International Journal of Nanomedicine最新文献

Purpose: This study aims to develop a therapeutic agent that accelerates the healing of chronic diabetic wounds by harnessing the highly efficient enzyme-mimicking activity of platinum nanozymes, and to elucidate its underlying mechanisms, thereby offering new insights for the treatment of diabetic wounds.

Methods: SHA-PtNPs were synthesized using sodium hyaluronate (SHA) as the carrier, and their structural features were characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS and FTIR. The composite was then applied to evaluate wound-healing efficacy in diabetic mice. Furthermore, H&E staining, immunofluorescence staining, and other analyses were employed to investigate its underlying mechanisms in promoting wound repair.

Results: The results revealed that SHA-PtNPs significantly accelerated wound closure through multiple mechanisms: (1) effective suppression of inflammatory responses and related cytokine production; (2) promotion of TGF-β1 secretion and upregulation of CD31 and α-SMA expression, thereby enhancing angiogenesis and tissue contraction; and (3) induction of macrophage polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to the pro-healing M2 phenotype.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that SHA-PtNPs, as a nanozyme-based material, hold great potential as an efficient therapeutic agent for diabetic wound healing, demonstrating a synergistic mechanism that integrates ROS regulation with immune microenvironment modulation.

Background: Precise detection of HER2-positive breast cancer is vital for targeted therapy. This study integrates HER2-specific DNA aptamers with fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNPs) to develop a targeted imaging probe.

Methods: HER2 aptamer-conjugated FSNPs (HApt-FSNPs) were synthesized and characterized. Specificity was evaluated in HER2-positive/negative cells and tumor sections via flow cytometry and microscopy. Targeting efficacy and biodistribution were assessed in tumor-bearing mice through systemic injection and real-time fluorescence imaging. Photostability and biosafety were systematically examined.

Results: HApt-FSNPs showed uniform size, excellent dispersity, and enhanced photostability. They selectively bound HER2-positive cells and tumor tissues, with binding effectively blocked by free aptamer. In vivo imaging revealed specific accumulation in HER2-positive tumors, peaking at 6 hours post-injection, with minimal off-target signals. The probe demonstrated good biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion: The HApt-FSNP platform enables specific detection and in vivo imaging of HER2-positive breast cancer, highlighting its potential for diagnostic and bioimaging applications.

Lymphoma is a heterogeneous malignant proliferative disease of lymphocytes, with characteristics of liquid tumor and solid tumor. With the emergence of targeted drugs, monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and CAR-T therapy, the treatment landscape for lymphoma has been transformed. However, these therapies also possess limitations such as short plasma circulation time, low bioavailability, the development of drug resistance, and dose-dependent toxicity. With the advancement of nanotechnology, nanotech-based targeted delivery systems enable tumor-specific targeting and reduce off-target toxicity. Nano-immunotherapeutic systems, such as nanobody-based CAR-T therapy and mRNA-LNP nanovaccines, address limitations like drug resistance and relapse caused by antigen escape, inducing long-term anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, smart designs responsive to the tumor microenvironment (TME) can significantly enhance drug accumulation and release efficiency at the lesion site. Innovative nanotech-based therapies are progressively transitioning from the laboratory to the clinic. By designing targeted nanocarriers, nano-immunotherapies, and TME-responsive intelligent nanotherapeutic platforms, targeted delivery of anti-lymphoma drugs can be achieved, enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity. Simultaneously, these platforms can integrate multiple therapeutic modalities (such as chemodynamic therapy, immunomodulation, and gene silencing) to achieve synergistic and enhanced anti-lymphoma effects, offering new paradigms for lymphoma treatment.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide, characterised by late-stage diagnosis, high recurrence rates, and limited responsiveness to conventional therapeutic strategies. Despite advancements in surgical interventions, locoregional therapies, and targeted drugs, survival outcomes remain unsatisfactory due to systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and tumour heterogeneity. In this context, nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted considerable interest, particularly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), owing to their unique physicochemical properties and multifaceted biological activity. AgNPs demonstrate distinct anticancer effects in hepatic cancer models through mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and activation of apoptosis-related signalling pathways. Additionally, advances in green and biogenic synthesis methods have improved the biocompatibility and safety profile of AgNPs, enhancing their suitability for biomedical applications. Tumour-targeting strategies, including passive accumulation via the enhanced permeability and retention effect and active ligand-mediated targeting, further improve therapeutic selectivity in HCC. The emerging evidence also highlights the potential of AgNP-based systems in combination therapies and stimuli-responsive platforms to overcome therapeutic resistance. However, despite their promising anticancer activity, AgNPs exhibit dose-dependent toxicity profiles characterised by hepatic accumulation, oxidative stress induction, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory cytokine release, and potential off-target organ deposition, particularly in the liver, spleen, and kidneys. Silver ion (Ag⁺) release kinetics, particle size, surface chemistry, and repeated exposure significantly influence systemic toxicity. While short-term studies often report tolerable safety margins at therapeutic concentrations, concerns regarding chronic accumulation, redox imbalance, immunotoxicity, and long-term hepatic injury remain incompletely resolved. Therefore, comprehensive pharmacokinetic evaluation and standardised toxicological profiling are essential for safe clinical translation. In this review, silver nanoparticles represent a promising yet safety-dependent nanoplatform for hepatic cancer therapy, warranting further investigation to facilitate their integration into future HCC treatment paradigms.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S334331.].

Traditional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy remain effective but lack specificity, often causing collateral damage to healthy tissues. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been developed to achieve advanced targeted delivery; however, preclinical and pharmacokinetic studies have indicated that factors such as large size, complex conjugation processes, high production cost, and immunogenicity can limit tumor penetration, pharmacokinetics, and broader translational applicability. Nanobodies (Nbs), or single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) derived from camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (HCAbs), represent a promising alternative with smaller size, high aqueous solubility, stability, refolding capacity, and low immunogenicity. Preclinical studies have shown that Nbs retain high affinity and specificity while providing improved access to hidden epitopes on target antigens compared to conventional antibodies. These unique features have supported the development of Nb-drug conjugates (NDCs), which have been evaluated for the selective delivery of cytotoxic drugs to antigen-expressing cancer cells in vitro and in animal models, demonstrating improved target specificity. Furthermore, Nb-attached drug delivery vehicles (NDvs) functionalized with nanoscale carriers, such as liposomes, dendrimer-based nanoparticles, upconversion nanoparticles, and polymeric micelles, have expanded the scope of Nb-based drug delivery systems. This review summarizes the current progress in Nb-mediated drug delivery, compares different strategies, and discusses their translational potential in cancer therapy, highlighting opportunities and limitations based on available experimental data.

During the past few years, the development of innovative hydrogels for biomedical applications has undergone significant advancements. Among the diverse classes of soft biomaterials, carbohydrate-based hydrogels have attracted particular attention due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high versatility in chemical modification. Their structural diversity enables finely tunable biological interactions, and recent approaches increasingly focus on receptor-mediated targeting to improve cellular recognition and therapeutic precision. These properties position carbohydrate-based hydrogels as promising platforms in three major application areas: drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. In addition, their high water-retention capacity supports favourable healing environments and allows sustained drug release, while their natural origin helps reduce production costs and environmental impact. Despite these advantages, important challenges remain-such as achieving controlled degradation, ensuring long-term mechanical stability, and balancing bioactivity with safety-to fully exploit their clinical potential. To better align with emerging trends, this review also highlights recent advancements involving the integration of carbohydrate-based hydrogels with smart materials and nanocomposites, which are expected to further enhance their performance and expand their biomedical applications. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of current progress in carbohydrate-based hydrogels, emphasizing their bio-interactions, existing limitations, and future directions in this rapidly evolving field.

Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria remain a major challenge for global public health. Rapid and accurate pathogen identification, as well as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) analysis, are crucial for the timely control and treatment of infectious diseases. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an analytical technique that combines Raman spectroscopy with the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect of nanomaterials, featuring rapidity, non-destructiveness, high sensitivity, and specificity. This demonstrates significant potential for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. This article primarily expounds on the application of SERS in the detection of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and AMR; explores the use of multi-modal innovative technologies integrating SERS with nanotechnology, microfluidics, and deep learning in pathogen identification and AMR analysis; and discusses the challenges and prospects for clinical translation of SERS.

Purpose: This study aims to explore the effects of graphene oxide (GO) particles on the RepSox-mediated transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into mammary epithelial cells.

Methods: GO was synthesized using the Hummers method, and its structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Its biocompatibility was verified through CCK - 8 and EdU assays. The effects of the GO/RepSox composite system on the transdifferentiation process of fibroblasts and the potential regulatory mechanisms were comprehensively evaluated using morphological observation, immunofluorescent staining, Western blot analysis, real - time quantitative PCR (qRT - PCR), and RNA sequencing techniques.

Results: The synthesized GO not only had good biocompatibility but also promoted cell proliferation. GO significantly improved the efficiency of RepSox-mediated transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into mammary epithelial cells and enhanced the lactation function of mammary epithelial cells. Mechanistically, GO may create favorable conditions for transdifferentiation by coordinately regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism (the ATP level was significantly increased in the R + GO group) and cell cycle progression (the proportion of cells in the G1 phase was significantly increased).

Conclusion: This study first elucidates the regulatory role of GO in cell fate determination and provides innovative research ideas and experimental evidence for the application of nanomaterials in cell reprogramming and transdifferentiation.

In oral infectious diseases, recalcitrant biofilms, escalating antibiotic resistance, and limitations of local drug delivery within complex anatomical microenvironments necessitate innovative strategies for effective and precise therapy. Among magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), iron oxide-based nanoparticles (IONPs) have attracted considerable attention in the management of oral infectious diseases because of their unique physicochemical features, including magnetic responsiveness, tunable morphology, and favorable biocompatibility. These properties enable MNPs to exert multimodal antibacterial effects, such as biofilm disruption, magnetothermal therapy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated bactericidal activity, thereby allowing them to adaptively target and act within the anatomically constrained, biofilm-rich infection sites of the oral cavity. Recent advances have further explored their applications in caries, endodontic and periapical infections, periodontitis, peri-implantitis, and osteomyelitis of the jaw, highlighting their potential to overcome the limitations of conventional antibiotics. MNPs also enable rapid detection of oral pathogens via magnetic enrichment and point-of-care platforms, complementing their therapeutic potential. Key challenges include complex oral microenvironment interference, uncertain long-term biocompatibility, and obstacles to clinical translation. Future directions focus on omics-guided optimization, theranostic platforms integrating imaging and targeted therapy, and microbiota-modulating strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the antibacterial mechanisms, therapeutic applications, and emerging multifunctional platforms of MNPs in oral infection control, while highlighting their translational potential and supporting their advancement toward safe and effective clinical applications.