Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20120206.04
M. Sarker, M. M. Rashid, M. Molla
The oil consumption in the Un ited States and Canada is much higher per cap ita co mpared to rest of the world. Even though only 37.1 % of o il is used as a supply source for all the major demand sectors like, industrial t ransportation, residential and electric power, it is a limited natural resource that cannot be replaced. Many alternative sources such as, solar, hydro power, wind and som e others are availab le in s mall numbers. In the current economic situation of the world, it is practically impossible to bring these high cost energy sources into mass numbers. A method to convert waste plastics into liquid fuel has been implemented and exercised in a closed muffle furnace and a stainless steel reactor unit. The process involves thermally breaking down the hydrocarbon bonds of polymers in a muffle furnace with temperature of 420℃ to turn into liquid slurry and that slurry is then processed through a reactor with temperature of 380℃ to convert into liquid fuel. The fuel obtained is of quality grade and has been tested to work with most conventional engines, generators and such. This technology main point is to reduce the amount of carbon footprint caused by abundant waste plastic. This present technology will remove waste plastics that are harmfu l to our environment and convert those harmful waste plastics in to valuable oil sources to full fill the energy crisis and strengthen the economy.
{"title":"First Waste Plastic Conversion into Liquid Fuel by Using Muffle Furnace through Reactor","authors":"M. Sarker, M. M. Rashid, M. Molla","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20120206.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20120206.04","url":null,"abstract":"The oil consumption in the Un ited States and Canada is much higher per cap ita co mpared to rest of the world. Even though only 37.1 % of o il is used as a supply source for all the major demand sectors like, industrial t ransportation, residential and electric power, it is a limited natural resource that cannot be replaced. Many alternative sources such as, solar, hydro power, wind and som e others are availab le in s mall numbers. In the current economic situation of the world, it is practically impossible to bring these high cost energy sources into mass numbers. A method to convert waste plastics into liquid fuel has been implemented and exercised in a closed muffle furnace and a stainless steel reactor unit. The process involves thermally breaking down the hydrocarbon bonds of polymers in a muffle furnace with temperature of 420℃ to turn into liquid slurry and that slurry is then processed through a reactor with temperature of 380℃ to convert into liquid fuel. The fuel obtained is of quality grade and has been tested to work with most conventional engines, generators and such. This technology main point is to reduce the amount of carbon footprint caused by abundant waste plastic. This present technology will remove waste plastics that are harmfu l to our environment and convert those harmful waste plastics in to valuable oil sources to full fill the energy crisis and strengthen the economy.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":"293-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86874419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20120206.07
Moheet Vishwas, P. K. Soori
Today, energy shortage and carbon emission are the major challenges faced by all countries. There are many ways to tackle this issue by saving energy in many sectors. Lighting is used in many applications and it is one of the areas to be addressed for imp roving the energy efficiency thereby reducing the energy consumption. In this paper, a typical office building in Dubai is considered for analysis. The first section of the paper reports an efficient use of natural lighting into an office building to improve the energy efficiency. This study is carried out using Simulation software VELUX Daylight Visualizer 2 and simu lation results are discussed in detail. The study showed that an ideal office space in Dubai has amp le potential to harvest natural light to reduce the need for art ificial lighting. In the second section, artificial lighting is used to complement natural lighting to meet the required illu mination criteria. DIA Lu x 4.1 Lighting Wizard software is used to design and evaluate artificial lighting scheme with similar illu mination abilities for the same office space through the use of different types of lamps and the simulation results are highlighted. Its cost effectiveness is also studied. The impact of use of natural lighting and artificial lighting on HVA C system is examined and highlighted.
能源短缺和碳排放是当今世界各国面临的重大挑战。解决这个问题的方法有很多，可以在很多领域节约能源。照明在许多应用中使用，它是一个需要解决的领域，以提高能源效率，从而减少能源消耗。本文以迪拜某典型办公楼为例进行分析。论文的第一部分报告了有效地利用自然光进入办公大楼，以提高能源效率。本研究采用仿真软件VELUX Daylight Visualizer 2进行，并对仿真结果进行了详细的讨论。研究表明，在迪拜，理想的办公空间有很大的潜力来收集自然光，以减少对艺术照明的需求。在第二部分中，使用人工照明来补充自然照明，以满足所需的照明标准。使用DIA Lu x 4.1 Lighting Wizard软件，通过使用不同类型的灯具，对同一办公空间具有相似照度的人工照明方案进行设计和评估，并突出显示模拟结果。并对其成本效益进行了研究。研究并强调了自然照明和人工照明对高压空调系统的影响。
{"title":"Simple Tool for Energy Analysis of Day Lighting and Artificial Lighting for a Typical Office Building Lighting System Design","authors":"Moheet Vishwas, P. K. Soori","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20120206.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20120206.07","url":null,"abstract":"Today, energy shortage and carbon emission are the major challenges faced by all countries. There are many ways to tackle this issue by saving energy in many sectors. Lighting is used in many applications and it is one of the areas to be addressed for imp roving the energy efficiency thereby reducing the energy consumption. In this paper, a typical office building in Dubai is considered for analysis. The first section of the paper reports an efficient use of natural lighting into an office building to improve the energy efficiency. This study is carried out using Simulation software VELUX Daylight Visualizer 2 and simu lation results are discussed in detail. The study showed that an ideal office space in Dubai has amp le potential to harvest natural light to reduce the need for art ificial lighting. In the second section, artificial lighting is used to complement natural lighting to meet the required illu mination criteria. DIA Lu x 4.1 Lighting Wizard software is used to design and evaluate artificial lighting scheme with similar illu mination abilities for the same office space through the use of different types of lamps and the simulation results are highlighted. Its cost effectiveness is also studied. The impact of use of natural lighting and artificial lighting on HVA C system is examined and highlighted.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"148 1","pages":"332-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85362479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20120206.02
Vivek Kaundal, Rajesh Singh, Madhu Sharma
A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) monitoring system is proposed to measure the voltage and current generated for wind mill farm, it is considered as a target application. It has a Rig id hub structure, economical larger capacity i.e. 5- 7 MW fo r offshore sitting and variable speed turbines are three major develop ments characterize in a wind mach ines. The forth development is the adoption of gearless wind turbine eliminating gearbo xes as weakest link in the chain of modern wind turb ines. Eliminating the burdens associated with cabling, the proposed wireless network enables sensors to place on the each individual mill to monitor voltage and current so that we can optimize wind farm productivity. The proposed system consist of ZigBee based wireless personal area network i.e. co mmunication through ZigBee transceiver module, coding of microcontroller through AVR Studio4, and interfacing all with wind mill. The data from the wind-power generator will be collected with the help of proposed system and wired RS-232 Interface. The collected data will be displayed with the help of suitable GUI in MATLA B.
{"title":"Wireless Parameters Monitoring Simulation and Design in Wireless Personal Area Network Using 2.4 GHz Transceiver Module for Wind Mill","authors":"Vivek Kaundal, Rajesh Singh, Madhu Sharma","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20120206.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20120206.02","url":null,"abstract":"A Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) monitoring system is proposed to measure the voltage and current generated for wind mill farm, it is considered as a target application. It has a Rig id hub structure, economical larger capacity i.e. 5- 7 MW fo r offshore sitting and variable speed turbines are three major develop ments characterize in a wind mach ines. The forth development is the adoption of gearless wind turbine eliminating gearbo xes as weakest link in the chain of modern wind turb ines. Eliminating the burdens associated with cabling, the proposed wireless network enables sensors to place on the each individual mill to monitor voltage and current so that we can optimize wind farm productivity. The proposed system consist of ZigBee based wireless personal area network i.e. co mmunication through ZigBee transceiver module, coding of microcontroller through AVR Studio4, and interfacing all with wind mill. The data from the wind-power generator will be collected with the help of proposed system and wired RS-232 Interface. The collected data will be displayed with the help of suitable GUI in MATLA B.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"7 1","pages":"279-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85286898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.08
Naoharu Murasawa, H. Koseki, Xin-rui Li, Y. Iwata, Takabumi Sakamoto
Recently, there has been developing of various bio mass fuels because of global warming and rise in the price of crude oil. Ho wever, if these biomass fuels are put into practical use without sufficient risk assessment, there is a high risk of accident. Fro m the viewpoint of risk and crisis management, obtain ing information about the risk of newly developed biomass fuels is important. For b io mass fuels, especially those made fro m waste, faint heat is generated by fermentation, and this faint heat carries the risk of causing and resulting in spontaneous ignition following an increase in heat temperature. In this study, the risk of faint heat generation by fermentation, wh ich can trigger of spontaneous ignition, has been considered using the sensitive thermal analysis equipment and biomass fuels made fro m waste, which have been scheduled for future use in Japan. It was found that biomass fuels made fro m waste generates faint heat by fermentation, such faint heat generation becomes thetrigger of spontaneous ignition.
{"title":"Study on Thermal Behaviour and Risk Assessment of Biomass Fuels","authors":"Naoharu Murasawa, H. Koseki, Xin-rui Li, Y. Iwata, Takabumi Sakamoto","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.08","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, there has been developing of various bio mass fuels because of global warming and rise in the price of crude oil. Ho wever, if these biomass fuels are put into practical use without sufficient risk assessment, there is a high risk of accident. Fro m the viewpoint of risk and crisis management, obtain ing information about the risk of newly developed biomass fuels is important. For b io mass fuels, especially those made fro m waste, faint heat is generated by fermentation, and this faint heat carries the risk of causing and resulting in spontaneous ignition following an increase in heat temperature. In this study, the risk of faint heat generation by fermentation, wh ich can trigger of spontaneous ignition, has been considered using the sensitive thermal analysis equipment and biomass fuels made fro m waste, which have been scheduled for future use in Japan. It was found that biomass fuels made fro m waste generates faint heat by fermentation, such faint heat generation becomes thetrigger of spontaneous ignition.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"24 3 1","pages":"242-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78013522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.02
H. Koseki
Recent proposed various biomass fuels are reviewed from safety aspects. Many biomass materials are proposed to use as fuel, such as RDF (=Refuse derived fuel), wood chip. And these fuels have high energy and possibility to make fires, explosion or other incidents. We experienced many incidents of biomass materials, such as biomass fuel, rubble produced from destroyed houses by the great earthquake in March 2011, in Japan. Rubble includes various organic materials, and sometimes causes fire, which is used for fuel of power plants. It is very difficult to extinguish fire of biomass fuel in storage facilities. Here current studies on heat generation for these materials and proposed an evaluation test method for these new developing materials in Japan are introduced, which is to use high sensitive calorimeters such as C80, MS80, or TAM, and gas emission test. And cause investigation work for post-earthquake fires by rubble, conducted by author is introduced. High sensitive calorimeters can detect small heat generation between room temperature and 80 ℃, due to fermentation or other causes. This heat generation sometimes initiated a real fire, and produced some combustible gas, which may explode if fuel is stored inside silo or indoor storage.
{"title":"Evaluation and Cause Investigation of Various Solid Biomass Materials Using Thermal Flow Measurement and Gas Emission Test","authors":"H. Koseki","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.02","url":null,"abstract":"Recent proposed various biomass fuels are reviewed from safety aspects. Many biomass materials are proposed to use as fuel, such as RDF (=Refuse derived fuel), wood chip. And these fuels have high energy and possibility to make fires, explosion or other incidents. We experienced many incidents of biomass materials, such as biomass fuel, rubble produced from destroyed houses by the great earthquake in March 2011, in Japan. Rubble includes various organic materials, and sometimes causes fire, which is used for fuel of power plants. It is very difficult to extinguish fire of biomass fuel in storage facilities. Here current studies on heat generation for these materials and proposed an evaluation test method for these new developing materials in Japan are introduced, which is to use high sensitive calorimeters such as C80, MS80, or TAM, and gas emission test. And cause investigation work for post-earthquake fires by rubble, conducted by author is introduced. High sensitive calorimeters can detect small heat generation between room temperature and 80 ℃, due to fermentation or other causes. This heat generation sometimes initiated a real fire, and produced some combustible gas, which may explode if fuel is stored inside silo or indoor storage.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":"195-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85665104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.07
D. Musademba, Martin Kanyepe, L. Madiye, Tawanda Hove
This paper presents the findings of the investigation carried out to establish the effects of load shedding in Chinhoyi Residential Urban areas, Zimbabwe. A questionnaire survey to assess the effects and establish the energy pattern and usage of alternative fuels during load shedding was conducted. The survey established that 60% of residence experienced losses in perishable food stuffs due refrigerat ion failure, 15% reported production downtime in their ho me industries with 10%having their electrical appliances such as television sets being damaged as a result of the power surges fashioned by the power outage. This has accordingly contributed in thinning the living standards of the residents. The survey also established a peculiar energy pattern and usage of alternative fuels for cooking and lighting during load shedding. Households in the low density areas of Chinhoyi displayed a wide energy matrix of relatively high quality fuels for both cooking and lighting. When compared to households in the high density areas, 55% of the households in low density cook mainly with LPG whereas 93% of households in high density areas cook exclusively with firewood. Use of candles was common for lighting in both residential sectors. Inco me for the residents was disproportionately eroded as a result of load shedding. The fract ion of energy cost to income was found to increase from 16% without load shedding up to 64% for those in the low density and up to 49% for those in the high density areas. This has consequently impoverished the residents. Load shedding was also found to have coined household thieves with 65% of these being wo men who harvest wood illegally fro m farms and forests. This form of harvesting is uncontrolled and therefore unsustainable. The survey therefore concludes that wo men are unduly burdened by the power outage exercise and people in general have been reduced to poverty levels as they are left with dwindled inco me.
{"title":"Effect of Load Shedding in Chinhoyi Urban Residential Areas, Zimbabwe","authors":"D. Musademba, Martin Kanyepe, L. Madiye, Tawanda Hove","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.07","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the findings of the investigation carried out to establish the effects of load shedding in Chinhoyi Residential Urban areas, Zimbabwe. A questionnaire survey to assess the effects and establish the energy pattern and usage of alternative fuels during load shedding was conducted. The survey established that 60% of residence experienced losses in perishable food stuffs due refrigerat ion failure, 15% reported production downtime in their ho me industries with 10%having their electrical appliances such as television sets being damaged as a result of the power surges fashioned by the power outage. This has accordingly contributed in thinning the living standards of the residents. The survey also established a peculiar energy pattern and usage of alternative fuels for cooking and lighting during load shedding. Households in the low density areas of Chinhoyi displayed a wide energy matrix of relatively high quality fuels for both cooking and lighting. When compared to households in the high density areas, 55% of the households in low density cook mainly with LPG whereas 93% of households in high density areas cook exclusively with firewood. Use of candles was common for lighting in both residential sectors. Inco me for the residents was disproportionately eroded as a result of load shedding. The fract ion of energy cost to income was found to increase from 16% without load shedding up to 64% for those in the low density and up to 49% for those in the high density areas. This has consequently impoverished the residents. Load shedding was also found to have coined household thieves with 65% of these being wo men who harvest wood illegally fro m farms and forests. This form of harvesting is uncontrolled and therefore unsustainable. The survey therefore concludes that wo men are unduly burdened by the power outage exercise and people in general have been reduced to poverty levels as they are left with dwindled inco me.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"232-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81464158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.11
A. Anozie, P. Ayoola
This study carried out energy and exergy analyses of a thermal power plant in order to evaluate the energetic and exergetic efficiencies and irreversibilities of units, sections and the overall sys tem. It was also, to determine the optimu m fuel-air rat io and optimu m co mbustion temperature at different throughputs. The thermal p lant consisting of 23 units and 4 sections was simulated using HYSYS simu lation software and EXCEL spreadsheet. The EXCEL spreadsheet was used for the energy and exergy analyses. It was found that throughput did not influence the energy efficiencies of the units but the exergy efficiencies. Throughput did not influence the energy and exergy efficiencies of the sections. The overall energetic efficiencies of the p lant were 18.17, 19.79, 21.42, and 21.45% and the overall exergetic efficiencies were 10.26, 11.22, 11.58, and 11.61% for throughputs of 50, 75, 100 and 110%, respectively. The overall irreversibilities of the plant increased as the throughput increased. The optimu m fuel-to-air ratio which gave the optimu m co mbustion temperature in the furnace was found to be 1:12.6 for all the throughputs which was an improvement over the current practice of 1:19.8. Throughput did not influence the maximu m co mbustion temperature in the fu rnace.
{"title":"The Influence of Throughput on Thermodynamic Efficiencies of a Thermal Power Plant","authors":"A. Anozie, P. Ayoola","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20120205.11","url":null,"abstract":"This study carried out energy and exergy analyses of a thermal power plant in order to evaluate the energetic and exergetic efficiencies and irreversibilities of units, sections and the overall sys tem. It was also, to determine the optimu m fuel-air rat io and optimu m co mbustion temperature at different throughputs. The thermal p lant consisting of 23 units and 4 sections was simulated using HYSYS simu lation software and EXCEL spreadsheet. The EXCEL spreadsheet was used for the energy and exergy analyses. It was found that throughput did not influence the energy efficiencies of the units but the exergy efficiencies. Throughput did not influence the energy and exergy efficiencies of the sections. The overall energetic efficiencies of the p lant were 18.17, 19.79, 21.42, and 21.45% and the overall exergetic efficiencies were 10.26, 11.22, 11.58, and 11.61% for throughputs of 50, 75, 100 and 110%, respectively. The overall irreversibilities of the plant increased as the throughput increased. The optimu m fuel-to-air ratio which gave the optimu m co mbustion temperature in the furnace was found to be 1:12.6 for all the throughputs which was an improvement over the current practice of 1:19.8. Throughput did not influence the maximu m co mbustion temperature in the fu rnace.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"266-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84502964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20120201.05
S. Sengar, A. Mohod, Y. P. Khandetod, S. Patil, A. D. Chendake
Cashew nut shell, grass and rice husk were used as major biomass in the form of raw biomass, hydrolyzed biomass and carbonized biomass. Carbonized biomass was found suitable as compared to raw (as such) and hydrolyzed biomass for briquetted fuel. The briquettes were prepared on screw press extruder briquetting machine for different combi- nations of major biomass. The prepared briquettes after sun drying were subjected to various tests for assessing the quality of fuel. The suitability of briquetted fuel as domestic fuel was studied with standard water boiling test. Cashew shell briquettes burnt with good flame in cook stove and observed 15.5 per cent thermal efficiency. Better results in cashew shell briquettes related to calorific value, shattering indices test, tumbling test, degree of densification, energy density ratio, resistance to water penetration and water boiling test as compared to grass and rice husk briquettes were observed. Calorific value was found more in cashew shell briquetted fuel as 5154.58 kcal/kg. Net Present Value of cashew shell, grass and rice husk bri- quettes were 1935370.8, 2256434.38 and 631948.8 respectively. Pay back period for cashew shell, grass, rice husk briquettes were 8.1, 7.56 and 29.35 months respectively. Benefit Cost Ratio for cashew shell, grass, and rice husk briquettes were 2.8, 2.93 and 1.51 respectively.
{"title":"Performance of Briquetting Machine for Briquette Fuel","authors":"S. Sengar, A. Mohod, Y. P. Khandetod, S. Patil, A. D. Chendake","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20120201.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20120201.05","url":null,"abstract":"Cashew nut shell, grass and rice husk were used as major biomass in the form of raw biomass, hydrolyzed biomass and carbonized biomass. Carbonized biomass was found suitable as compared to raw (as such) and hydrolyzed biomass for briquetted fuel. The briquettes were prepared on screw press extruder briquetting machine for different combi- nations of major biomass. The prepared briquettes after sun drying were subjected to various tests for assessing the quality of fuel. The suitability of briquetted fuel as domestic fuel was studied with standard water boiling test. Cashew shell briquettes burnt with good flame in cook stove and observed 15.5 per cent thermal efficiency. Better results in cashew shell briquettes related to calorific value, shattering indices test, tumbling test, degree of densification, energy density ratio, resistance to water penetration and water boiling test as compared to grass and rice husk briquettes were observed. Calorific value was found more in cashew shell briquetted fuel as 5154.58 kcal/kg. Net Present Value of cashew shell, grass and rice husk bri- quettes were 1935370.8, 2256434.38 and 631948.8 respectively. Pay back period for cashew shell, grass, rice husk briquettes were 8.1, 7.56 and 29.35 months respectively. Benefit Cost Ratio for cashew shell, grass, and rice husk briquettes were 2.8, 2.93 and 1.51 respectively.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":"28-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83811961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20110101.03
X. Liang, Y. Luy
Non-characteristics harmonics including even and 3 rd harmonics commonly exist in the electrical power sys- tems but in small amount which are usually below IEEE Std 519-1992 limits. However, in some cases significant amount of non-characteristic harmonics might be present in an industrial facility, which could be an indication of unhealthy power systems. Two case studies are performed in this paper. Case study 1 is about an even harmonic issue in a large mining sys- tem, where large 3 rd harmonic currents are also present. Case study 2 is a triplen harmonic issue at the input of multiple variable frequency drives experienced in an oil field distribution system. The root cause for even harmonics in Case 1 is the malfunction of two large rectifiers in the mining facility, while the root cause for 3 rd harmonics in both cases is the vol- tage unbalance issue from the utility side. The two case studies verify that non-characteristic harmonics can serve as an indication for unhealthy power systems. When they are detected in unusually large amounts, an analysis and troubleshoot- ing is always recommended in order to have a stable and reliable operation of electrical power systems.
{"title":"Identification of Unhealthy Power Systems with Non-Charateristic Harmonics","authors":"X. Liang, Y. Luy","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20110101.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20110101.03","url":null,"abstract":"Non-characteristics harmonics including even and 3 rd harmonics commonly exist in the electrical power sys- tems but in small amount which are usually below IEEE Std 519-1992 limits. However, in some cases significant amount of non-characteristic harmonics might be present in an industrial facility, which could be an indication of unhealthy power systems. Two case studies are performed in this paper. Case study 1 is about an even harmonic issue in a large mining sys- tem, where large 3 rd harmonic currents are also present. Case study 2 is a triplen harmonic issue at the input of multiple variable frequency drives experienced in an oil field distribution system. The root cause for even harmonics in Case 1 is the malfunction of two large rectifiers in the mining facility, while the root cause for 3 rd harmonics in both cases is the vol- tage unbalance issue from the utility side. The two case studies verify that non-characteristic harmonics can serve as an indication for unhealthy power systems. When they are detected in unusually large amounts, an analysis and troubleshoot- ing is always recommended in order to have a stable and reliable operation of electrical power systems.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"12-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89769822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJEE.20110101.02
M. Taghikhani
Mineral oil in the power transformer has an important role in the cooling, insulation aging and chemical reactions such as oxidation. Oil temperature increases will cause quality loss. The oil should be regularly control in necessary time. Studies have been done on power transformers oils that are used in different age in Iranian power grid to identify the true relationship between age and other characteristics of power transformer oil. In this paper the first method to estimate the life of power transformer insulation (oil) is based on Arrhenius law. The Arrhenius law can provide loss of power transformer oil quality and estimates remaining life. The second method that is studies to estimate the life of power transformer is the paper insulation life prediction at temperature160°C.
{"title":"Power Transformer Insulation Lifetime Estimation Methods","authors":"M. Taghikhani","doi":"10.5923/J.IJEE.20110101.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJEE.20110101.02","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral oil in the power transformer has an important role in the cooling, insulation aging and chemical reactions such as oxidation. Oil temperature increases will cause quality loss. The oil should be regularly control in necessary time. Studies have been done on power transformers oils that are used in different age in Iranian power grid to identify the true relationship between age and other characteristics of power transformer oil. In this paper the first method to estimate the life of power transformer insulation (oil) is based on Arrhenius law. The Arrhenius law can provide loss of power transformer oil quality and estimates remaining life. The second method that is studies to estimate the life of power transformer is the paper insulation life prediction at temperature160°C.","PeriodicalId":14041,"journal":{"name":"International journal of energy engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"9-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85267045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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