A. Arnaiz-Villena, José Palacio-Gruber, E. Muñiz, C. Campos, Javier Alonso-Rubio, E. Gomez-Casado, D. Cruz-Robles, M. Martín-Villa, C. Silvera
Our aim is to study the HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 gene frequencies in the Chimila Amerindian (Colombia) ethnic group. Results are compared with other World populations in order to obtain information about Chimila and Amerindian Health promotion, Amerindian origins and America peopling. Written consent was obtained from Chimila subjects to be included in this study. Peripheral blood was drawn and HLA DNA genotyping was carried out by standard methods. Analyses of Chimila relatedness with other Amerindians and worldwide populations was performed with a standard NJ dendrogram and correspondence analyses methodology. Chimila HLA gene profile showed to be related to that of other Amerindians groups. New complete HLA extended haplotypes were obtained. Some of them are described for the first time. Also, specific genealogical comparisons were done between Chimila Amerindians and Pacific Islanders by using specific HLA alleles. Our conclusions are: 1) These new data and HLA extended haplotypes are useful for present and future Chimila Preventive Medicine (HLA linked diseases), HLA Pharmacogenomics and transplantation regional programs, 2) Classical accepted origin of America peopling should be revised: Pacific (Asian and Austronesian) and Atlantic (European) populations gene exchange may have occurred before 1492 AD. This is confirmed by our present studies using HLA autosomic genetic markers. 3) Genetic HLA Amerindian profile is separated from that of other World populations. Keywords : America peopling, Amerindians, Anthropology, Chimila, Epidemiology, HLA and Transplantation.
{"title":"HLA genes in Chimila Amerindians (Colombia), the Peopling of America and Medical implications","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, José Palacio-Gruber, E. Muñiz, C. Campos, Javier Alonso-Rubio, E. Gomez-Casado, D. Cruz-Robles, M. Martín-Villa, C. Silvera","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I9.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I9.6","url":null,"abstract":"Our aim is to study the HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1 and -DQB1 gene frequencies in the Chimila Amerindian (Colombia) ethnic group. Results are compared with other World populations in order to obtain information about Chimila and Amerindian Health promotion, Amerindian origins and America peopling. Written consent was obtained from Chimila subjects to be included in this study. Peripheral blood was drawn and HLA DNA genotyping was carried out by standard methods. Analyses of Chimila relatedness with other Amerindians and worldwide populations was performed with a standard NJ dendrogram and correspondence analyses methodology. Chimila HLA gene profile showed to be related to that of other Amerindians groups. New complete HLA extended haplotypes were obtained. Some of them are described for the first time. Also, specific genealogical comparisons were done between Chimila Amerindians and Pacific Islanders by using specific HLA alleles. Our conclusions are: 1) These new data and HLA extended haplotypes are useful for present and future Chimila Preventive Medicine (HLA linked diseases), HLA Pharmacogenomics and transplantation regional programs, 2) Classical accepted origin of America peopling should be revised: Pacific (Asian and Austronesian) and Atlantic (European) populations gene exchange may have occurred before 1492 AD. This is confirmed by our present studies using HLA autosomic genetic markers. 3) Genetic HLA Amerindian profile is separated from that of other World populations. Keywords : America peopling, Amerindians, Anthropology, Chimila, Epidemiology, HLA and Transplantation.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"18 1","pages":"91-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70538526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Somayyeh Samehsalari, K. Reddy, Koohyar Mohsenpour
The present study was attempted to obtain the occurrence total and absolute finger ridge counts from 102 unrelated Christian populations (60 males and 42 females) of Mysore city, Karnataka state of India. Data were collected by biometric scanner (USB finger print reader). The mean values of Total finger ridge count and Absolute finger ridge count were higher among the males than females, with sex difference significant ,they were compared with several previous studies on different endogamous population the mean values of total finger ridge count of our study were more similar to Naga people of Mysore. Keywords : finger Ridge count, Christian population, Mysore
{"title":"The incidence of finger ridge counts among the christian population of Mysore, India","authors":"Somayyeh Samehsalari, K. Reddy, Koohyar Mohsenpour","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I9.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I9.4","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was attempted to obtain the occurrence total and absolute finger ridge counts from 102 unrelated Christian populations (60 males and 42 females) of Mysore city, Karnataka state of India. Data were collected by biometric scanner (USB finger print reader). The mean values of Total finger ridge count and Absolute finger ridge count were higher among the males than females, with sex difference significant ,they were compared with several previous studies on different endogamous population the mean values of total finger ridge count of our study were more similar to Naga people of Mysore. Keywords : finger Ridge count, Christian population, Mysore","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"66-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70538466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Recio, E. Muñiz, José Palacio-Gruber, J. Martinez-Laso, E. Gomez-Casado, M. Martín-Villa, N. Martinez-Quiles, C. Campos, A. Arnaiz-Villena
Nineteen different new MHC-DMB complete cDNA sequences have been obtained in thirteen different individuals belonging to the following primate species/families: Hylobates lar, Papio hamadryas, Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, Cercopithecus aethiops and Saguinus oedipus . Exonic allelism has been recorded all along the DM molecule domains and analyses of the critical residues in the conformation of the MHC-DR peptide-binding site were done; it was found an evolutionary pressure over the putative peptide-binding region of the DMB molecule that favours synonymous changes. These results are in contrast with the ones found in the MHC class I and class II genes, where non-synonymous DNA base substitutions are favoured The immunoreceptor inhibition motif Tyr230-X231-X232-Leu233 (ITIM) is invariantly present in all extant studied primates since 40 million years ago. It confirms the important function for this molecule, directing DR molecules towards the endosomal/ lysosomal class II compartment and sending inhibitory signals to cells in order to stop synthesis of unnecessary MHC-DR molecules. Some Macaca individuals DMB molecules (appear on Earth more than ten million years ago) dobear both short (without ITIM) and long cytoplasmic tails (with ITIM), similarly to what has been found in human individuals. These differences may have important functional implications. Other molecules, like NK-cell receptors and Fc receptors, bear this type of tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs in order to switch off specific cell functions. MHC-DMB variations occurring within each species suggest that their polymorphism may have an intraspecific evolution, since alleles of the same species cluster together, as it occurs in other MHC related genes (Bf, C4d). Other MHC class I and class II molecules, phylogenetic trees show a trans-species pattern of evolution. Finally, a cluster grouping human and gorilla DMB cDNA sequences is obtained using a dendrogram (for the MHC genes, i.e.: C4d trees); this is in contrast to others' results that obtain a human/chimpanzee cluster using different DNA sequences. Keywords: MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex), MHC-DMB, HLA-DMB, primates, evolution, ITIM, MHC Class II metabolism, gibbon, macaque, New World Monkeys.
{"title":"Major Histocompatibility complex-DMB allelic diversity in old and new world nonhuman primates: Intraspecies pattern of evolution","authors":"M. Recio, E. Muñiz, José Palacio-Gruber, J. Martinez-Laso, E. Gomez-Casado, M. Martín-Villa, N. Martinez-Quiles, C. Campos, A. Arnaiz-Villena","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I8.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I8.2","url":null,"abstract":"Nineteen different new MHC-DMB complete cDNA sequences have been obtained in thirteen different individuals belonging to the following primate species/families: Hylobates lar, Papio hamadryas, Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, Cercopithecus aethiops and Saguinus oedipus . Exonic allelism has been recorded all along the DM molecule domains and analyses of the critical residues in the conformation of the MHC-DR peptide-binding site were done; it was found an evolutionary pressure over the putative peptide-binding region of the DMB molecule that favours synonymous changes. These results are in contrast with the ones found in the MHC class I and class II genes, where non-synonymous DNA base substitutions are favoured The immunoreceptor inhibition motif Tyr230-X231-X232-Leu233 (ITIM) is invariantly present in all extant studied primates since 40 million years ago. It confirms the important function for this molecule, directing DR molecules towards the endosomal/ lysosomal class II compartment and sending inhibitory signals to cells in order to stop synthesis of unnecessary MHC-DR molecules. Some Macaca individuals DMB molecules (appear on Earth more than ten million years ago) dobear both short (without ITIM) and long cytoplasmic tails (with ITIM), similarly to what has been found in human individuals. These differences may have important functional implications. Other molecules, like NK-cell receptors and Fc receptors, bear this type of tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs in order to switch off specific cell functions. MHC-DMB variations occurring within each species suggest that their polymorphism may have an intraspecific evolution, since alleles of the same species cluster together, as it occurs in other MHC related genes (Bf, C4d). Other MHC class I and class II molecules, phylogenetic trees show a trans-species pattern of evolution. Finally, a cluster grouping human and gorilla DMB cDNA sequences is obtained using a dendrogram (for the MHC genes, i.e.: C4d trees); this is in contrast to others' results that obtain a human/chimpanzee cluster using different DNA sequences. Keywords: MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex), MHC-DMB, HLA-DMB, primates, evolution, ITIM, MHC Class II metabolism, gibbon, macaque, New World Monkeys.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"25-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V1I8.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70538225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Among conclusions deduced from my recent deep study of holy Qur’an verses related to the topic of man creation, the man creation had begun a very long period of time before his emergence. It had begun with the creation of his earthy and clayey nature in clay. Very likely “his earthy and clayey nature” means the basic structures of his bio-molecules that, common to all living beings, are formed from elements (ions) present in soil and clay. Thus the objective of the creation of living beings is to reach that of humans. In the present paper I will show that this conclusion is not in discordance with science. In fact, I present a synthesis of dispersed published data and new complementary insights for showing how montmorillonite clay could be the cradle of the early life evolution. I propose that the birth of life would occur within Earth’s surfaces on saturated clay bedrock, and in montmorillonite crystals. Considering the RNA like as the key component of primordial life by exhibiting both catalytic and genetic activities, I present hypothetical steps showing how the formation of precursors of this RNA like would be accomplished in montmorillonite. The distinguished structure of the later could help not only the formation of RNA like oligomers parallel to the surfaces sheets in the interlayer spaces, but also the fixing of some formed trimers to the edges of sheets of adjacent layers perpendicularly to their surfaces given that the length of the trimer is equal to the interlayer space during the wetted state. The encapsulation of each fixed trimer with an attracted oligomer in a fatty acid vesicle would be the start point of the formation of a pre codon-anticodon complex that could lead, since the beginning, to the emergence of a primitive genetic code. Keywords – Man creation, Early life evolution, Montmorillonite clay, RNA oligomerization, Codon-anticodon complex, Genetic code.
{"title":"Man creation had began since the creation of the first biological material very likely in Clay","authors":"H. Chaabani","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I8.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I8.3","url":null,"abstract":"Among conclusions deduced from my recent deep study of holy Qur’an verses related to the topic of man creation, the man creation had begun a very long period of time before his emergence. It had begun with the creation of his earthy and clayey nature in clay. Very likely “his earthy and clayey nature” means the basic structures of his bio-molecules that, common to all living beings, are formed from elements (ions) present in soil and clay. Thus the objective of the creation of living beings is to reach that of humans. In the present paper I will show that this conclusion is not in discordance with science. In fact, I present a synthesis of dispersed published data and new complementary insights for showing how montmorillonite clay could be the cradle of the early life evolution. I propose that the birth of life would occur within Earth’s surfaces on saturated clay bedrock, and in montmorillonite crystals. Considering the RNA like as the key component of primordial life by exhibiting both catalytic and genetic activities, I present hypothetical steps showing how the formation of precursors of this RNA like would be accomplished in montmorillonite. The distinguished structure of the later could help not only the formation of RNA like oligomers parallel to the surfaces sheets in the interlayer spaces, but also the fixing of some formed trimers to the edges of sheets of adjacent layers perpendicularly to their surfaces given that the length of the trimer is equal to the interlayer space during the wetted state. The encapsulation of each fixed trimer with an attracted oligomer in a fatty acid vesicle would be the start point of the formation of a pre codon-anticodon complex that could lead, since the beginning, to the emergence of a primitive genetic code. Keywords – Man creation, Early life evolution, Montmorillonite clay, RNA oligomerization, Codon-anticodon complex, Genetic code.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"49-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V1I8.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70537841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is generally accepted that the human evolutionary history was started in sub-Saharan Africa by the emergence of first individuals belonging to our genus Homo. But details of this evolution, particularly those of its last stage relating to the modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens) emergence, represent until now a controversial topic. Confusion and imprecision associated with certain concepts and definitions have accentuated this controversy and therefore helped to curb the progress of the research in this topic. In this paper I present these problems before presenting a new detailed version of the theory of unique and recent origin of modern man. This version designated “Recent out of Yemen” thesis represents a refined grand synthesis in which my advanced hypotheses are brought together with new additional details. First, from an objective definition of modern man and several solid anthropological arguments I have proposed dates, of about 45,000 years ago for the emergence of our species and 20,000 years ago for that of our subspecies. Second, from analyses of basic genetic results I have shown that the southern Arabian Peninsula would be the most probable place of a so recent emergence of modern man. The various elements of my thesis are presented and discussed following an empirical approach, and then summarized in a scenario that represents a new more consistent image of our evolutionary history. Key words : Human evolutionary history, Origin of modern humans, Recent out of Yemen thesis, Date of modern man emergence, Place of modern man emergence, Genus Homo definition, Modern man definition, Single origin theory.
{"title":"Recent out of Yemen: new version of the theory of unique and recent origin of modern man","authors":"H. Chaabani","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.1","url":null,"abstract":"It is generally accepted that the human evolutionary history was started in sub-Saharan Africa by the emergence of first individuals belonging to our genus Homo. But details of this evolution, particularly those of its last stage relating to the modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens) emergence, represent until now a controversial topic. Confusion and imprecision associated with certain concepts and definitions have accentuated this controversy and therefore helped to curb the progress of the research in this topic. In this paper I present these problems before presenting a new detailed version of the theory of unique and recent origin of modern man. This version designated “Recent out of Yemen” thesis represents a refined grand synthesis in which my advanced hypotheses are brought together with new additional details. First, from an objective definition of modern man and several solid anthropological arguments I have proposed dates, of about 45,000 years ago for the emergence of our species and 20,000 years ago for that of our subspecies. Second, from analyses of basic genetic results I have shown that the southern Arabian Peninsula would be the most probable place of a so recent emergence of modern man. The various elements of my thesis are presented and discussed following an empirical approach, and then summarized in a scenario that represents a new more consistent image of our evolutionary history. Key words : Human evolutionary history, Origin of modern humans, Recent out of Yemen thesis, Date of modern man emergence, Place of modern man emergence, Genus Homo definition, Modern man definition, Single origin theory.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"96 1","pages":"13-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70538074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y-chromosome single-nucleotide polymorphisms are highly used for phylogenetic construction and in the study of human migration patterns and evolution. Knowing that these genetic markers are associated with certain aspects of human culture like languages, it has been reported that some specific haplogroups characterize the Arab world. In this review, we draw the main conclusions referring to these polymorphisms in the Arab world, in order to provide an anthropological approach to the analysis of the genetic landscape of these populations. In the Middle East, the predominant categories of Y chromosomes are varieties associated with haplogroup J- M304. It has been hypothesized that the center of origin of sub-haplogroup J1-M267 would be the southern Arabian Peninsula whereas J2-M172 seems to be originating from the Fertile Crescent region. In North African populations, the distribution of E- M81, the most common haplogroup there, closely matches the present area of Berber- speaking population's allocation on the continent, suggesting a close haplogroup-ethnic group parallelism. Remarkably, J1-M267 and J2-M172 were also encountered in North African populations but with less frequency than the Middle Eastern ones, showing an important paternal gene flow from the Middle East towards North Africa. This is in agreement with historical data such as the Phoenician migration flows, from the Fertile Crescent, and mainly to the Arab expansion during the spread of Islam and the important migration of Arabic tribes like the Hilalians that led to a large scale Arabization of North Africa.
{"title":"Synthetic review on the genetic relatedness between North Africa and Arabia deduced from paternal lineage distributions","authors":"S. Triki-Fendri, Ahmed Rebai","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.5","url":null,"abstract":"Y-chromosome single-nucleotide polymorphisms are highly used for phylogenetic construction and in the study of human migration patterns and evolution. Knowing that these genetic markers are associated with certain aspects of human culture like languages, it has been reported that some specific haplogroups characterize the Arab world. In this review, we draw the main conclusions referring to these polymorphisms in the Arab world, in order to provide an anthropological approach to the analysis of the genetic landscape of these populations. In the Middle East, the predominant categories of Y chromosomes are varieties associated with haplogroup J- M304. It has been hypothesized that the center of origin of sub-haplogroup J1-M267 would be the southern Arabian Peninsula whereas J2-M172 seems to be originating from the Fertile Crescent region. In North African populations, the distribution of E- M81, the most common haplogroup there, closely matches the present area of Berber- speaking population's allocation on the continent, suggesting a close haplogroup-ethnic group parallelism. Remarkably, J1-M267 and J2-M172 were also encountered in North African populations but with less frequency than the Middle Eastern ones, showing an important paternal gene flow from the Middle East towards North Africa. This is in agreement with historical data such as the Phoenician migration flows, from the Fertile Crescent, and mainly to the Arab expansion during the spread of Islam and the important migration of Arabic tribes like the Hilalians that led to a large scale Arabization of North Africa.","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"100-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70538182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Arnaiz-Villena, C. Areces, Mercedes Enríquez-de-Salamanca, S. Abd-El-Fatah-Khalil, J. Marco, E. Muñiz, Mercedes Fernández-Honrado, M. Villa, D. Rey
Americas peopling has recently been explained based only on genetic data. While different First America inhabitants’ ethnic groups, Amerindians, Na-Dene speakers, Aleuts and Eskimo there exist, there is no either genetic, cultural or anthropological homogeneity within these groups. In the present work, we have particularly addressed the relatedness of First America Inhabitants with Pacific Islanders by using autosomal genetic markers: the HLA alleles. HLA is the most polymorphic human genetic system accounting for 9,438 alleles; this is most useful for comparing populations relatedness. Ethnic groups of Pacific Islanders and First America Inhabitants have been used. A genealogic study and also a frequency comparison study by using HLA alleles and haplotypes have been carried out. Our conclusions are: 1- Aleuts seem to be a genetic and linguistic separate group which may be related to northern European Lapps, both of them originated in southern Siberia Baikal Lake area. 2- First America Inhabitants, including all analyzed Amerindians, Na-Dene speakers and Eskimo have had genetic flow with Pacific Islanders: the latter share autosomal HLA alleles and haplotypes with First America Inhabitants. This could have been bidirectional. 3- Particularly, Easter Islanders show a probable cultural and genetic exchange with Titikaka Lake Aymaras. This civilisation also shares significant traits with European Iberian megalithic builders. 4- Mesoamericans may be grouped together because of they bear more ancient Olmec culture traits and present paper HLA results. 5- Genetics is not able by itself to uncover in space and time Americas peopling and First America Inhabitants relatedness with Pacific Islanders. Keywords : Alberite Dolmen, Aleuts, America peopling, Amerindians, Australia, Easter Island, HLA, Lapps, Melanesia, Micronesia, Pacific, Polynesia, Tiwanaku
{"title":"Pacific Islanders and Amerindian relatedness according to HLA autosomal genes","authors":"A. Arnaiz-Villena, C. Areces, Mercedes Enríquez-de-Salamanca, S. Abd-El-Fatah-Khalil, J. Marco, E. Muñiz, Mercedes Fernández-Honrado, M. Villa, D. Rey","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.2","url":null,"abstract":"Americas peopling has recently been explained based only on genetic data. While different First America inhabitants’ ethnic groups, Amerindians, Na-Dene speakers, Aleuts and Eskimo there exist, there is no either genetic, cultural or anthropological homogeneity within these groups. In the present work, we have particularly addressed the relatedness of First America Inhabitants with Pacific Islanders by using autosomal genetic markers: the HLA alleles. HLA is the most polymorphic human genetic system accounting for 9,438 alleles; this is most useful for comparing populations relatedness. Ethnic groups of Pacific Islanders and First America Inhabitants have been used. A genealogic study and also a frequency comparison study by using HLA alleles and haplotypes have been carried out. Our conclusions are: 1- Aleuts seem to be a genetic and linguistic separate group which may be related to northern European Lapps, both of them originated in southern Siberia Baikal Lake area. 2- First America Inhabitants, including all analyzed Amerindians, Na-Dene speakers and Eskimo have had genetic flow with Pacific Islanders: the latter share autosomal HLA alleles and haplotypes with First America Inhabitants. This could have been bidirectional. 3- Particularly, Easter Islanders show a probable cultural and genetic exchange with Titikaka Lake Aymaras. This civilisation also shares significant traits with European Iberian megalithic builders. 4- Mesoamericans may be grouped together because of they bear more ancient Olmec culture traits and present paper HLA results. 5- Genetics is not able by itself to uncover in space and time Americas peopling and First America Inhabitants relatedness with Pacific Islanders. Keywords : Alberite Dolmen, Aleuts, America peopling, Amerindians, Australia, Easter Island, HLA, Lapps, Melanesia, Micronesia, Pacific, Polynesia, Tiwanaku","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"44-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70538115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Religion as one of the basic institution in every human society is a system of beliefs usually involving the worship of supernatural forces or beings which continues to have major influence. This paper is an attempt to explain the continuity and change in religion among the Tangkhul Naga tribe in North-East India. The people had their own traditional religion which was a belief in the polytheism. During the British rule in India, Christianity swept over the entire region and this tribal community had since embraced Christianity although the tradition, beliefs system, symbols, etc continue to be major part of their culture. The article delineate upon the different types of spirits people worship along with the significance of each spirit which was later abandoned when Western missionaries brought the gospel of Jesus. The article also discussed how Christianity was introduced and conclude by discussing how the people are now consciously making efforts to protect their traditional culture. Key words : Religion, Polytheism, monotheism, spirits Varivara
{"title":"Religion of the Tangkhul Naga in North-East India: Continuity and Change","authors":"R. Joy","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.3","url":null,"abstract":"Religion as one of the basic institution in every human society is a system of beliefs usually involving the worship of supernatural forces or beings which continues to have major influence. This paper is an attempt to explain the continuity and change in religion among the Tangkhul Naga tribe in North-East India. The people had their own traditional religion which was a belief in the polytheism. During the British rule in India, Christianity swept over the entire region and this tribal community had since embraced Christianity although the tradition, beliefs system, symbols, etc continue to be major part of their culture. The article delineate upon the different types of spirits people worship along with the significance of each spirit which was later abandoned when Western missionaries brought the gospel of Jesus. The article also discussed how Christianity was introduced and conclude by discussing how the people are now consciously making efforts to protect their traditional culture. Key words : Religion, Polytheism, monotheism, spirits Varivara","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"129 18 1","pages":"69-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70538124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A continuing debate has been the roles and responsibilities of anthropologists acting as fieldworkers concerning espionage and covert research. As Ratha (2013) indicated, the ethical foundations of scientific anthropology are the basis upon which fieldworkers develop a genuine and committed empathy for the people they study. Fieldworkers are therefore obliged to help, not harm those they study. Those who would use anthropologists as spies are seen to act contrary to the cannons of scientific and or academic research. As more and more anthropologists find employment in government and the corporate world, the lines between academia and legitimate applied research become blurred. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the most important question has been totally neglected in this polemic. This paper argues that the real question is “do respondents think fieldworkers are possible spies?’ To preview the findings, based on the responses of 27,713 persons in 20 African countries, the answer to that question is that few respondents thought fieldworkers were sent by intelligence or secret service agencies. Only 82 respondents thought that an intelligence agency had sent the fieldworker. The paper profiles those respondents who did think an intelligence agency sent the fieldworker/interviewer to their homes, and explores the factors that appear to distinguish them from other respondents. The significant factors were; the respondent’s educational level; whether the respondent checked with others during the interview; the respondent’s ease during the interview, whether the interviewer felt threatened, and whether others influenced the respondent. Key words : Afrobarometer, fieldwork, spy, research sponsor
{"title":"Spies like us? Respondent perceptions of research sponsors in 20 African Countries","authors":"L. Fry","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.4","url":null,"abstract":"A continuing debate has been the roles and responsibilities of anthropologists acting as fieldworkers concerning espionage and covert research. As Ratha (2013) indicated, the ethical foundations of scientific anthropology are the basis upon which fieldworkers develop a genuine and committed empathy for the people they study. Fieldworkers are therefore obliged to help, not harm those they study. Those who would use anthropologists as spies are seen to act contrary to the cannons of scientific and or academic research. As more and more anthropologists find employment in government and the corporate world, the lines between academia and legitimate applied research become blurred. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the most important question has been totally neglected in this polemic. This paper argues that the real question is “do respondents think fieldworkers are possible spies?’ To preview the findings, based on the responses of 27,713 persons in 20 African countries, the answer to that question is that few respondents thought fieldworkers were sent by intelligence or secret service agencies. Only 82 respondents thought that an intelligence agency had sent the fieldworker. The paper profiles those respondents who did think an intelligence agency sent the fieldworker/interviewer to their homes, and explores the factors that appear to distinguish them from other respondents. The significant factors were; the respondent’s educational level; whether the respondent checked with others during the interview; the respondent’s ease during the interview, whether the interviewer felt threatened, and whether others influenced the respondent. Key words : Afrobarometer, fieldwork, spy, research sponsor","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"85-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V1I7.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70538161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mahé Ben Hamed, M. Barkat-Defradas, Rim Hamdi-Sultan
Despite its rather shallow origin, Arabic forms the largest group of extant Semitic languages and one of the most geographically widespread languages of the world. The current distribution of its linguistic variants is the product of a phylogeography of the populations that spoke them, and Arabic dialects have captured in their words and structures traces of their speakers demic history. In this paper, we show how a phylolinguistic approach can identify such traces and make sense of them in terms of population contacts and migration, and discuss how its findings fit with the cumulative knowledge of the history and genetics of arabic-speaking populations. Keywords : Phylo-linguistics, cultural evolution, modern synthesis, Arabic dialects, Afro-Asiatic, phylogenetic networksetic networks
{"title":"The evolution of Arabic(s): Making the Idiom speak for the Deme","authors":"Mahé Ben Hamed, M. Barkat-Defradas, Rim Hamdi-Sultan","doi":"10.4314/IJMA.V1I8.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/IJMA.V1I8.5","url":null,"abstract":"Despite its rather shallow origin, Arabic forms the largest group of extant Semitic languages and one of the most geographically widespread languages of the world. The current distribution of its linguistic variants is the product of a phylogeography of the populations that spoke them, and Arabic dialects have captured in their words and structures traces of their speakers demic history. In this paper, we show how a phylolinguistic approach can identify such traces and make sense of them in terms of population contacts and migration, and discuss how its findings fit with the cumulative knowledge of the history and genetics of arabic-speaking populations. Keywords : Phylo-linguistics, cultural evolution, modern synthesis, Arabic dialects, Afro-Asiatic, phylogenetic networksetic networks","PeriodicalId":14088,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Modern Anthropology","volume":"1 1","pages":"94-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/IJMA.V1I8.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70538381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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