Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10065
E. Facchini, R. Rizzi, S. Chessa
In livestock, genomics has been used since a decade in combination with phenotypic information for the estimation of breeding values. In honey bees ( Apis mellifera ), the advantage for including genomics in selective breeding programmes is represented by the possibility to reduce the generation interval and increase the accuracies of estimated breeding values resulting in higher genetic gain (Brascamp et al., 2018). The limit for this application is DNA extraction. Extraction methods for small animals such as insects often rely upon destructive approaches. The challenge is to develop tissue sampling methods that permit the survival of the animal while providing adequate quality DNA for genotyping. Along with previous reports of DNA extraction from several matrices, this study aims to contribute in developing suitable methodologies for genotyping honey bees queens using DNA extracted from wing cuttings (Chaline et al., 2004; Gregory and Rinderer, 2004; Gould et al., 2011). The clipping of the queen wings in beekeeping is a common practice and it ensures the survival and normal activities of the animal (Forster, 1971). A total of 57 queens with known pedigree were enrolled for this study. Wings from each queen were cut and stored at -20°C until processed (Fig. 1). Extractions were carried out using a modified protocol provided by Qiagen (DNeasy ® Blood & Tissue). The modification consists in an initial incubation of the samples with proteinase K for 20 minutes, further steps are carried out following the manufacturer’s instructions. To test the suitability of the extracted DNA for genotyping, PCR was performed on Esterase FE4 like gene. Although quantification with NanoDrop™ resulted in <20 ng/μL of DNA in solution, the extracted material was sufficient for PCR amplification of candidate genes for sequencing and genotyping. Our results show that it is possible to extract DNA from wings’ cuttings permitting to implement genomic approaches in honey bee selective breeding. Further work will analyse possible association between genetic variability and phenotypes of interest.
在牲畜方面，基因组学与表型信息相结合用于估计育种价值已经有十年了。在蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)中，将基因组学纳入选择性育种计划的优势体现在可能缩短代际间隔和提高估计育种值的准确性，从而获得更高的遗传增益(Brascamp等人，2018)。这个应用程序的限制是DNA提取。对昆虫等小动物的提取方法通常依赖于破坏性方法。面临的挑战是开发组织采样方法，使动物存活，同时为基因分型提供足够的高质量DNA。与之前从几种基质中提取DNA的报道一起，本研究旨在开发利用从翅膀切割中提取的DNA对蜂王进行基因分型的合适方法(Chaline等，2004;Gregory and Rinderer, 2004;Gould et al.， 2011)。在养蜂业中，剪掉蜂王的翅膀是一种常见的做法，它保证了动物的生存和正常活动(Forster, 1971)。共有57只已知血统的女王参加了这项研究。每个蜂王的翅膀被切割并保存在-20°C直到处理(图1)。使用Qiagen (dnasy®Blood & Tissue)提供的改进方案进行提取。修改包括将样品与蛋白酶K初始孵育20分钟，根据制造商的说明进行进一步的步骤。为检验提取的DNA是否适合进行基因分型，对酯酶FE4样基因进行PCR检测。虽然用NanoDrop™定量的结果是溶液中的DNA含量<20 ng/μL，但提取的物质足以进行候选基因的PCR扩增，用于测序和基因分型。我们的研究结果表明，从蜜蜂翅膀的剪枝中提取DNA是可能的，允许在蜜蜂的选择性育种中实施基因组方法。进一步的工作将分析遗传变异和感兴趣的表型之间可能存在的关联。
{"title":"DNA extraction from wings as a suitable approach for queen bees genotyping","authors":"E. Facchini, R. Rizzi, S. Chessa","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10065","url":null,"abstract":"In livestock, genomics has been used since a decade in combination with phenotypic information for the estimation of breeding values. In honey bees ( Apis mellifera ), the advantage for including genomics in selective breeding programmes is represented by the possibility to reduce the generation interval and increase the accuracies of estimated breeding values resulting in higher genetic gain (Brascamp et al., 2018). The limit for this application is DNA extraction. Extraction methods for small animals such as insects often rely upon destructive approaches. The challenge is to develop tissue sampling methods that permit the survival of the animal while providing adequate quality DNA for genotyping. Along with previous reports of DNA extraction from several matrices, this study aims to contribute in developing suitable methodologies for genotyping honey bees queens using DNA extracted from wing cuttings (Chaline et al., 2004; Gregory and Rinderer, 2004; Gould et al., 2011). The clipping of the queen wings in beekeeping is a common practice and it ensures the survival and normal activities of the animal (Forster, 1971). A total of 57 queens with known pedigree were enrolled for this study. Wings from each queen were cut and stored at -20°C until processed (Fig. 1). Extractions were carried out using a modified protocol provided by Qiagen (DNeasy ® Blood & Tissue). The modification consists in an initial incubation of the samples with proteinase K for 20 minutes, further steps are carried out following the manufacturer’s instructions. To test the suitability of the extracted DNA for genotyping, PCR was performed on Esterase FE4 like gene. Although quantification with NanoDrop™ resulted in <20 ng/μL of DNA in solution, the extracted material was sufficient for PCR amplification of candidate genes for sequencing and genotyping. Our results show that it is possible to extract DNA from wings’ cuttings permitting to implement genomic approaches in honey bee selective breeding. Further work will analyse possible association between genetic variability and phenotypes of interest.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85042917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10016
L. Minoli, E. Scanziani
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal oncological malignancies in humans. Not-specific symptoms and lack of early diagnostic strategies, frequently lead to late diagnosis which limited therapeutic possibilities (Korc, 2007). The present study aimed at identifying novel potential serum biomarkers for early detection of PDAC. In the first phase, two different mouse models of PDAC were characterized: genetically engineered mice (GEMs) (Hingorani et al. , 2003) which developed PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia) lesions and three PDAC patient-derived xenograft. In the second phase, the two mouse models were used to evaluate the reliability of 3 circulating molecules as early diagnostic biomarkers of PDAC. The plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and thrombospondin-2 (THBS-2) were tested on GEMs and PDAC-PDXs bearing mice by ELISA tests, during tumor development, and at sacrifice by immunohistochemistry performed on pancreatic tissue. The three established PDAC-PDXs were found to better reproduce the tumor of origin after intra-pancreas transplantation compared to the subcutaneous ones, and to maintain molecular and morphological features over different passages. At sacrifice, histopathological analysis demonstrated different stages of PanIN lesions in GEMs and the presence of a well-developed pancreatic tumor in all the mice orthotopically inoculated with the PDAC-PDXs. Plasma levels of MMP-7, TIMP-1 and THBS-2 were progressively upregulated, over the time, in GEMs and in PDAC-PDX bearing mice. In both animal models, immunohistochemistry revealed stromal immunoreactivity for TIMP-1 and THBS-2, while MMP-7 expression was mainly localized on epithelial cells. All the markers showed progressive increase of staining intensity along with PanIN progression. In conclusion, the investigated circulating molecules represent promising biomarkers for early diagnosis of PDAC and to monitor the response to treatment in human patients. Both tumoral cells and associated stroma play a role in the production and release of such biomarkers.
{"title":"Identification and Preliminary Validation in Mouse Models of Circulating Biomarkers of Pancreatic Cancer","authors":"L. Minoli, E. Scanziani","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10016","url":null,"abstract":"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal oncological malignancies in humans. Not-specific symptoms and lack of early diagnostic strategies, frequently lead to late diagnosis which limited therapeutic possibilities (Korc, 2007). The present study aimed at identifying novel potential serum biomarkers for early detection of PDAC. In the first phase, two different mouse models of PDAC were characterized: genetically engineered mice (GEMs) (Hingorani et al. , 2003) which developed PanIN (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia) lesions and three PDAC patient-derived xenograft. In the second phase, the two mouse models were used to evaluate the reliability of 3 circulating molecules as early diagnostic biomarkers of PDAC. The plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and thrombospondin-2 (THBS-2) were tested on GEMs and PDAC-PDXs bearing mice by ELISA tests, during tumor development, and at sacrifice by immunohistochemistry performed on pancreatic tissue. The three established PDAC-PDXs were found to better reproduce the tumor of origin after intra-pancreas transplantation compared to the subcutaneous ones, and to maintain molecular and morphological features over different passages. At sacrifice, histopathological analysis demonstrated different stages of PanIN lesions in GEMs and the presence of a well-developed pancreatic tumor in all the mice orthotopically inoculated with the PDAC-PDXs. Plasma levels of MMP-7, TIMP-1 and THBS-2 were progressively upregulated, over the time, in GEMs and in PDAC-PDX bearing mice. In both animal models, immunohistochemistry revealed stromal immunoreactivity for TIMP-1 and THBS-2, while MMP-7 expression was mainly localized on epithelial cells. All the markers showed progressive increase of staining intensity along with PanIN progression. In conclusion, the investigated circulating molecules represent promising biomarkers for early diagnosis of PDAC and to monitor the response to treatment in human patients. Both tumoral cells and associated stroma play a role in the production and release of such biomarkers.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85190977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10052
L. Stucchi, C. Valli, F. Ferrucci
In equine sports medicine, the most considered performance parameter is the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA), fixed at 4 mmol/L (Couroce-Malblanc et Hodgson, 2014). Nevertheless, in human medicine several methods to define individual Lactate Threshold (LT) were developed (Faude et al., 2009). Horses with poor performance were reported to have post-exercise creatine-kinase (CK) activity higher than good performer (Fraipont et al., 2011). Aim of the study is to evaluate LTs calculated by different methods in horses with increased post-exercise CK activity. Data from a cohort of Standardbred racehorses that underwent poor performance evaluation, including incremental treadmill test with plasma lactate analysis at different speed steps, were retrospectively collected. A blood sample was collected 6hrs post-exercise and CK activity was evaluated with spectrophotometric method. A case group of 10 horses (3.1±1.0 y.o.) that did not present any other alteration potentially influencing performance than post-exercise CK activity greater than reference value (>735 U/L) was selected (Valli, 2017). An age-matched and sex-matched control group of 10 horses with no alteration potentially influencing performance and normal post-exercise CK activity was selected. Lactate concentrations obtained during treadmill test were analysed with a dedicated sotware (Newell et al., 2009) and LT was determined by the following methods: a)Inflection Point, i.e. the point of intersection between two linear splines, b)Lactate Threshold by logaritmic transformation, c)OBLA and d)Initial Rise of 1 mmol/L post baseline . Values of different LTs from the two groups were compared by means of unpaired t-test. Statistical analysis showed that OBLA was significantly lower (p=0.009) in case group when compared to controls. No differences between the two groups were observed for other LTs values. Results suggest that elevated post-exercise CK activity, consistent with muscular damage, has a negative impact on performance. Moreover, OBLA seems to be an appropriate parameter for performance profiling in racehorses.
在马运动医学中，最被考虑的性能参数是血乳酸积累(OBLA)的开始，固定在4 mmol/L (Couroce-Malblanc et Hodgson, 2014)。然而，在人类医学中，已经开发了几种定义个体乳酸阈值(LT)的方法(Faude et al.， 2009)。据报道，表现不佳的马运动后肌酸激酶(CK)活性高于表现良好的马(Fraipont等人，2011)。本研究的目的是评估用不同方法计算的运动后CK活性增加的马的LTs。回顾性收集了一组标准品种赛马的数据，这些赛马的表现评估不佳，包括在不同速度台阶下的增量跑步机试验和血浆乳酸分析。运动后6小时采集血液，用分光光度法测定CK活性。病例组为10匹马(3.1±1.0 y.o)，除了运动后CK活性大于参考值(bb0 735 U/L)外，没有任何其他可能影响表现的变化(Valli, 2017)。选择年龄匹配和性别匹配的10匹马作为对照组，这些马没有可能影响运动表现和正常运动后CK活性的改变。使用专用软件(Newell et al.， 2009)分析跑步机试验期间获得的乳酸浓度，并通过以下方法确定乳酸浓度:a)拐点，即两条线性样条之间的交叉点，b)对数变换的乳酸阈值，c)OBLA和d)基线后1 mmol/L的初始上升。采用非配对t检验比较两组不同LTs值。统计分析显示，病例组的OBLA明显低于对照组(p=0.009)。两组间其他LTs值无差异。结果表明，运动后CK活性升高，与肌肉损伤一致，对运动成绩有负面影响。此外，对于赛马的性能分析，OBLA似乎是一个合适的参数。
{"title":"Effect of post-exercise increase in creatine-kinase activity on performance parameters in Standardbred racehorses.","authors":"L. Stucchi, C. Valli, F. Ferrucci","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10052","url":null,"abstract":"In equine sports medicine, the most considered performance parameter is the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA), fixed at 4 mmol/L (Couroce-Malblanc et Hodgson, 2014). Nevertheless, in human medicine several methods to define individual Lactate Threshold (LT) were developed (Faude et al., 2009). Horses with poor performance were reported to have post-exercise creatine-kinase (CK) activity higher than good performer (Fraipont et al., 2011). Aim of the study is to evaluate LTs calculated by different methods in horses with increased post-exercise CK activity. Data from a cohort of Standardbred racehorses that underwent poor performance evaluation, including incremental treadmill test with plasma lactate analysis at different speed steps, were retrospectively collected. A blood sample was collected 6hrs post-exercise and CK activity was evaluated with spectrophotometric method. A case group of 10 horses (3.1±1.0 y.o.) that did not present any other alteration potentially influencing performance than post-exercise CK activity greater than reference value (>735 U/L) was selected (Valli, 2017). An age-matched and sex-matched control group of 10 horses with no alteration potentially influencing performance and normal post-exercise CK activity was selected. Lactate concentrations obtained during treadmill test were analysed with a dedicated sotware (Newell et al., 2009) and LT was determined by the following methods: a)Inflection Point, i.e. the point of intersection between two linear splines, b)Lactate Threshold by logaritmic transformation, c)OBLA and d)Initial Rise of 1 mmol/L post baseline . Values of different LTs from the two groups were compared by means of unpaired t-test. Statistical analysis showed that OBLA was significantly lower (p=0.009) in case group when compared to controls. No differences between the two groups were observed for other LTs values. Results suggest that elevated post-exercise CK activity, consistent with muscular damage, has a negative impact on performance. Moreover, OBLA seems to be an appropriate parameter for performance profiling in racehorses.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76091529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10063
M. E. Marescotti, Vincenzina Caputo, E. Demartini, A. Gaviglio
Although wild game meat constitutes a sustainable and healthy alternative to conventional meat and hunting contributes to the control of game populations, international studies on consumer attitudes towards this type of meat are still limited and no previous research has been focused on the Italian population. For the development of successful marketing strategies and/or public policy intervention, the knowledge of consumers’ purchase behavior is a key factor. Among all the determinants that can influence the behavior of consumers of hunted wild game meat (i.e. animal welfare, sustainability, ecological food choice, product safety, nutritional quality), the consumers’ awareness of hunting activity and their perceptions of wild game meat assume a crucial role. Accordingly, in this paper an online survey on a sample of 741 Italian meat consumers has been conducted to investigate the relationship between consumers’ purchase behavior and their awareness of hunted game meat and hunting practices (chi-square test, F-test). Statistically significant differences were found among segments of consumers with different levels of wild game meat consumption frequency. The analysis shows that, as expected, the highest consumption level of wild game meat relates to the highest level of general awareness of wild game meat and hunting practices. Our findings are in line with previous literature, that links positive behaviors of consumers towards wild game meat and hunting to familiarity and experience with hunting and hunters. Nonetheless, the present study provides a deeper understanding of the Italian consumers’ attitudes and perceptions of wild game meat and could suggests policy guidelines for the development of future targeted marketing strategies.
{"title":"Effect of hunting awareness on wild game meat purchase behavior","authors":"M. E. Marescotti, Vincenzina Caputo, E. Demartini, A. Gaviglio","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10063","url":null,"abstract":"Although wild game meat constitutes a sustainable and healthy alternative to conventional meat and hunting contributes to the control of game populations, international studies on consumer attitudes towards this type of meat are still limited and no previous research has been focused on the Italian population. For the development of successful marketing strategies and/or public policy intervention, the knowledge of consumers’ purchase behavior is a key factor. Among all the determinants that can influence the behavior of consumers of hunted wild game meat (i.e. animal welfare, sustainability, ecological food choice, product safety, nutritional quality), the consumers’ awareness of hunting activity and their perceptions of wild game meat assume a crucial role. Accordingly, in this paper an online survey on a sample of 741 Italian meat consumers has been conducted to investigate the relationship between consumers’ purchase behavior and their awareness of hunted game meat and hunting practices (chi-square test, F-test). Statistically significant differences were found among segments of consumers with different levels of wild game meat consumption frequency. The analysis shows that, as expected, the highest consumption level of wild game meat relates to the highest level of general awareness of wild game meat and hunting practices. Our findings are in line with previous literature, that links positive behaviors of consumers towards wild game meat and hunting to familiarity and experience with hunting and hunters. Nonetheless, the present study provides a deeper understanding of the Italian consumers’ attitudes and perceptions of wild game meat and could suggests policy guidelines for the development of future targeted marketing strategies.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72826408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10267
A. Fazeli
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis states that reduced foetal growth is strongly associated with the occurrence of a number of chronic non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension in later life and during adulthood. This increased susceptibility results from adaptations made by the foetus in an environment limited in its supply of nutrients. Since its conception, the thrifty phenotype hypothesis has always been tested exclusively in one of the genders, i.e. females. The evidence provided to prove the validity of this hypothesis has always been limited in experiments following mothers. Furthermore, the majority of anecdotal evidence as well as epidemiological studies conducted have hardly been able to differentiate between the effect of factors such as nutrition, stress, climate changes, etc. on the environment in the womb during the periconception period and its effect on the embryo or the final maturational stages of female gamete either in ovary or in the womb. In this presentation, we discuss the tremendous potential provided by studying pregnancy in seahorses to test the effect of factors such as good and low-quality nutrition during the periconception period in pregnant males and its consequences on the health and quality of offspring produced.
{"title":"When dads become pregnant, would they do a better job?","authors":"A. Fazeli","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10267","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10267","url":null,"abstract":"The thrifty phenotype hypothesis states that reduced foetal growth is strongly associated with the occurrence of a number of chronic non-communicable diseases such as coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension in later life and during adulthood. This increased susceptibility results from adaptations made by the foetus in an environment limited in its supply of nutrients. Since its conception, the thrifty phenotype hypothesis has always been tested exclusively in one of the genders, i.e. females. The evidence provided to prove the validity of this hypothesis has always been limited in experiments following mothers. Furthermore, the majority of anecdotal evidence as well as epidemiological studies conducted have hardly been able to differentiate between the effect of factors such as nutrition, stress, climate changes, etc. on the environment in the womb during the periconception period and its effect on the embryo or the final maturational stages of female gamete either in ovary or in the womb. In this presentation, we discuss the tremendous potential provided by studying pregnancy in seahorses to test the effect of factors such as good and low-quality nutrition during the periconception period in pregnant males and its consequences on the health and quality of offspring produced.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72865352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10009
V. Zamarian, C. Lecchi, F. Ceciliani, V. Grieco, D. Stefanello, R. Ferrari
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNA, which interact with the 3’ UTR region of complementary mRNA to decrease or inhibit the translation of proteins (Lai, 2002). MiRNAs regulate pathways in various pathophysiological status, and are regarded as biomarkers for early diagnosis of several diseases, including cancer (Di Leva et al ., 2014). The study aims to evaluate the quality and purity of miRNAs extracted from a) 11 archival Formalin Fixed and Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples of Mast Cell Tumour (MCT) at stage I, II, III and IV, and 8 intra-patient healthy controls; b) samples collected during surgery, including 6 samples of saliva, primary tumour biopsy and serum/plasma. The quality of miRNA largely influence the downstream experiments, and must be carefully evaluated before performing for examples, the sequencing reaction. MiRNA extraction was carried out using commercial kits (Qiagen) and quantify using Small RNA Kit (Agilent) on Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. The results showed that the concentration of miRNAs from FFPE, saliva, primary tumor biopsy and serum was acceptable with a Median (Me)= 56,91 ng/ml, Me=10,30 ng/ml, Me=3,44 ng/ml and Me=0,71 ng/ml, and a miRNA/Small RNA ratio of 48%, 61%, 17% and 76%, respectively. The concentration of miRNAs from plasma was not detectable. Studies reveal that plasma ranks as the first choice source for diagnostic purpose, much more than serum (Aung et al ., 2014), but the debate remains open and subsequent analyses are needed. The concentration of miRNAs from FFPE and saliva samples is higher than that from other matrices. Possible explanations include a) different quantity and quality of starting materials; b) nucleic acids fragmentation, due to the formalin fixation and paraffin embedded procedure; c) presence of nucleases in saliva, which produce small fragments recognized as miRNAs or smallRNAs. In conclusion, the quantity and the purity of miRNAs, obtained using Qiagen commercial kits, are reliable for further NGS analysis.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)是一类短的非编码RNA，它与互补mRNA的3 ' UTR区相互作用，减少或抑制蛋白质的翻译(Lai, 2002)。mirna调节各种病理生理状态下的通路，被认为是包括癌症在内的多种疾病早期诊断的生物标志物(Di Leva et al .， 2014)。该研究旨在评估从a) 11个处于I、II、III和IV期肥大细胞肿瘤(MCT)的福尔马林固定和石蜡包埋(FFPE)档案样本和8个患者健康对照中提取的mirna的质量和纯度;B)术中采集的样本，包括6份唾液、原发肿瘤活检和血清/血浆样本。miRNA的质量在很大程度上影响下游实验，在进行测序反应之前必须仔细评估。使用商用试剂盒(Qiagen)提取MiRNA，并在Agilent 2100生物分析仪上使用小RNA试剂盒(Agilent)进行定量。结果表明，FFPE、唾液、原发肿瘤活检和血清的miRNA浓度均可接受，Median (Me)= 56、91 ng/ml, Me=10、30 ng/ml, Me=3、44 ng/ml和Me=0,71 ng/ml, miRNA/Small RNA比值分别为48%、61%、17%和76%。血浆中mirna的浓度未检测到。研究表明，血浆是诊断目的的首选来源，远远超过血清(Aung et al .， 2014)，但争论仍在继续，需要进行后续分析。来自FFPE和唾液样本的mirna浓度高于其他基质。可能的解释包括:a)原料的数量和质量不同;B)核酸碎裂，由于福尔马林固定和石蜡包埋程序;c)唾液中核酸酶的存在，产生被识别为mirna或小rna的小片段。总之，使用Qiagen商用试剂盒获得的mirna的数量和纯度是可靠的，可用于进一步的NGS分析。
{"title":"Evaluation of quantity and purity of miRNAs extracted from different matrices collected from dogs with Mast Cell Tumours.","authors":"V. Zamarian, C. Lecchi, F. Ceciliani, V. Grieco, D. Stefanello, R. Ferrari","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10009","url":null,"abstract":"MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non-coding RNA, which interact with the 3’ UTR region of complementary mRNA to decrease or inhibit the translation of proteins (Lai, 2002). MiRNAs regulate pathways in various pathophysiological status, and are regarded as biomarkers for early diagnosis of several diseases, including cancer (Di Leva et al ., 2014). The study aims to evaluate the quality and purity of miRNAs extracted from a) 11 archival Formalin Fixed and Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples of Mast Cell Tumour (MCT) at stage I, II, III and IV, and 8 intra-patient healthy controls; b) samples collected during surgery, including 6 samples of saliva, primary tumour biopsy and serum/plasma. The quality of miRNA largely influence the downstream experiments, and must be carefully evaluated before performing for examples, the sequencing reaction. MiRNA extraction was carried out using commercial kits (Qiagen) and quantify using Small RNA Kit (Agilent) on Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer. The results showed that the concentration of miRNAs from FFPE, saliva, primary tumor biopsy and serum was acceptable with a Median (Me)= 56,91 ng/ml, Me=10,30 ng/ml, Me=3,44 ng/ml and Me=0,71 ng/ml, and a miRNA/Small RNA ratio of 48%, 61%, 17% and 76%, respectively. The concentration of miRNAs from plasma was not detectable. Studies reveal that plasma ranks as the first choice source for diagnostic purpose, much more than serum (Aung et al ., 2014), but the debate remains open and subsequent analyses are needed. The concentration of miRNAs from FFPE and saliva samples is higher than that from other matrices. Possible explanations include a) different quantity and quality of starting materials; b) nucleic acids fragmentation, due to the formalin fixation and paraffin embedded procedure; c) presence of nucleases in saliva, which produce small fragments recognized as miRNAs or smallRNAs. In conclusion, the quantity and the purity of miRNAs, obtained using Qiagen commercial kits, are reliable for further NGS analysis.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81268882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10036
S. Bernardi, V. Martini, S. Costanzo, M. Cozzi, S. Comazzi
To date, knowledge about leukemias in feline patients is poor. Classification of leukemias is mostly based on morphological, immunological and genetic aspects in dogs and humans [Harvey, 2012]. However, in cat poor literature about classification of leukemias via flow cytometric (FC) immunophenotyping is available and just a few publications of case reports are present . We retrospectively selected 44 cases of leukemias from our FC service database from 2009 to 2017 with the aim to describe the major immunological features and define the prevalence of different subtypes. Blood and/or bone marrow submitted for FC analysis with a prevalent hematological presentation were selected. Cases with an evident lymph node enlargement or with clinical aspects suggesting a solid lesion (lymphoma) were excluded. Cases were classified depending on antigen expression and hematologic features in five groups: chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL), acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemias (AML), acute undifferentiated leukemias (AUL) and undetermined ALL vs lymphoma stage V. 26 cases (59%) were classified as acute leukemias whereas 11 cases (25%) were classified as chronic leukemias; 7 cases (16%) were classified as undetermined. Among acute leukemias 10 (38.5%) were AML, 10 (38.5%) AUL and 6 (23%) ALL. All ALL were of T cell origin (CD3 + or CD5 + ). Among chronic leukemias, 10 (91%) were of T cell origin and among these, 80% expressed CD4 (T-helper lymphocytes), while 20% were double negative (CD4 - CD8 - ). These results confirmed that T cell leukemias are more frequent than B ones in the cat with a prevalent T-helper phenotypes as previously described. AMLs were highly represented, but the lack of an adequate panel of specific antibodies for myeloid lineage rendered a high number of AUL in our caseload. Similarly, the lack of an anti-feline CD34 antibody did not permit differential diagnosis of acute leukemia vs lymphoma with blood involvement in a remarkable percentage of cases without an evident nodal enlargement and without an extreme leukocytosis.
{"title":"Immunophenotypical and cytomorphological examination of feline peripheral blood in patients with suspect leukemia","authors":"S. Bernardi, V. Martini, S. Costanzo, M. Cozzi, S. Comazzi","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10036","url":null,"abstract":"To date, knowledge about leukemias in feline patients is poor. Classification of leukemias is mostly based on morphological, immunological and genetic aspects in dogs and humans [Harvey, 2012]. However, in cat poor literature about classification of leukemias via flow cytometric (FC) immunophenotyping is available and just a few publications of case reports are present . We retrospectively selected 44 cases of leukemias from our FC service database from 2009 to 2017 with the aim to describe the major immunological features and define the prevalence of different subtypes. Blood and/or bone marrow submitted for FC analysis with a prevalent hematological presentation were selected. Cases with an evident lymph node enlargement or with clinical aspects suggesting a solid lesion (lymphoma) were excluded. Cases were classified depending on antigen expression and hematologic features in five groups: chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL), acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemias (AML), acute undifferentiated leukemias (AUL) and undetermined ALL vs lymphoma stage V. 26 cases (59%) were classified as acute leukemias whereas 11 cases (25%) were classified as chronic leukemias; 7 cases (16%) were classified as undetermined. Among acute leukemias 10 (38.5%) were AML, 10 (38.5%) AUL and 6 (23%) ALL. All ALL were of T cell origin (CD3 + or CD5 + ). Among chronic leukemias, 10 (91%) were of T cell origin and among these, 80% expressed CD4 (T-helper lymphocytes), while 20% were double negative (CD4 - CD8 - ). These results confirmed that T cell leukemias are more frequent than B ones in the cat with a prevalent T-helper phenotypes as previously described. AMLs were highly represented, but the lack of an adequate panel of specific antibodies for myeloid lineage rendered a high number of AUL in our caseload. Similarly, the lack of an anti-feline CD34 antibody did not permit differential diagnosis of acute leukemia vs lymphoma with blood involvement in a remarkable percentage of cases without an evident nodal enlargement and without an extreme leukocytosis.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89690471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10026
C. Pigoli, G. Sironi, M. Caniatti
Mycobacteria in cats are responsible for cutaneous or visceral disease, often with systemic involvement (Gunn-Moore et al., 2011). Infection can be sustained by tuberculous (e.g. M.bovis) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (e.g. M.avium and M.lepraemurium) (Lee et al., 2017). The aim of this study is to evaluate the distribution of the lesions in feline visceral mycobacteriosis.Twenty-nine necropsy cases of feline visceral mycobacteriosis, conferred from 1965 to 2017, were studied. On histopathology hematoxylin-eosin and acid-fast stains were performed. Mycobacteria strains were identified by microbiological and molecular methods.Twenty-three out of 29 cases were submitted for necropsy in autumn and winter. When breed was known: nine cats were Persian, 8 Siamese and 10 crossbreed. In 17 out of 24 cases where age was known, it was lesser than 5 years. Two cases had lesions confined to the digestive system, 3 to the respiratory system, while 24 cases were systemic forms. Thirteen cases out of 29 were identified: 2 as Mycobacterium spp, 7 as M.bovis and 4 as M.avium.Siamese, Persian breeds and young cats were overrepresented as already described (Gunn-Moore, 2014). The occurrence of mycobacterioses in our cases was higher during cold seasons, contrary to the man in which tuberculosis is a long term localized disease, more often diagnosed in summer even if acquired in winter; in cat the disease tends to generalize making shorter the course of the disease (Fares, 2011). This is confirmed by lesions’ distribution that indicates a greater occurrence of systemic compared to localized forms. Features of gastrointestinal lesions indicate the alimentary as the primary route of infection (Fig.1). Since the most recent cases were sustained exclusively by M.avium, while older cases were caused by M.bovis, a switching in the most diffused species or a different source of infection might occurred in the last years (Pesciaroli et al., 2014).
猫体内的分枝杆菌可导致皮肤或内脏疾病，通常伴有全身性病变(Gunn-Moore et al.， 2011)。结核分枝杆菌(如牛分枝杆菌)和非结核分枝杆菌(如鸟分枝杆菌和麻风分枝杆菌)可持续感染(Lee et al.， 2017)。本研究的目的是评估猫内脏分枝杆菌病的病变分布。对1965年至2017年29例猫内脏分枝杆菌病尸检病例进行了研究。组织病理学上进行苏木精-伊红染色和抗酸染色。采用微生物学和分子学方法鉴定分枝杆菌菌株。29例中有23例在秋冬季节进行尸检。当品种已知时:9只猫是波斯猫，8只暹罗猫和10只杂交猫。在24例已知年龄的病例中，有17例小于5岁。局限于消化系统病变2例，呼吸系统病变3例，全身病变24例。29例中鉴定出13例:2例为分枝杆菌，7例为牛分枝杆菌，4例为鸟分枝杆菌。如前所述，暹罗猫、波斯猫和幼猫的比例过高(Gunn-Moore, 2014)。在我们的病例中，分枝杆菌的发病率在寒冷季节较高，这与结核病是一种长期局部疾病的人相反，即使在冬季获得，也更常在夏季诊断出来;在猫中，疾病倾向于普遍化，使病程缩短(Fares, 2011)。病变的分布证实了这一点，这表明与局部形式相比，全身性的发生率更高。胃肠道病变特征提示消化道为主要感染途径(图1)。由于最近的病例完全由鸟分枝杆菌感染，而较早的病例由牛分枝杆菌引起，因此在过去几年中，最分散的物种或感染源可能发生了转变(Pesciaroli et al.， 2014)。
{"title":"Feline Visceral Mycobacteriosis","authors":"C. Pigoli, G. Sironi, M. Caniatti","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10026","url":null,"abstract":"Mycobacteria in cats are responsible for cutaneous or visceral disease, often with systemic involvement (Gunn-Moore et al., 2011). Infection can be sustained by tuberculous (e.g. M.bovis) and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (e.g. M.avium and M.lepraemurium) (Lee et al., 2017). The aim of this study is to evaluate the distribution of the lesions in feline visceral mycobacteriosis.Twenty-nine necropsy cases of feline visceral mycobacteriosis, conferred from 1965 to 2017, were studied. On histopathology hematoxylin-eosin and acid-fast stains were performed. Mycobacteria strains were identified by microbiological and molecular methods.Twenty-three out of 29 cases were submitted for necropsy in autumn and winter. When breed was known: nine cats were Persian, 8 Siamese and 10 crossbreed. In 17 out of 24 cases where age was known, it was lesser than 5 years. Two cases had lesions confined to the digestive system, 3 to the respiratory system, while 24 cases were systemic forms. Thirteen cases out of 29 were identified: 2 as Mycobacterium spp, 7 as M.bovis and 4 as M.avium.Siamese, Persian breeds and young cats were overrepresented as already described (Gunn-Moore, 2014). The occurrence of mycobacterioses in our cases was higher during cold seasons, contrary to the man in which tuberculosis is a long term localized disease, more often diagnosed in summer even if acquired in winter; in cat the disease tends to generalize making shorter the course of the disease (Fares, 2011). This is confirmed by lesions’ distribution that indicates a greater occurrence of systemic compared to localized forms. Features of gastrointestinal lesions indicate the alimentary as the primary route of infection (Fig.1). Since the most recent cases were sustained exclusively by M.avium, while older cases were caused by M.bovis, a switching in the most diffused species or a different source of infection might occurred in the last years (Pesciaroli et al., 2014).","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77286293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10057
L. Aidos, M. Vasconi, Marco Lanfranchi, A. Giancamillo
Sturgeons, as well as paddlefishes, belong to the Acipenseriformes group, which is one of the most primordial 57 orders of the Osteichthyes that comprehends 25 species spread throughout Europe, Asia and North America. The present study aims at investigating muscle growth and development as well as fatty acid profile in Siberian sturgeon free-embryos when subjected to three different rearing densities. Fatty acids, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 series, are generally known as key nutrients in fish larvae.This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of the University of Milan (OPBA_22_2017). Siberian sturgeon larvae were reared at 18°C, at three stocking densities until complete yolk-sac absorption: low (LD, 30 larvae/l), mid (MD, 80 larvae/l) and high (HD, 150 larvae/l). Sampling timepoints were: hatching, schooling and complete yolk-sac absorption stage (YSA). Sacrificed larvae were weighed and histological analyses were performed in order to assess muscle development as described elsewhere ; fatty acid profile was determined by GC-FID analysis as described by Vasconi et al. (2015). Statistical analysis was performed with SAS software (v. 9.3, Cary Inc., NC).At the end of the experiment, LD larvae presented a higher weight than larvae reared at the other two densities (P<0.05). Within the schooling stage (Figure 1), Total Muscle Area was lower for HD larvae (P<0.05); red and white muscle areas in schooling and YSA were higher than at hatching (P<0.05), regardless the density. Concerning fatty acids, no statistical differences were recorded between different rearing densities, while during the development regardless the rearing density, there was a common pattern: linoleic and alfa linolenic acids, significantly decreased their relative content, while others, as arachidonic acid and DHA, significantly increased. Siberian sturgeon larvae reared at LD or MD reveal an anatomically normal muscle development, while in the HD it is possible to observe a slowdown.What the aquaculture industry requires is a set of guidelines that allows the development of a sustainable industry, so that we tried to develop guidelines for stocking density in the very early stage of farming. As a conclusion, it would seem that mid density could be more suitable for this species in this stage of development.
{"title":"Effect of different stocking densities on growth, muscle development and fatty acid profile of Acipenser baerii larvae","authors":"L. Aidos, M. Vasconi, Marco Lanfranchi, A. Giancamillo","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10057","url":null,"abstract":"Sturgeons, as well as paddlefishes, belong to the Acipenseriformes group, which is one of the most primordial 57 orders of the Osteichthyes that comprehends 25 species spread throughout Europe, Asia and North America. The present study aims at investigating muscle growth and development as well as fatty acid profile in Siberian sturgeon free-embryos when subjected to three different rearing densities. Fatty acids, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-3 series, are generally known as key nutrients in fish larvae.This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of the University of Milan (OPBA_22_2017). Siberian sturgeon larvae were reared at 18°C, at three stocking densities until complete yolk-sac absorption: low (LD, 30 larvae/l), mid (MD, 80 larvae/l) and high (HD, 150 larvae/l). Sampling timepoints were: hatching, schooling and complete yolk-sac absorption stage (YSA). Sacrificed larvae were weighed and histological analyses were performed in order to assess muscle development as described elsewhere ; fatty acid profile was determined by GC-FID analysis as described by Vasconi et al. (2015). Statistical analysis was performed with SAS software (v. 9.3, Cary Inc., NC).At the end of the experiment, LD larvae presented a higher weight than larvae reared at the other two densities (P<0.05). Within the schooling stage (Figure 1), Total Muscle Area was lower for HD larvae (P<0.05); red and white muscle areas in schooling and YSA were higher than at hatching (P<0.05), regardless the density. Concerning fatty acids, no statistical differences were recorded between different rearing densities, while during the development regardless the rearing density, there was a common pattern: linoleic and alfa linolenic acids, significantly decreased their relative content, while others, as arachidonic acid and DHA, significantly increased. Siberian sturgeon larvae reared at LD or MD reveal an anatomically normal muscle development, while in the HD it is possible to observe a slowdown.What the aquaculture industry requires is a set of guidelines that allows the development of a sustainable industry, so that we tried to develop guidelines for stocking density in the very early stage of farming. As a conclusion, it would seem that mid density could be more suitable for this species in this stage of development.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74294680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10020
G. Sala, A. Boccardo, Eleonora Coppoletta, A. Belloli, D. Pravettoni
This paper analyses the long-term effects of Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea (NCD) on the first milk production. A total number of 41 dairy heifers, belonging to two commercial dairy farms were admitted to our Clinic for NCD between 2008 and 2015. Survived animals, once returned to their farm, were followed until the end of the first lactation. As a treatment for NCD, we administered fluids and sodium bicarbonate intravenously according to the dehydration score described by Boccardo et al. (2017) and blood-gas analysis results. The quantity of replacement fluid in liters was calculated as: replacement fluid (L)=dehydration (%) x bodyweight (kg). The required amount of sodium bicarbonate was calculated as: sodium bicarbonate (g) = body weight (kg) × base excess (mmol/L) × 0.6 (L/kg) × 0.084 (g/mmol). Calves with a history of anorexia received 5 mg/kg glucose added to the saline solution. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was administered SC at the dose of 10 + 2.5 mg/kg for 5 days to each calf. During lactation, we analyzed: milk production in a 305-day lactation, average fat percentage, average protein percentage, average somatic cell count and interval from birth to first calving.Furthermore, days of hospitalization and severity of diseasewere considered (average calves age = 8,09 days, average body weight = 41,66 kg, average hospitalization = 10,61 days, average duration of treatment = 5,24 days). As a control, we considered non-hospitalized heifers (n.=238) with the same age, from the same herd, without clinical history of NCD. Differences between the NCD group and control group were analyzed with general linear models. No statistic difference between the NCD group and control group was underlined (Table 1). These findings differ from previous literature results. In fact, Aghakeshmiriet al.(2017) found that the NCD increased the first calving age and heifer raising costs; Svensson and Hultgren (2008) showed that animals survived from NCD had a lower milk production. On the other hand, our results are similar to those reported by Warnicket al.(1994;1995), even if in these works no data regarding the type of treatment and severity of clinical sings were considered. This study, while preliminary, suggests that the timely treatment of NCD could prevent irreversible damages and ensure to reach a reproductive and productive standard during the first lactation. However the simple size needs to be increased.
{"title":"Long-term effect of neonatal calf diarrhoea on productive and reproductive performance: preliminary data","authors":"G. Sala, A. Boccardo, Eleonora Coppoletta, A. Belloli, D. Pravettoni","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10020","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the long-term effects of Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea (NCD) on the first milk production. A total number of 41 dairy heifers, belonging to two commercial dairy farms were admitted to our Clinic for NCD between 2008 and 2015. Survived animals, once returned to their farm, were followed until the end of the first lactation. As a treatment for NCD, we administered fluids and sodium bicarbonate intravenously according to the dehydration score described by Boccardo et al. (2017) and blood-gas analysis results. The quantity of replacement fluid in liters was calculated as: replacement fluid (L)=dehydration (%) x bodyweight (kg). The required amount of sodium bicarbonate was calculated as: sodium bicarbonate (g) = body weight (kg) × base excess (mmol/L) × 0.6 (L/kg) × 0.084 (g/mmol). Calves with a history of anorexia received 5 mg/kg glucose added to the saline solution. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was administered SC at the dose of 10 + 2.5 mg/kg for 5 days to each calf. During lactation, we analyzed: milk production in a 305-day lactation, average fat percentage, average protein percentage, average somatic cell count and interval from birth to first calving.Furthermore, days of hospitalization and severity of diseasewere considered (average calves age = 8,09 days, average body weight = 41,66 kg, average hospitalization = 10,61 days, average duration of treatment = 5,24 days). As a control, we considered non-hospitalized heifers (n.=238) with the same age, from the same herd, without clinical history of NCD. Differences between the NCD group and control group were analyzed with general linear models. No statistic difference between the NCD group and control group was underlined (Table 1). These findings differ from previous literature results. In fact, Aghakeshmiriet al.(2017) found that the NCD increased the first calving age and heifer raising costs; Svensson and Hultgren (2008) showed that animals survived from NCD had a lower milk production. On the other hand, our results are similar to those reported by Warnicket al.(1994;1995), even if in these works no data regarding the type of treatment and severity of clinical sings were considered. This study, while preliminary, suggests that the timely treatment of NCD could prevent irreversible damages and ensure to reach a reproductive and productive standard during the first lactation. However the simple size needs to be increased.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75448199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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