement such as high belite cement. The raw mix design was adjusted using pyrite as a correcting factor to keep the characteristics of the raw mix and the clinker similar to the factory data. KeywordsAlternative Fuel; Rice Husk; Natural Gas; Raw Mix Design; Clinker Mineral Composition; Raw Mix Parameters; Specific Heat Consumption Nomenclature ms1 = mass of the inlet raw mix to the preheater (kg) hs1 = specific enthalpy of the inlet raw mix to the preheater (kJ/kg) mf = mass of the fuel (kg) hf = low calorific value of the fuel (kJ/kg) hu = specific enthalpy of the fuel (kJ/kg) mA3 = mass of tertiary air from the cooler to the calciner (kg) hA3 = specific enthalpy of tertiary air from the cooler to the calciner (kJ/kg) mA5 = mass of secondary air from the precooling zone in the kiln (kg) hA5 = specific enthalpy of secondary air from the precooling zone (kJ/kg) mA6 = mass of secondary air from the cooler to the kiln (kg) hA6 = specific enthalpy of secondary air from the cooler to the kiln (kJ/kg) mG1 = mass of outlet flue gas from the preheater (kg) hG1 = specific enthalpy of outlet flue gas from the preheater (kJ/kg) ms6 = mass of clinker leaving the firing zone to the cooler (kg) hs6 = specific enthalpy of clinker leaving the firing zone (kJ/kg) HR.c, HR.K = heat of reactions in the calciner and the kiln, respectively (kJ) Qw.p.c, Qw.k, Qw.c. = wall heat losses from the preheatercalciner, kiln, and cooler, respectively (kJ) Vaf = theoretical amount of fuel combustion air (Nm /kg fuel) Vgf = theoretical amount of fuel combustion gases (Nm /kg fuel) = excess air factor for fuel combustion MCO2 = mass of evolved CO2 from calcination Cpg, Cpa = specific heat of flue gases and air, respectively (kJ/Nm 3 C) Tg, Ta = temperature of flue gas and combustion air, respectively ( C) h.f.o. = heavy fuel oil cli. = clinker LSF = lime saturation factor SIM = silica modulus AM = alumina modulus C3S = tricalcium silicate C2S = dica","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"55 1","pages":"16-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81164044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Y. A. Jamalabadi, Moein Rajabzadeh, P. Hooshmand
The present manuscript is dedicated to the study of non-premixed combustion within a vertical cylinder filled by inert porous media using a turbulence model. A study of the effect of inlet gas angle on methane/air combustion is performed. Governing equations of Navier-Stokes, energy and the chemical species transport equations in a porous media with local thermal nonequilibrium assumption between the solid and fluid are solved. Distinct energy equations are considered for the porous burner and the fuel in it. Inlet velocity and excess air-to-fuel ratio are varied in order to analyze their effects on temperature, turbulent kinetic energy distribution and flame front location. The temperature field and species concentrations are presented in the premixed methane air combustion. The results show that an increase in angle of inlet gas enhances the mixing rate, the peak temperature, and water and carbon dioxide volume fraction inside the middle region of the chamber. The locations of the maximum temperature and product concentration shift closer to the combustor inlet with an increase in inlet angle. Furthermore, the temperature in porous burners is lower than free flame burners, and lower NOx and CO pollutant are achieved. KeywordsMethane/Air Flame; Turbulent Model; Numerical Simulations; Non-Premixed; Porous Media
{"title":"Effect of Fuel Inject Angle on the Thermal Behavior of a 2D Axisymmetric Non-Premixed Methane-Air Flame in Vertical Cylinder Filled by Porous Media","authors":"M. Y. A. Jamalabadi, Moein Rajabzadeh, P. Hooshmand","doi":"10.5963/IJEE0501001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEE0501001","url":null,"abstract":"The present manuscript is dedicated to the study of non-premixed combustion within a vertical cylinder filled by inert porous media using a turbulence model. A study of the effect of inlet gas angle on methane/air combustion is performed. Governing equations of Navier-Stokes, energy and the chemical species transport equations in a porous media with local thermal nonequilibrium assumption between the solid and fluid are solved. Distinct energy equations are considered for the porous burner and the fuel in it. Inlet velocity and excess air-to-fuel ratio are varied in order to analyze their effects on temperature, turbulent kinetic energy distribution and flame front location. The temperature field and species concentrations are presented in the premixed methane air combustion. The results show that an increase in angle of inlet gas enhances the mixing rate, the peak temperature, and water and carbon dioxide volume fraction inside the middle region of the chamber. The locations of the maximum temperature and product concentration shift closer to the combustor inlet with an increase in inlet angle. Furthermore, the temperature in porous burners is lower than free flame burners, and lower NOx and CO pollutant are achieved. KeywordsMethane/Air Flame; Turbulent Model; Numerical Simulations; Non-Premixed; Porous Media","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76127563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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