A middle school in north china carries on reconstruction planning, uses of the Computational Fluid Dynamics method to simulate outdoor natural ventilation environment before and after its rebuilt, compares of simulation results. According to the result of that comparison, suggestions are advanced about human thermal comfort and energy conservation. Keywords-computer simulation; wind environment; school planning; building energy conservation
{"title":"Digital Simulation of Outdoor Wind Environments and Energy Consumption for Rebuild Campus","authors":"Nan Zhang, Q. Meng","doi":"10.5963/IJEE0102004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEE0102004","url":null,"abstract":"A middle school in north china carries on reconstruction planning, uses of the Computational Fluid Dynamics method to simulate outdoor natural ventilation environment before and after its rebuilt, compares of simulation results. According to the result of that comparison, suggestions are advanced about human thermal comfort and energy conservation. Keywords-computer simulation; wind environment; school planning; building energy conservation","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88059211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
First stage of the hydrometallurgical production of antimony is leaching of the raw material that contains antimonybearing mineral. The raw material can be ore or concentrate. Leaching can be carried out either in alkaline (Na2S+NaOH; NaOH) or acid (HCl; H2SO4; HF) solutions. In order to achieve good antimony recovery it is essential to leach the raw material under optimum conditions.Kinetics of the reaction between particulate stibnite and mixed Na2S + NaOH solutions were studied. The effects of concentrations of Na2S and NaOH, temperature, particle size and liquid-to-solid ratio were investigated. It was observed that the rate of leaching of stibnite: a) increased with an increase in both Na2S and NaOH concentration (from 0.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. %), and temperature (from 292 K to 327 K); b) reached its maximum at Na2S: NaOH weight ratio equal to 1:1; c) decreased with an increase in particle size (from 40 μm to 500 μm) and L/S ratio (from 10 to 100). The results are presented in terms of the shrinking (nonreacted) core model and shrinking porous-particle model. Apparent activation energy is approximately 44 kJ mol and the apparent reaction order for Na2S varies from 1.4 to 1.7. Calculated values of the kinetic parameters indicate that the leaching process is controlled by both intrinsic chemical reaction between Sb2S3 and Na2S at the liquid/solid interface, and pore diffusion. Keywords-Stibnite, Kinetics, Alkaline leaching, Activation energy, Order of reaction
{"title":"Leaching of Natural Stibnite Using Na2S and NaOH Solutions","authors":"E. Sminčáková, P. Raschman","doi":"10.5963/IJEE0102006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEE0102006","url":null,"abstract":"First stage of the hydrometallurgical production of antimony is leaching of the raw material that contains antimonybearing mineral. The raw material can be ore or concentrate. Leaching can be carried out either in alkaline (Na2S+NaOH; NaOH) or acid (HCl; H2SO4; HF) solutions. In order to achieve good antimony recovery it is essential to leach the raw material under optimum conditions.Kinetics of the reaction between particulate stibnite and mixed Na2S + NaOH solutions were studied. The effects of concentrations of Na2S and NaOH, temperature, particle size and liquid-to-solid ratio were investigated. It was observed that the rate of leaching of stibnite: a) increased with an increase in both Na2S and NaOH concentration (from 0.5 wt. % to 2.0 wt. %), and temperature (from 292 K to 327 K); b) reached its maximum at Na2S: NaOH weight ratio equal to 1:1; c) decreased with an increase in particle size (from 40 μm to 500 μm) and L/S ratio (from 10 to 100). The results are presented in terms of the shrinking (nonreacted) core model and shrinking porous-particle model. Apparent activation energy is approximately 44 kJ mol and the apparent reaction order for Na2S varies from 1.4 to 1.7. Calculated values of the kinetic parameters indicate that the leaching process is controlled by both intrinsic chemical reaction between Sb2S3 and Na2S at the liquid/solid interface, and pore diffusion. Keywords-Stibnite, Kinetics, Alkaline leaching, Activation energy, Order of reaction","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87725015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the changing path of primary energy use and emissions in Taiwan housing sector during 1982-2009. A key finding of the paper is that electricity was the major source of changing both in primary energy use and emission of the housing sector. During the study period, the annual logarithmic growth rate of the primary energy induced by electricity use in Taiwan housing sector was 6.45%. While the annual logarithmic growth rate of emissions from electricity used in housing sector was 7.82%. In which, about four-fifths of the growth rate came from electricity use, one-fifth came from emissions factor of electricity. Keywords-primary energy use, greenhouse gases emissions, global warming potential, housing sector
{"title":"The Primary Energy Use and Emissions of Housing Sector: The Changing Path of Taiwan","authors":"Kun-jung Hsu","doi":"10.5963/IJEE0102002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEE0102002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the changing path of primary energy use and emissions in Taiwan housing sector during 1982-2009. A key finding of the paper is that electricity was the major source of changing both in primary energy use and emission of the housing sector. During the study period, the annual logarithmic growth rate of the primary energy induced by electricity use in Taiwan housing sector was 6.45%. While the annual logarithmic growth rate of emissions from electricity used in housing sector was 7.82%. In which, about four-fifths of the growth rate came from electricity use, one-fifth came from emissions factor of electricity. Keywords-primary energy use, greenhouse gases emissions, global warming potential, housing sector","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85148006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biodiesel was prepared from the non-edible oil of Karanja by transesterification of the crude oil with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. A maximum conversion of 92% (oil to ester) was achieved at 60c. Important fuel properties of methyl esters of biodiesel produced from karanja oil like viscosity, flash point, fire point, calorific value etc., was found out and compared to the properties of Indian standard biodiesel. Keywords-Karanja oil Biodiese, Transesterification.
{"title":"Preparation of Biodiesel from Karanja Oil","authors":"Venkata Ramesh Mamilla, M. Mallikarjun, D. N. Rao","doi":"10.5963/IJEE0102008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5963/IJEE0102008","url":null,"abstract":"Biodiesel was prepared from the non-edible oil of Karanja by transesterification of the crude oil with methanol in the presence of NaOH as catalyst. A maximum conversion of 92% (oil to ester) was achieved at 60c. Important fuel properties of methyl esters of biodiesel produced from karanja oil like viscosity, flash point, fire point, calorific value etc., was found out and compared to the properties of Indian standard biodiesel. Keywords-Karanja oil Biodiese, Transesterification.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74897587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-09-01DOI: 10.1109/ICUEPES.2011.6497747
L. Bennamoun, Loubna Kahlerras, F. Michel, L. Courard, T. Salmon, L. Fraikin, A. Belhamri, Angélique Léonard
The aim o f th is study is the experimental characterization of the behaviour o f a mo rtar during convective drying. We focalise on mortar that has a rate water-cement of 0.5. The drying tests are developed in a micro-convective dryer that can use samples weighing fro m 0 to 8g. The advantage of these experiments is to reproduce the natural conditions that can be found during the treatment of the mortar-at mosphere problems. The response of the drying curve or the drying kinetic depends on the applied drying conditions. So, the temperature of the air varies fro m 60℃ to 130℃, the velocity of the air is changed fro m 2 m.s -1 to 5 m. s -1 and the relative hu midity is kept less than 1.7%. The co mparison between the experimental results and the proposed analytical solutions of the equation of diffusion represented by Fick's law, applied for a finite shape, allo ws determination o f the values of the d iffusion coefficient. It has a value of 1.71×10 -10 m 2 .s -1 at 60℃, 13.69×10 -10 m 2 .s -1 at 90℃ and 16.27×10 -10 m 2 .s -1 at 130℃. Calculation of the activation energy and the D0 constant are also possible.
本研究的目的是对一种新型砂浆在对流干燥过程中的行为进行实验表征。我们关注的是水灰比为0.5的砂浆。干燥试验是在微型对流干燥机中进行的，该干燥机可以使用重量为0至8g的样品。这些实验的优点是再现了在处理砂浆大气问题时可能发现的自然条件。干燥曲线的响应或干燥动力学取决于所施加的干燥条件。因此，空气温度从60℃变化到130℃，空气速度从2 m s -1变化到5 m s -1，相对湿度保持在1.7%以下。将实验结果与应用于有限形状的菲克定律所表示的扩散方程的解析解进行比较，可以确定扩散系数的值。它在60℃时的值为1.71×10 -10米2秒-1，在90℃时的值为13.69×10 -10米2秒-1，在130℃时的值为16.27×10 -10米2秒-1。还可以计算活化能和D0常数。
{"title":"Determination of Moisture Diffusivity during Drying of Mortar Cement: Experimental and Modeling Study","authors":"L. Bennamoun, Loubna Kahlerras, F. Michel, L. Courard, T. Salmon, L. Fraikin, A. Belhamri, Angélique Léonard","doi":"10.1109/ICUEPES.2011.6497747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ICUEPES.2011.6497747","url":null,"abstract":"The aim o f th is study is the experimental characterization of the behaviour o f a mo rtar during convective drying. We focalise on mortar that has a rate water-cement of 0.5. The drying tests are developed in a micro-convective dryer that can use samples weighing fro m 0 to 8g. The advantage of these experiments is to reproduce the natural conditions that can be found during the treatment of the mortar-at mosphere problems. The response of the drying curve or the drying kinetic depends on the applied drying conditions. So, the temperature of the air varies fro m 60℃ to 130℃, the velocity of the air is changed fro m 2 m.s -1 to 5 m. s -1 and the relative hu midity is kept less than 1.7%. The co mparison between the experimental results and the proposed analytical solutions of the equation of diffusion represented by Fick's law, applied for a finite shape, allo ws determination o f the values of the d iffusion coefficient. It has a value of 1.71×10 -10 m 2 .s -1 at 60℃, 13.69×10 -10 m 2 .s -1 at 90℃ and 16.27×10 -10 m 2 .s -1 at 130℃. Calculation of the activation energy and the D0 constant are also possible.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91116849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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