International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry最新文献_第5页

What Is the Association Between Music-Related Leisure Activities and Dementia Risk? A Cohort Study 与音乐相关的休闲活动与痴呆风险之间的关系是什么？一项队列研究。

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-10-14 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70163

Emma Jaffa, Zimu Wu, Alice Owen, Aung Azw Zaw Phyo, Robyn L. Woods, Suzanne G. Orchard, Trevor T.-J. Chong, Raj C. Shah, Anne Murray, Joanne Ryan

Objectives

To determine whether engagement in music-related leisure activities is associated with a reduced risk of dementia and cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND), as well as better cognitive wellbeing in initially cognitively healthy older adults. Here, cognitive wellbeing includes maintaining good cognitive function as well as quality of life. Potential effect modification by education was also investigated.

Methods

This study used secondary data from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study, and the ASPREE Longitudinal Study of Older Persons (ALSOP) sub-study. Included were 10,893 community-dwelling Australian adults who were 70 years and older, without dementia diagnosis at recruitment to the study. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to determine the association between level of music engagement (listening to music, playing an instrument, and a combination of both) and dementia risk from year 3 onwards. Linear mixed models were used to investigate the association with cognitive wellbeing. Analyses adjusted for age, gender and level of education completed.

Results

Always listening to music, compared with never/rarely/sometimes, was associated with a 39% decreased risk of dementia (95% CI = 0.45,0.82, p = 0.001), and a 17% decreased risk of CIND (95% CI = 0.74, 0.92, p = 0.001). Playing an instrument (often/always) was associated with a 35% decreased dementia risk only (95% CI = 0.42,0.99, p = 0.047). Participants who both listened to and played music had a 33% decreased dementia risk (95% CI = 0.51,0.89, p = 0.006) and a 22% decreased CIND risk (95% CI = 0.65,0.92, p = 0.004). Always listening to music was associated with better global cognition and memory over time (p < 0.001, p = 0.004, respectively), but not the other cognitive domains. Engagement in music-related activities was not associated with changes in subjective cognitive wellbeing. In general, findings were stronger in individuals with over 16 years of education.

Conclusion

These results highlight music as a potential promising, accessible strategy to help reduce cognitive impairment and delay the onset of dementia in later life.

目的：确定参与与音乐相关的休闲活动是否与降低痴呆和认知障碍无痴呆（CIND）的风险以及最初认知健康的老年人更好的认知健康有关。在这里，认知健康包括保持良好的认知功能和生活质量。并探讨了教育对潜在效果的影响。方法：本研究使用了阿司匹林减少老年人事件（ASPREE）研究和ASPREE老年人纵向研究（ALSOP）子研究的次要数据。包括10,893名70岁及以上的澳大利亚社区居民，在招募时没有痴呆症诊断。使用Cox比例风险回归模型来确定从3年级开始的音乐参与水平（听音乐，演奏乐器，以及两者的结合）与痴呆风险之间的关系。使用线性混合模型来调查与认知健康的关系。根据年龄、性别和教育水平调整的分析已完成。结果：经常听音乐与从不/很少/有时听音乐相比，痴呆风险降低39% (95% CI = 0.45,0.82, p = 0.001)， CIND风险降低17% （95% CI = 0.74, 0.92, p = 0.001）。演奏乐器（经常/总是）仅与痴呆症风险降低35%相关（95% CI = 0.42,0.99, p = 0.047）。同时听音乐和播放音乐的参与者痴呆风险降低33% (95% CI = 0.51,0.89, p = 0.006)，冠心病风险降低22% （95% CI = 0.65,0.92, p = 0.004）。随着时间的推移，总是听音乐与更好的整体认知和记忆有关(结论：这些结果强调了音乐是一种潜在的有前途的、可实现的策略，有助于减少认知障碍，延缓晚年痴呆症的发作。

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引用次数: 0

Older People Abuse in China: How Can Technologies Help? 中国的老年人虐待：科技如何帮助？

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70161

Zhaohui Su, Xue Yang, Ruijie Zhang, Francis Mungai Kaburu, Chaojun Tong, Dean McDonnell, Barry L. Bentley, Xiang Zou, Jing-Bao Nie, Claudimar Pereira da Veiga, Yu-Tao Xiang

Objectives

Nanny-induced elder abuse is a persistent issue in China. Unlike certified nurses and care workers who undergo extensive evaluation processes, elder-care nannies or “bao mu” often have little to no professional training. Background screening procedures are also highly variable and selective, depending on the specific labour agencies involved. This paper aims to discuss technologies with the potential to detect, prevent, and reduce nanny-induced elder abuse.

Methods

This study reviews existing literature and case reports to explore how digital technologies—such as surveillance cameras and smart wearables—have been used to uncover and monitor elder abuse in home care settings. It also examines policy gaps and technological interventions relevant to the Chinese context.

Results

Recent discoveries of elder abuse in China—including verbal, physical, psychological, financial, and sexual abuse—have primarily come to light through the use of digital surveillance. Smart technologies, from home-care robots to network monitoring systems, have all demonstrated potential in alerting families and caregivers to abnormal and abusive behaviors by hired care professionals like nannies. However, while surveillance technologies can play an important role in detecting and documenting elder abuse by nannies, they are regarded as limited technical aids rather than comprehensive solutions. Overreliance on monitoring devices may generate a series of ethical and social concerns.

Conclusions

While systemic reforms like mandatory training and evaluation procedures may take time to implement, technological solutions such as surveillance and wearable monitoring offer relatively cost-effective, immediate tools to address elder abuse. However, ethical considerations—particularly regarding privacy and data security—must be rigorously upheld to protect older people’s digital health rights.

目的：保姆导致的虐待老人在中国是一个长期存在的问题。与经过广泛评估程序的持证护士和护工不同，老年护理保姆或“保母”通常几乎没有接受过专业培训。背景审查程序也有很大的变数和选择性，视所涉及的具体劳务机构而定。本文旨在讨论具有检测，预防和减少保姆引起的老年人虐待潜力的技术。方法：本研究回顾了现有文献和案例报告，以探索如何使用数字技术（如监控摄像头和智能可穿戴设备）来发现和监测家庭护理环境中的虐待老人行为。它还研究了与中国环境相关的政策差距和技术干预措施。结果：最近在中国发现的虐待老年人的行为，包括语言、身体、心理、经济和性虐待，主要是通过使用数字监控来曝光的。从家庭护理机器人到网络监控系统，智能技术在提醒家庭和照顾者注意保姆等雇佣的专业护理人员的异常和虐待行为方面都显示出了潜力。然而，尽管监测技术可以在发现和记录保姆虐待老人行为方面发挥重要作用，但它们被视为有限的技术援助，而不是全面的解决办法。过度依赖监控设备可能会产生一系列道德和社会问题。结论：虽然强制性培训和评估程序等系统性改革可能需要时间来实施，但监测和可穿戴式监测等技术解决方案为解决虐待老年人问题提供了相对具有成本效益的即时工具。然而，必须严格遵守伦理考虑，特别是关于隐私和数据安全的考虑，以保护老年人的数字健康权利。

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引用次数: 0

Childhood Adversity and Cognitive Function Across Physical-Mental-Cognitive Health Trajectories: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Chinese Older Adults 童年逆境与认知功能的生理-心理-认知健康轨迹：中国老年人10年的纵向研究

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70162

Yin Wang, Jiazhou Yu, Yiqiong Yang, Shanquan Chen

Background

Cognitive decline commonly co-occurs with dynamic physical and mental health changes in older adults. While early-life adversity has been linked to various later-life health outcomes, its relationship with cognitive function considering different health trajectories remains unclear.

Objectives

To identify distinct clusters of physical-mental-cognitive health trajectories among Chinese older adults and to examine the association between childhood adversities and cognitive function across these trajectories.

Methods

Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2020), we included 6178 adults aged ≥ 60 years. Latent Class Growth Modeling was used to identify trajectory patterns of functional limitations, depressive symptoms, and cognitive function. Mixed linear models examined associations between childhood adversities and cognitive function overall and across different identified trajectory patterns.

Results

Four distinct trajectory classes were identified: healthy individuals (59.8%), rapid cognitive decline with gradual physical-mental decline (16.5%), mild cognitive decline with physical-mental improvement (14.4%), and moderate cognitive decline with rapid physical and moderate mental decline (9.4%). Experience of multiple childhood adversities was significantly associated with lower cognitive function (β = −0.36, 95% CI [−0.58, −0.14]), independent of adulthood factors and consistent across various trajectory patterns. Among individuals showing rapid cognitive decline with gradual physical-mental deterioration, experiencing two childhood adversities predicted lower cognitive function (β = −0.88, 95% CI [−1.62, −0.14]).

Conclusion

Childhood adversities are associated with cognitive impairment regardless of physical-mental-cognitive health trajectories in older Chinese adults. These findings highlight the long-term impact of early-life experiences on cognitive health in later life.

背景：老年人认知能力下降通常与动态身心健康变化同时发生。虽然早年的逆境与晚年的各种健康结果有关，但考虑到不同的健康轨迹，它与认知功能的关系尚不清楚。目的：确定中国老年人身体-心理-认知健康轨迹的不同集群，并研究童年逆境与这些轨迹中的认知功能之间的关系。方法：使用中国健康与退休纵向研究（2011-2020）的数据，纳入6178名年龄≥60岁的成年人。潜在类别增长模型用于识别功能限制、抑郁症状和认知功能的轨迹模式。混合线性模型研究了童年逆境与认知功能之间的联系，并跨越了不同的确定轨迹模式。结果：健康个体（59.8%）、认知能力快速下降伴身心逐渐下降（16.5%）、认知能力轻度下降伴身心改善（14.4%）、认知能力中度下降伴身心快速下降（9.4%）。童年时期的多重逆境经历与认知功能低下显著相关（β = -0.36, 95% CI[-0.58, -0.14]），独立于成年期因素，在各种轨迹模式中是一致的。在认知能力迅速下降并逐渐出现身心退化的个体中，经历两次童年逆境的个体预测认知功能下降（β = -0.88, 95% CI[-1.62, -0.14]）。结论：在中国老年人中，童年逆境与认知障碍有关，与身心认知健康轨迹无关。这些发现强调了早期生活经历对晚年认知健康的长期影响。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond Memory: Why Aesthetic Wellbeing Matters in Dementia Care 超越记忆：为什么审美健康在痴呆症护理中很重要

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70167

Jeff Clyde G. Corpuz

引用次数: 0

Prevalence of Chronic Diseases by Cognitive Function Level and Age Group Among Middle-Aged and Older Korean Adults 韩国中老年人慢性疾病的认知功能水平和年龄组

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-09-25 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70159

Sanghun Nam, Sojung Park, Suyeong Bae, Ickpyo Hong

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the age-dependent association between new cognitive classification and chronic diseases among middle-aged and older adults using Poisson regression analysis.

Methods

We included 6940 people from the 2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging. Cognitive status was classified as normal, moderate, and severe based on the participants' Korean Mini-Mental State Examination scores and instrumental activities of daily living. Poisson regression analysis was performed to predict the number of chronic diseases in middle-aged and older adults with grade three cognitive status. The number of predicted events at each cognitive level was calculated according to age.

Results

In the normal cognitive group, most of the participants were females 2515 (54.03), and the average age was 66.50 (SD = 8.62). Compared to the normal cognitive group (n = 4665), the incidence of chronic disease in the moderate cognitive impairment group (n = 1316) was 0.07 times that of the normal group, whereas, in the severe cognitive impairment group (n = 420), it was 0.21 times that of the normal group.

Conclusions

Higher levels of cognitive impairment and older age were associated with a higher probability of having multiple chronic conditions. The study findings highlight the importance of integrative care with cognitive function and age in managing multiple chronic conditions.

目的应用泊松回归分析探讨中老年人新认知分类与慢性疾病之间的年龄依赖性关系。方法：我们纳入了2018年韩国老龄化纵向研究的6940人。根据受试者的韩国精神状态测试分数和日常生活工具活动将认知状态分为正常、中度和重度。采用泊松回归分析预测三级认知状态的中老年人群中慢性疾病的数量。在每个认知水平预测事件的数量是根据年龄计算的。结果正常认知组以女性2515人（54.03人）居多，平均年龄66.50岁（SD = 8.62）。与正常认知组（n = 4665）相比，中度认知障碍组（n = 1316）的慢性疾病发生率是正常组的0.07倍，重度认知障碍组（n = 420）是正常组的0.21倍。结论：认知障碍水平越高，年龄越大，患多种慢性疾病的可能性越大。该研究结果强调了认知功能和年龄在治疗多种慢性疾病中的综合护理的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Relationship Between Clusters of Multimorbidity and Dementia Risk: A Systematic Review 多病群集与痴呆风险之间的关系：一项系统综述。

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70158

Tiago Wiesner, Paula Grammatikos, Veerle van Gils, Sarah Bauermeister

Objectives

Emerging evidence demonstrates that multimorbidity, defined as the co-occurrence of at least two chronic conditions, may elevate the risk of dementia especially when certain conditions co-occur. Therefore, we investigated the available evidence on the relationship between clusters of multimorbidity and dementia risk in adults.

Methods

Embase, PsycINFO, and Ovid MEDLINE were searched until the ninth of February 2025. Included studies reported dementia risk or incidence in adult populations in relation to different clusters of multimorbidity. A narrative synthesis was structured according to the identified clusters across studies, their associations with dementia risk, and any moderation or stratification analyses for APOE ε4 allele carriership and C-reactive protein (CRP), among others. The Quality In Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool was used for quality assessment.

Results

Of the 870 abstracts screened, 7 were included in the final synthesis. Significant relationships between clusters of multimorbidity and an elevated risk of dementia were identified in all studies. The most consistent findings related to cardiometabolic and mental health/neuropsychiatric clusters evidencing the highest dementia risk. Other multimorbidity clusters were less well studied and results regarding dementia risk varied across studies. Moderation and stratification analyses for APOE ε4 and CRP, where available, yielded inconsistent findings.

Conclusion

This systematic review highlights the importance of understanding multimorbidity clusters for early identification of dementia risk and targeted treatment approaches. Further research is required to explore relationships between multimorbidity clusters and dementia risk across different ethnic groups as well as the potential moderating role of lifestyle factors.

目的：新出现的证据表明，多病，定义为至少两种慢性疾病的同时发生，可能会增加痴呆的风险，特别是当某些疾病同时发生时。因此，我们调查了成人多重发病群与痴呆风险之间关系的现有证据。方法：检索Embase、PsycINFO、Ovid MEDLINE至2025年2月9日。纳入的研究报告了痴呆风险或发病率在成人人群中与不同的多病集群有关。根据研究中确定的聚类、它们与痴呆风险的关联、APOE ε4等位基因携带和c反应蛋白（CRP）等的任何调节或分层分析，构建叙事综合。预后质量研究（QUIPS）工具用于质量评估。结果：筛选的870篇摘要中，有7篇被纳入最终合成。在所有的研究中都发现了多病群集与痴呆风险升高之间的显著关系。最一致的发现与心脏代谢和心理健康/神经精神集群相关，证明痴呆风险最高。其他多病集群的研究较少，关于痴呆风险的结果在不同的研究中有所不同。APOE ε4和CRP的适度和分层分析，在可用的情况下，得出了不一致的结果。结论：本系统综述强调了了解多发病集群对早期识别痴呆风险和有针对性的治疗方法的重要性。需要进一步的研究来探索不同种族的多病集群与痴呆风险之间的关系，以及生活方式因素的潜在调节作用。

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引用次数: 0

Professionals' Views on Social Care Planning and Provision for People With Young-Onset Dementia and Their Families in England: Findings From the DYNAMIC Study 专业人士对英国早发性痴呆患者及其家庭的社会关怀规划和提供的看法：来自DYNAMIC研究的结果。

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70155

Catherine Quinn, Helen Young, Vasileios Stamou, Kate Gridley, Clare Mason, Jan Oyebode

Objectives

Access to appropriate social care post-diagnosis is crucial for people with young onset dementia (YOD) and their families. Yet care is hugely variable, frequently lacking, and poorly coordinated. We aimed to establish levels of awareness, knowledge, and practice among professionals regarding social care provision for people with YOD.

Methods

A short survey (24 items) was developed based on previous research and through consultation with experts by experience and the project steering group. The aim was to establish awareness, knowledge, and practice among professionals regarding social care needs, care planning, and provision for people YOD. The survey was available online.

Results

There were 139 responses from health and social care professionals. A wide range of situations triggered referrals to social care, illustrating the holistic impact of YOD. However, most referrals were triggered by crises rather than a proactive approach and were in response to carers' needs rather than those of the person with YOD. Referrals for advice and guidance around financial impacts were common. Most respondents reported there was no agreed care pathway and no YOD-specific guidelines in their service. Areas of good practice in social care provision included: person-centred and reablement based approaches; multi-disciplinary and multi-agency working; support from peers and the third sector; seamless care pathways and dedicated YOD services; support for carers; and personal budgets.

Conclusions

Staff need accurate knowledge and awareness of specific YOD-related issues to provide effective social care for those with YOD and their families. The current system tends to be reactive at point of crisis, whereas proactive planning and provision could pre-empt crises and provide more effective support. YOD-specific care pathways and guidance are needed to improve social care for this population.

目的：诊断后获得适当的社会护理对年轻发性痴呆（YOD）患者及其家庭至关重要。然而，护理的变化很大，经常缺乏，而且协调不力。我们的目标是在专业人士中建立对YOD患者社会护理的认识、知识和实践水平。方法：在前人研究的基础上，通过与经验专家和项目指导小组的协商，制定了一个简短的问卷调查（24项）。目的是在专业人员中建立关于社会护理需求、护理计划和为老年患者提供服务的意识、知识和实践。该调查可在网上获得。结果：共收到139份来自卫生和社会保健专业人员的回复。各种各样的情况引发了社会关怀的转介，说明了YOD的整体影响。然而，大多数转介是由危机触发的，而不是主动的方法，是对护理人员的需求的回应，而不是对YOD患者的需求的回应。关于财务影响的建议和指导的转介是常见的。大多数受访者报告说，在他们的服务中没有商定的护理途径，也没有针对yod的指导方针。提供社会护理的良好做法领域包括：以人为本和以治疗为基础的方法；多学科、多机构工作；业界及第三界别的支持；无缝的护理途径和专门的YOD服务；对护理人员的支持；还有个人预算。结论：工作人员需要对YOD相关的具体问题有准确的认识和意识，才能为YOD患者及其家属提供有效的社会关怀。目前的制度往往是在危机发生时作出反应，而积极的规划和提供可以预防危机并提供更有效的支助。需要针对青少年的护理途径和指导来改善对这一人群的社会护理。

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引用次数: 0

Eliminating Inequity in Depressive Disorders for Older Adults: Call for Action 消除老年人抑郁症的不公平：呼吁采取行动

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70148

Bingyi Wang, Shizhou Deng, Liwei Wan, Xian Zhang, Fang Yang

引用次数: 0

Climate-Induced Heat and the Mental Health of Older Adults: An Overlooked Challenge 气候诱发的高温和老年人的心理健康：一个被忽视的挑战

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70157

John Jamir Benzon R. Aruta

引用次数: 0

Rapid Review of Interventions Designed to Enhance Personalised Care for People With Dementia When There Are Concerns About Reduced Awareness of Difficulties 当人们担心对困难的认识降低时，旨在加强对痴呆症患者个性化护理的干预措施的快速回顾

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1002/gps.70153

Catherine M. Alexander, Hannah Earle, Anthony Martyr, Linda Clare

Objectives

Awareness of difficulties varies in people with dementia. Low awareness, also termed anosognosia, has been implicated in carer stress and safety concerns, and can be a barrier to effective clinical communication. Little is known about how to manage situations arising from low awareness. This review looked for evidence of existing interventions to enhance care in situations regarding low awareness, and considered their utility, feasibility and acceptability when delivering personalised care.

Methods

We used systematic review methodology, adapted for a rapid timeline, searching five databases and grey literature sources. The review built on an earlier scoping review about measuring awareness in dementia. The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024626367). Interventions were included if targeted at people with any dementia type in any setting, or dyads or informal carers, or clinicians. Interventions of any type were eligible where awareness had been measured and addressed, and quantitative outcome data were available. Risk of bias of included articles was assessed. The review is reported as a narrative synthesis.

Results

From the database search, 6042 articles were screened, with additional findings from grey literature. Seven articles were included, describing heterogenous interventions. Two interventions aimed to enhance awareness as the primary goal. No intervention was aimed at informal carers or clinicians, and none addressed specific everyday concerns arising from low awareness. Five non-pharmacological interventions used methods involving music, a garden, a cognitive programme, interview-based psychosocial approaches or staff training. These appeared generally acceptable to care recipients, with some feasibility of use, but with limited efficacy. Intervention goals regarding awareness were poorly defined. Outcomes on awareness were mixed in comparison with control groups, with slowing of decline at best. Some improvement in mood, quality of life and coping was observed. Two drug interventions showed a reduction in neuropsychiatric symptoms but limited utility regarding awareness. Available public guidance about awareness issues is relevant but lacks a clear evidence-base.

Conclusions

The review identified evidence gaps for suitable interventions for managing low awareness in dementia. Existing interventions have limited efficacy and application regarding awareness. There is scope for fu

痴呆症患者对困难的认识各不相同。低意识，也被称为病感失认症，与护理人员压力和安全问题有关，并可能成为有效临床沟通的障碍。人们对如何管理由于意识不足而产生的情况知之甚少。本综述寻找现有干预措施的证据，以提高在低意识情况下的护理，并考虑其效用，可行性和可接受性提供个性化护理。方法采用系统综述方法，对5个数据库和灰色文献资源进行检索。该综述建立在早期关于测量痴呆症意识的范围综述的基础上。该协议在PROSPERO上注册（CRD42024626367）。干预措施包括针对任何环境中任何类型的痴呆症患者、双性恋者、非正式护理人员或临床医生。任何类型的干预措施都是合格的，只要已经测量和处理了意识，并且可以获得定量的结果数据。评估纳入文章的偏倚风险。这篇综述是作为一篇叙述性综合报道。结果从数据库检索中，筛选了6042篇文章，另外的发现来自灰色文献。纳入了7篇描述异质性干预措施的文章。两项干预措施的主要目标是提高认识。没有针对非正式护理人员或临床医生的干预措施，也没有针对由低意识引起的具体日常问题。五种非药物干预方法涉及音乐、花园、认知项目、基于访谈的社会心理方法或工作人员培训。这些似乎普遍接受的护理对象，有一定的可行性使用，但效力有限。关于意识的干预目标定义不清。与对照组相比，意识的结果好坏参半，最多只能减缓下降。观察到情绪、生活质量和应对能力有所改善。两种药物干预显示神经精神症状减轻，但对意识的效用有限。现有的关于意识问题的公共指导是相关的，但缺乏明确的证据基础。结论：本综述确定了管理痴呆低意识的适当干预措施的证据差距。现有的干预措施在提高意识方面的效果和应用有限。在这一领域有进一步干预发展的余地。

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引用次数: 0

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