Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10032
E. Gorla, F. Bertolini, M. Strillacci, M. Cozzi, S. Román-Ponce, F. Ruiz, V. V. Vega, C. Dematawewa, Donald Rugira Kugonza, A. Elbeltagy, Carl J. Schmid, S. Lamont, A. Bagnato, M. Rothschild
Recently, many studies in livestock have focused on the identification of Copy Number Variants (CNVs) using high-density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) arrays, but few have focused on studying chicken ecotypes coming from many locations. CNVs are polymorphisms, which may influence phenotype and are an important source of genetic variation in populations. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic difference and structure, using a high density SNP chip in 936 individuals from seven different countries (Brazil, Italy, Egypt, Mexico, Rwanda, Sri Lanka and Uganda). The DNA was genotyped with the Affymetrix Axiom®600k Chicken Genotyping Array and processed with stringent quality controls to obtain 559,201 SNPs in 915 individuals. The Log R Ratio (LRR) and the B Allele Frequency of SNPs were used to perform the CNV calling with PennCNV software based on a Hidden Markov Model analysis and the LRR was used to perform CNV detection with SVS Golden Helix software.After filtering, a total of 19,027 CNVs were detected with the SVS software, while 9,065 CNVs were identified with the Penn CNV software. The CNVs were summarized in 7,001 Copy Number Variant Regions (CNVRs) and 4,414 CNVRs, using the software BedTool.The consensus analysis across the CNVRs allowed the identification of 2,820 consensus CNVR, of which 1,721 were gain, 637 loss and 462 complex, for a total length of 53 Mb corresponding to the 5 % of the GalGal5 chicken autosomes. Only the consensus CNV regions obtained from both detections were considered for further analysis.The intersection analysis performed between the chicken gene database (Gallus_gallus-5.0) and the 1,927 consensus CNVRs allowed the identification (within or partial overlap) of a total of 2,354 unique genes with an official gene ID. The CNVRs identified here represent the first comprehensive mapping in several worldwide populations, using a high-density SNP chip.
近年来，许多家畜研究都集中在利用高密度单核苷酸多态性(SNP)阵列鉴定拷贝数变异(CNVs)上，但很少有研究关注来自多个地点的鸡生态型。CNVs是一种多态性，可以影响表型，是群体遗传变异的重要来源。本研究的目的是利用高密度SNP芯片对来自7个不同国家(巴西、意大利、埃及、墨西哥、卢旺达、斯里兰卡和乌干达)的936名个体进行遗传差异和结构探索。使用Affymetrix Axiom®600k鸡基因分型阵列对DNA进行基因分型，并进行严格的质量控制，在915只鸡中获得559,201个snp。采用基于隐马尔可夫模型分析的PennCNV软件利用SNPs的Log R Ratio (LRR)和B等位基因频率进行CNV调用，利用SVS Golden Helix软件利用LRR进行CNV检测。经过筛选，SVS软件共检测到19027个CNV，而Penn CNV软件共检测到9065个CNV。利用BedTool软件对7,001个拷贝数变异区(Copy Number Variant Regions, CNVRs)和4,414个CNVRs的CNVs进行汇总。通过对CNVR的一致性分析，鉴定出2820个一致性CNVR，其中1721个为增益，637个为缺失，462个为复合体，总长度为53 Mb，相当于鸡GalGal5常染色体的5%。仅考虑从两个检测中获得的一致CNV区域进行进一步分析。在鸡基因数据库(Gallus_gallus-5.0)和1,927个共识cnvr之间进行的交叉分析允许鉴定(在或部分重叠)共有2,354个具有官方基因ID的独特基因。这里鉴定的cnvr代表了使用高密度SNP芯片在全球几个人群中的第一个全面定位。
{"title":"Genomic Diversity Using Copy Number Variations in Worldwide Chicken Populations","authors":"E. Gorla, F. Bertolini, M. Strillacci, M. Cozzi, S. Román-Ponce, F. Ruiz, V. V. Vega, C. Dematawewa, Donald Rugira Kugonza, A. Elbeltagy, Carl J. Schmid, S. Lamont, A. Bagnato, M. Rothschild","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10032","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, many studies in livestock have focused on the identification of Copy Number Variants (CNVs) using high-density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) arrays, but few have focused on studying chicken ecotypes coming from many locations. CNVs are polymorphisms, which may influence phenotype and are an important source of genetic variation in populations. The aim of this study was to explore the genetic difference and structure, using a high density SNP chip in 936 individuals from seven different countries (Brazil, Italy, Egypt, Mexico, Rwanda, Sri Lanka and Uganda). The DNA was genotyped with the Affymetrix Axiom®600k Chicken Genotyping Array and processed with stringent quality controls to obtain 559,201 SNPs in 915 individuals. The Log R Ratio (LRR) and the B Allele Frequency of SNPs were used to perform the CNV calling with PennCNV software based on a Hidden Markov Model analysis and the LRR was used to perform CNV detection with SVS Golden Helix software.After filtering, a total of 19,027 CNVs were detected with the SVS software, while 9,065 CNVs were identified with the Penn CNV software. The CNVs were summarized in 7,001 Copy Number Variant Regions (CNVRs) and 4,414 CNVRs, using the software BedTool.The consensus analysis across the CNVRs allowed the identification of 2,820 consensus CNVR, of which 1,721 were gain, 637 loss and 462 complex, for a total length of 53 Mb corresponding to the 5 % of the GalGal5 chicken autosomes. Only the consensus CNV regions obtained from both detections were considered for further analysis.The intersection analysis performed between the chicken gene database (Gallus_gallus-5.0) and the 1,927 consensus CNVRs allowed the identification (within or partial overlap) of a total of 2,354 unique genes with an official gene ID. The CNVRs identified here represent the first comprehensive mapping in several worldwide populations, using a high-density SNP chip.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90878172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10014
M. Castrica, Caludia Maria Balzaretti, A. Baldi
School catering services are characterized by a significant level of inefficiency regarding the food processed but not consumed during meals. This work analyses the meal supply in primary schools in Italy in order to highlight new areas of inefficiency upstream of the food chain. A lack of conformity of food portions with nutritional guidelines can potentially lead to a double negative externality: overweight children and food waste. Data were collected between April and June 2017 from the municipality website of each regional capital (RC) of the 20 Italian regions. From the tendering process for primary school meal provision, data on the portions (in grams) of the most representative food categories were extracted and classified. To evaluate the degree of homogeneity amongst different regions, the average, minimum and maximum values, standard deviations and relative standard deviations of each individual food category were estimated. To verify the adherence to nutritional recommendations, ANOVA was performed for multiple comparisons combined with Duncan's multiple range test, with significance set at a p value < 0.05. The specific benchmarks for the evaluation of meal portion sizes were calculated based on the National Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intake Levels. The results (table 1) show a great variability of food portions amongst the RCs analyzed. Food categories with highest relative standard deviations values were cooked and raw vegetables (0.29 and 0.35 respectively) that indicate great levels of heterogeneity in food portions amongst Italian regions. Conversely, pasta and rice portions were more uniform (0.10 and 0.13), although on average above than the recommended portion. The only food categories characterized by a smaller mean portion than recommended are fish, raw vegetables and cooked vegetables. The educational role of eating at school can contribute to raising children's awareness about one of the most urgent environmental challenges - food waste - by introducing the best strategies for waste reduction, reuse and recycling.
{"title":"Meal portion sizes and their potential impacts on food waste: case study of school meals in Italy","authors":"M. Castrica, Caludia Maria Balzaretti, A. Baldi","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10014","url":null,"abstract":"School catering services are characterized by a significant level of inefficiency regarding the food processed but not consumed during meals. This work analyses the meal supply in primary schools in Italy in order to highlight new areas of inefficiency upstream of the food chain. A lack of conformity of food portions with nutritional guidelines can potentially lead to a double negative externality: overweight children and food waste. Data were collected between April and June 2017 from the municipality website of each regional capital (RC) of the 20 Italian regions. From the tendering process for primary school meal provision, data on the portions (in grams) of the most representative food categories were extracted and classified. To evaluate the degree of homogeneity amongst different regions, the average, minimum and maximum values, standard deviations and relative standard deviations of each individual food category were estimated. To verify the adherence to nutritional recommendations, ANOVA was performed for multiple comparisons combined with Duncan's multiple range test, with significance set at a p value < 0.05. The specific benchmarks for the evaluation of meal portion sizes were calculated based on the National Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intake Levels. The results (table 1) show a great variability of food portions amongst the RCs analyzed. Food categories with highest relative standard deviations values were cooked and raw vegetables (0.29 and 0.35 respectively) that indicate great levels of heterogeneity in food portions amongst Italian regions. Conversely, pasta and rice portions were more uniform (0.10 and 0.13), although on average above than the recommended portion. The only food categories characterized by a smaller mean portion than recommended are fish, raw vegetables and cooked vegetables. The educational role of eating at school can contribute to raising children's awareness about one of the most urgent environmental challenges - food waste - by introducing the best strategies for waste reduction, reuse and recycling.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86719887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10051
Fabio Omodei Zorini, G. Savoini, R. Finocchiaro, M. Cassandro, G. Invernizzi
Genetic selection of dairy cattle has classically been based on fertility and productivity (kilograms of milk, protein, fat). In recent years a growing interest in characters related to health and efficiency of the animals has taken hold. The selection of animals with a high feed efficiency can bring benefits in terms of health, productivity and environmental impact. A first batch of 16 Holstein heifers (mean age 12.63 ± 2.90 months) was selected and housed in a tie-stall of the Centro Zootecnico Didattico Sperimentale (CZDS) of Lodi for the whole length of the trial (35 days). Blood samples were collected and sent to the lab to perform genotyping of the animals. Heifers were fed a composed ration of sorghum silage and total mixed ration, delivered daily on individual feeders to ensure each animal continuous access to the feed. Animals had free access to the water. Feed intake was obtained weighing the supplied ration and the residual the day after. Individual body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), hearth girth (HG) and height at the wither (W) were measured weekly. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Residual Feed Intake (RFI) were calculated using Dry Matter Intake (DMI) data. Fecal samples were collected weekly to assess any relation between feed efficiency and acidic profile of the feces. Preliminary results show an average daily gain of 941 ± 206 grams, an increase of mean BW from 374.63 ± 17.06 (day 0) to 407.56 ± 17.06 kilograms (day 34), an increase of mean BCS from 3.97 ± 0.11 (day 0) to 4.19 ± 0.11 (day 34), an increase of mean HG from 169.25 ± 2.83 (day 0) to 177.41 ± 2.83 centimeters (day 34), an increase of mean W from 127.28 ± 1.23 (day 0) to 132.69 ± 1.23 centimeters (day 34).
{"title":"Feed efficiency of Italian Holstein dairy heifers in the genomic era – preliminary results","authors":"Fabio Omodei Zorini, G. Savoini, R. Finocchiaro, M. Cassandro, G. Invernizzi","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10051","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic selection of dairy cattle has classically been based on fertility and productivity (kilograms of milk, protein, fat). In recent years a growing interest in characters related to health and efficiency of the animals has taken hold. The selection of animals with a high feed efficiency can bring benefits in terms of health, productivity and environmental impact. A first batch of 16 Holstein heifers (mean age 12.63 ± 2.90 months) was selected and housed in a tie-stall of the Centro Zootecnico Didattico Sperimentale (CZDS) of Lodi for the whole length of the trial (35 days). Blood samples were collected and sent to the lab to perform genotyping of the animals. Heifers were fed a composed ration of sorghum silage and total mixed ration, delivered daily on individual feeders to ensure each animal continuous access to the feed. Animals had free access to the water. Feed intake was obtained weighing the supplied ration and the residual the day after. Individual body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), hearth girth (HG) and height at the wither (W) were measured weekly. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) and Residual Feed Intake (RFI) were calculated using Dry Matter Intake (DMI) data. Fecal samples were collected weekly to assess any relation between feed efficiency and acidic profile of the feces. Preliminary results show an average daily gain of 941 ± 206 grams, an increase of mean BW from 374.63 ± 17.06 (day 0) to 407.56 ± 17.06 kilograms (day 34), an increase of mean BCS from 3.97 ± 0.11 (day 0) to 4.19 ± 0.11 (day 34), an increase of mean HG from 169.25 ± 2.83 (day 0) to 177.41 ± 2.83 centimeters (day 34), an increase of mean W from 127.28 ± 1.23 (day 0) to 132.69 ± 1.23 centimeters (day 34).","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80434334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10001
F. Dai, E. Costa, M. Minero
Harmonized data collection is essential to obtain a reliable picture of equine welfare conditions. Effective education on how to assess and score welfare indicators plays a critical role in terms of inter-observer reliability. The Horse Grimace Scale (HGS), a facial-expression-based pain coding system, is able to identify a range of acute pain conditions in horses. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a standardized training on HGS inter-observer reliability.Students in Veterinary Medicine from the University of Milan (N=46) and the University of Teramo (N=31) were recruited. Prior to any training, students were asked to score 10 pictures of horse faces using the six Facial Action Units (FAUs) of the HGS: Stiffly backwards ears, Orbital tightening, Tension above the eye area, Prominent strained chewing muscles, Mouth strained, Strained nostrils. Then, a 30-min training session was provided, including detailed descriptions and example pictures of each FAU, as well as a discussion of five pictures previously scored by an experienced assessor. After training, students scored other 10 pictures. To determine the inter-observer reliability pre and post-training, Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used.Students’ reliability was good even before training (ICC=0,986 for the overall HGS score), with Tension above the eye area, and Strained nostrils appearing more challenging to be scored reliably. Reliability improved after the 30 min training for the overall HGS score (ICC=0,992) and for each FAU (see table 1). According to Cicchetti (1994), an ICC score between 0.75 and 1.00 can be considered excellent.Our results suggest that the HGS scoring system is easy to apply even without any training; however, the training method applied proved useful to improve the reliability of HGS scores.
{"title":"Efficacy of a standardized training on horse welfare indicators: a preliminary study","authors":"F. Dai, E. Costa, M. Minero","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10001","url":null,"abstract":"Harmonized data collection is essential to obtain a reliable picture of equine welfare conditions. Effective education on how to assess and score welfare indicators plays a critical role in terms of inter-observer reliability. The Horse Grimace Scale (HGS), a facial-expression-based pain coding system, is able to identify a range of acute pain conditions in horses. This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of a standardized training on HGS inter-observer reliability.Students in Veterinary Medicine from the University of Milan (N=46) and the University of Teramo (N=31) were recruited. Prior to any training, students were asked to score 10 pictures of horse faces using the six Facial Action Units (FAUs) of the HGS: Stiffly backwards ears, Orbital tightening, Tension above the eye area, Prominent strained chewing muscles, Mouth strained, Strained nostrils. Then, a 30-min training session was provided, including detailed descriptions and example pictures of each FAU, as well as a discussion of five pictures previously scored by an experienced assessor. After training, students scored other 10 pictures. To determine the inter-observer reliability pre and post-training, Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was used.Students’ reliability was good even before training (ICC=0,986 for the overall HGS score), with Tension above the eye area, and Strained nostrils appearing more challenging to be scored reliably. Reliability improved after the 30 min training for the overall HGS score (ICC=0,992) and for each FAU (see table 1). According to Cicchetti (1994), an ICC score between 0.75 and 1.00 can be considered excellent.Our results suggest that the HGS scoring system is easy to apply even without any training; however, the training method applied proved useful to improve the reliability of HGS scores.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72803643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10049
F. Vitali, E. Kariuki, M. Njoroge, T. Kaitho, G. Curone, D. Mijele, G. Ravasio
Predictable immobilization of wild zebras is challenging and there is massive variation in opiate response within different species. Etorphine combined with azaperone is considered the protocol of choice, but no studies have investigated the physiological response to this procedure of immobilization in plains zebras. Eleven free-ranging plains zebras ( Equus quagga ) were immobilized in Kenya using a combination of etorphine 0.019 ± 0.003 mg/kg and azaperone 0.27 ± 0.05 mg/kg administered intramuscularly with a projectile dart. After recumbency, an arterial sample was performed for blood gas analysis and physiological parameters were recorded every five minutes. Descriptive scores were given to the exertion resulting from high-speed chasing and to the quality of induction, immobilization and recovery. Diprenorphine or naltrexone were used for opioid antagonism. In all zebras, the combination induced quick inductions within 3.5 ± 0.8 minutes and provided reliable recumbencies without attempts to stand for the entire duration of the immobilization. The average heart rates, respiratory rates and mean arterial blood pressure recorded were 102 ± 42 beats/minute, 18 ± 4 breaths/minute and 145 ± 28 mmHg respectively. Arterial gas analyses demonstrated mild to severe and partially compensated metabolic acidosis and hypoxia, while electrolytes were within equids range. In particular, higher exertion levels during the chasing were significantly correlated to worse immobilization scores (p=0.008) and hyperthermia occurrence (p=0.0012) and non-significantly to more severe acidosis. Recoveries from anaesthesia were smooth, on average 121 ± 38 seconds after diprenorphine/naltrexone administration. Etorphine-azaperone combination produced physiological alterations in free-ranging plains zebra such as tachycardia, hypertension, metabolic acidosis and hypoxemia. However, these preliminary results indicate that high-speed chase might be responsible for the physiological imbalance and that this drug combination does not suppress the compensatory response. Regardless of the metabolic status, recover from immobilization was uneventful and all zebras went back to normal behavior thereafter.
{"title":"Physiological response to chemical immobilization: a case study of etorphine-azaperone in free-ranging plains zebra (Equus quagga) in Kenya","authors":"F. Vitali, E. Kariuki, M. Njoroge, T. Kaitho, G. Curone, D. Mijele, G. Ravasio","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10049","url":null,"abstract":"Predictable immobilization of wild zebras is challenging and there is massive variation in opiate response within different species. Etorphine combined with azaperone is considered the protocol of choice, but no studies have investigated the physiological response to this procedure of immobilization in plains zebras. Eleven free-ranging plains zebras ( Equus quagga ) were immobilized in Kenya using a combination of etorphine 0.019 ± 0.003 mg/kg and azaperone 0.27 ± 0.05 mg/kg administered intramuscularly with a projectile dart. After recumbency, an arterial sample was performed for blood gas analysis and physiological parameters were recorded every five minutes. Descriptive scores were given to the exertion resulting from high-speed chasing and to the quality of induction, immobilization and recovery. Diprenorphine or naltrexone were used for opioid antagonism. In all zebras, the combination induced quick inductions within 3.5 ± 0.8 minutes and provided reliable recumbencies without attempts to stand for the entire duration of the immobilization. The average heart rates, respiratory rates and mean arterial blood pressure recorded were 102 ± 42 beats/minute, 18 ± 4 breaths/minute and 145 ± 28 mmHg respectively. Arterial gas analyses demonstrated mild to severe and partially compensated metabolic acidosis and hypoxia, while electrolytes were within equids range. In particular, higher exertion levels during the chasing were significantly correlated to worse immobilization scores (p=0.008) and hyperthermia occurrence (p=0.0012) and non-significantly to more severe acidosis. Recoveries from anaesthesia were smooth, on average 121 ± 38 seconds after diprenorphine/naltrexone administration. Etorphine-azaperone combination produced physiological alterations in free-ranging plains zebra such as tachycardia, hypertension, metabolic acidosis and hypoxemia. However, these preliminary results indicate that high-speed chase might be responsible for the physiological imbalance and that this drug combination does not suppress the compensatory response. Regardless of the metabolic status, recover from immobilization was uneventful and all zebras went back to normal behavior thereafter.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78353616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10027
S. Meazzi, R. Ferriani, S. Paltrinieri, A. Giordano
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in which the definitive diagnosis is achieved by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on post-mortem biopsies. The clinical suspicion is aroused by signalment, clinical signs and several laboratory tests, including alpha-1-acid glycoprotein measurement for which the only validated kit is no longer available. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a serum enzyme with antioxidant activity, considered as a negative acute phase protein in several species. Since inflammation plays a major role in FIP, and due to the high susceptibility of cats to oxidation, it could be of great interest the evaluation of this enzyme as a diagnostic marker for FIP. The aim of this study was to measure paraoxonase-1 in healthy cats and cats with clinical signs consistent with FIP (both wet or dry form), in order to evaluate the utility of this parameter in the diagnosis of FIP. Sixty-two cats were enrolled and divided into three groups: healthy (n=16), confirmed FIP (n=22) and NON FIP with similar clinical signs (n=24). PON-1 was measured on serum, using a paraoxon-based enzymatic method, already validated in cats. Results showed significantly lower PON-1 activity in FIP cats (mean ± SD: 29.1 ± 16.3 U/mL; median: 24.4; IQR: 16.6-38.3), compared with healthy cats (90.1 ± 24.1 U/mL; median: 86.0; IQR: 76.7-105.7; P<0.001) and with “non-FIP” cats (55.9 ± 28.3 U/mL; median: 51.9; IQR: 35.7-68.8, P<0.001). A significant difference was also found between healthy and “non-FIP” cats (P<0.001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve demonstrated that PON-1 may discriminate cats with and without FIP (Fig.1). At the cut-off that maximizes the diagnostic power of the test, sensitivity and specificity for FIP were 77% each, suggesting that PON-1 may be a reliable marker in association with other confirmatory tests and with signs consistent with the disease.
{"title":"Preliminary data about Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) as a maker for Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)","authors":"S. Meazzi, R. Ferriani, S. Paltrinieri, A. Giordano","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10027","url":null,"abstract":"Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease in which the definitive diagnosis is achieved by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on post-mortem biopsies. The clinical suspicion is aroused by signalment, clinical signs and several laboratory tests, including alpha-1-acid glycoprotein measurement for which the only validated kit is no longer available. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) is a serum enzyme with antioxidant activity, considered as a negative acute phase protein in several species. Since inflammation plays a major role in FIP, and due to the high susceptibility of cats to oxidation, it could be of great interest the evaluation of this enzyme as a diagnostic marker for FIP. The aim of this study was to measure paraoxonase-1 in healthy cats and cats with clinical signs consistent with FIP (both wet or dry form), in order to evaluate the utility of this parameter in the diagnosis of FIP. Sixty-two cats were enrolled and divided into three groups: healthy (n=16), confirmed FIP (n=22) and NON FIP with similar clinical signs (n=24). PON-1 was measured on serum, using a paraoxon-based enzymatic method, already validated in cats. Results showed significantly lower PON-1 activity in FIP cats (mean ± SD: 29.1 ± 16.3 U/mL; median: 24.4; IQR: 16.6-38.3), compared with healthy cats (90.1 ± 24.1 U/mL; median: 86.0; IQR: 76.7-105.7; P<0.001) and with “non-FIP” cats (55.9 ± 28.3 U/mL; median: 51.9; IQR: 35.7-68.8, P<0.001). A significant difference was also found between healthy and “non-FIP” cats (P<0.001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve demonstrated that PON-1 may discriminate cats with and without FIP (Fig.1). At the cut-off that maximizes the diagnostic power of the test, sensitivity and specificity for FIP were 77% each, suggesting that PON-1 may be a reliable marker in association with other confirmatory tests and with signs consistent with the disease.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79679746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10025
G. Curone, A. Gazzonis, S. Zanzani, D. Ponzoni, D. Vigo, M. Manfredi, F. Riva, P. Moroni, F. Vitali, M. Faustini
The Italian goat autochthonous breeds are appreciated for their milk and characteristics, especially for the rusticity, frugality, fertility and longevity. For these reasons the local goat breeds play an important role in the livestock sector, and it is important to guarantee sanitary strategies control, prevention or treatment of diseases. It is well known that the hematological parameters in goats undergo changes in relation with many factors like breed, age (Piccione et al. 2014), physiological/reproductive status environmental factors and stress (Waziri M.A. et al. 2010). Based on these differences it is necessary to establish appropriate physiological baseline values for every single breed which could be used in the realistic evaluation physiological or pathological status of the animal (Arfuso et al. 2016). The aim of this work was to evaluate the differences between a local goat breed (Verzasca) and a cosmopolite one (Alpine) from the hematological point of view, and to establish hematological reference values. A total number of 71 female goats, of Alpine (n=37), and Verzasca (n=34) were enrolled for this study, for a total of 716 blood samples. Data were processed by a mixed model-repeated measures ANCOVA in order to evaluate the effects of breed, parity, and season, while baseline values for each breed have been calculated by evaluating the 2.5-97.5th percentile of variables distribution.The results showed that the breeds differ in a significant manner (Table 1). Verzasca goat shows significantly higher values in the erythroid parameters, whereas the Alpine goat shows higher mean values of leucocyte count and absolute neutrophil count. A further interesting result is the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio which is 0.96 in the Alpine and 0,57 in the Verzasca.The results here presented can add some knowledge to the definition of the health status of the two breeds, evidencing some environmental and physiological variation mechanisms.
意大利本土山羊品种以其乳汁和特色而闻名，尤其是质朴、节俭、多产和长寿。由于这些原因，当地山羊品种在畜牧业中发挥着重要作用，对保证卫生战略、控制、预防或治疗疾病非常重要。众所周知，山羊血液学参数的变化与品种、年龄(Piccione et al. 2014)、生理/繁殖状态、环境因素和应激(Waziri ma . a . et al. 2010)等因素有关。基于这些差异，有必要为每个品种建立适当的生理基线值，这些值可用于实际评估动物的生理或病理状态(Arfuso et al. 2016)。这项工作的目的是从血液学的角度评估当地山羊品种(Verzasca)和世界山羊品种(Alpine)之间的差异，并建立血液学参考值。本研究共招募阿尔卑斯山羊(n=37)和Verzasca山羊(n=34) 71只母羊，共采集716份血液样本。数据通过混合模型-重复测量ANCOVA进行处理，以评估品种、胎次和季节的影响，同时通过评估变量分布的2.5- 97.5%来计算每个品种的基线值。结果表明，不同品种之间存在显著差异(表1)。Verzasca山羊的红细胞参数值显著高于阿尔卑斯山羊，而阿尔卑斯山羊的白细胞计数和绝对中性粒细胞计数平均值较高。另一个有趣的结果是中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比率，在阿尔卑斯山脉为0.96，在韦尔扎斯卡山脉为0.57。本研究结果可以为两个品种的健康状况的定义提供一些知识，证明一些环境和生理变异机制。
{"title":"Blood baseline values in female alpine and nera di verzasca goats reared in italy.","authors":"G. Curone, A. Gazzonis, S. Zanzani, D. Ponzoni, D. Vigo, M. Manfredi, F. Riva, P. Moroni, F. Vitali, M. Faustini","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10025","url":null,"abstract":"The Italian goat autochthonous breeds are appreciated for their milk and characteristics, especially for the rusticity, frugality, fertility and longevity. For these reasons the local goat breeds play an important role in the livestock sector, and it is important to guarantee sanitary strategies control, prevention or treatment of diseases. It is well known that the hematological parameters in goats undergo changes in relation with many factors like breed, age (Piccione et al. 2014), physiological/reproductive status environmental factors and stress (Waziri M.A. et al. 2010). Based on these differences it is necessary to establish appropriate physiological baseline values for every single breed which could be used in the realistic evaluation physiological or pathological status of the animal (Arfuso et al. 2016). The aim of this work was to evaluate the differences between a local goat breed (Verzasca) and a cosmopolite one (Alpine) from the hematological point of view, and to establish hematological reference values. A total number of 71 female goats, of Alpine (n=37), and Verzasca (n=34) were enrolled for this study, for a total of 716 blood samples. Data were processed by a mixed model-repeated measures ANCOVA in order to evaluate the effects of breed, parity, and season, while baseline values for each breed have been calculated by evaluating the 2.5-97.5th percentile of variables distribution.The results showed that the breeds differ in a significant manner (Table 1). Verzasca goat shows significantly higher values in the erythroid parameters, whereas the Alpine goat shows higher mean values of leucocyte count and absolute neutrophil count. A further interesting result is the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio which is 0.96 in the Alpine and 0,57 in the Verzasca.The results here presented can add some knowledge to the definition of the health status of the two breeds, evidencing some environmental and physiological variation mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75829526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10043
V. Perricone, A. Agazzi, A. Costa, M. Lazzari, G. Savoini, A. Calcante, F. Tangorra
Following the concepts of precision feeding, the right components balance (Sova et al., 2014) and the correct particle size distribution (PSD, Khan et al., 2014) of total mixed ration (TMR) are essential for a complete homogeneity of the diet and are strongly influenced by adopted mixing time (MT, Humer et al., 2018, Schingoethe et al.,2017). The aim of the trial was to determine the influence of two MTs (MT1≤7min and MT2>7min) on the chemical homogeneity and PSD along the feeding alley. Diets were performed with a horizontal cutter-mixer wagon (Gulliver 4016, Sgariboldi), and TMR samples were collected from the beginning, middle and end of the feeding alley after discharge. Triplicate samples of the diet were collected for chemical composition analyses (moisture, CP, Ash, EE, NDF and ADF) and PSD evaluation (Heinrichs and Kononoff, 2002) over two months (two sampling/week). Statistical analysis was performed by a PROC MIXED for repeated measurements of SAS. MT1 evidenced a non-uniform distribution of moisture content along the feeding alley (P=0.05): lower moisture was found at the end than at the beginning and in the middle (47.55 vs 51.13 and 51.00%, respectively; P<0.01). No significant effects of MTs were recorded for other chemical parameters. The PSD showed trend to a higher retained amount of fibre in MT1 upper sieve (14.79 vs. 10.14%; P=0.06), while lower amount of feed was found in middle and bottom sieve than MT2 (38.9 and 12.81 vs 42.17 and 14.32%, respectively; P=0.08 and P=0.06). With respect to TMR distribution along the feeding alley, no differences were found between MT1 and MT2. Day of sampling evidenced significant variation both in chemical and physical composition (P<0.05). Obtained preliminary data evidenced the influence of MTs on composition and on PSD of the provided diet; results suggest to daily measure moisture of raw material in order to avoid negative changes in dry matter intake.
遵循精密饲养的概念，总混合日粮(TMR)的正确成分平衡(Sova等人，2014)和正确粒度分布(PSD, Khan等人，2014)对于日粮的完全均匀性至关重要，并且受到混合时间的强烈影响(MT, Humer等人，2018,Schingoethe等人，2017)。试验的目的是确定两种mt (MT1≤7min和MT2>7min)对进料通道化学均匀性和PSD的影响。饲粮采用卧式切拌车(Gulliver 4016, Sgariboldi)进行，出料后分别在饲喂通道的起始、中间和末端采集TMR样本。在2个月内(每周2次取样)收集3份日粮样品，进行化学成分分析(水分、粗蛋白质、粗灰分、EE、NDF和ADF)和PSD评价(Heinrichs和Kononoff, 2002)。采用PROC mix进行SAS重复测量的统计分析。MT1沿进料通道水分分布不均匀(P=0.05)，末端水分低于起始和中间(分别为47.55%比51.13%和51.00%);P < 0.01)。MTs对其他化学参数没有显著影响。PSD在MT1上筛中有较高的纤维保留量趋势(14.79 vs. 10.14%;P=0.06)，而中筛和底筛的进料量低于MT2(分别为38.9%和12.81% vs 42.17%和14.32%;P=0.08和P=0.06)。MT1和MT2的TMR沿饲道分布无明显差异。采样日化学和物理成分变化显著(P<0.05)。获得的初步数据证明了mt对所提供日粮的组成和PSD的影响;结果表明，为避免干物质采食量的负变化，应每日测定原料水分。
{"title":"Chemical homogeneity and particle size distribution of dairy cow TMR along the feeding alley with different mixing times","authors":"V. Perricone, A. Agazzi, A. Costa, M. Lazzari, G. Savoini, A. Calcante, F. Tangorra","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10043","url":null,"abstract":"Following the concepts of precision feeding, the right components balance (Sova et al., 2014) and the correct particle size distribution (PSD, Khan et al., 2014) of total mixed ration (TMR) are essential for a complete homogeneity of the diet and are strongly influenced by adopted mixing time (MT, Humer et al., 2018, Schingoethe et al.,2017). The aim of the trial was to determine the influence of two MTs (MT1≤7min and MT2>7min) on the chemical homogeneity and PSD along the feeding alley. Diets were performed with a horizontal cutter-mixer wagon (Gulliver 4016, Sgariboldi), and TMR samples were collected from the beginning, middle and end of the feeding alley after discharge. Triplicate samples of the diet were collected for chemical composition analyses (moisture, CP, Ash, EE, NDF and ADF) and PSD evaluation (Heinrichs and Kononoff, 2002) over two months (two sampling/week). Statistical analysis was performed by a PROC MIXED for repeated measurements of SAS. MT1 evidenced a non-uniform distribution of moisture content along the feeding alley (P=0.05): lower moisture was found at the end than at the beginning and in the middle (47.55 vs 51.13 and 51.00%, respectively; P<0.01). No significant effects of MTs were recorded for other chemical parameters. The PSD showed trend to a higher retained amount of fibre in MT1 upper sieve (14.79 vs. 10.14%; P=0.06), while lower amount of feed was found in middle and bottom sieve than MT2 (38.9 and 12.81 vs 42.17 and 14.32%, respectively; P=0.08 and P=0.06). With respect to TMR distribution along the feeding alley, no differences were found between MT1 and MT2. Day of sampling evidenced significant variation both in chemical and physical composition (P<0.05). Obtained preliminary data evidenced the influence of MTs on composition and on PSD of the provided diet; results suggest to daily measure moisture of raw material in order to avoid negative changes in dry matter intake.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90352930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10035
G. Meroni, P. Martino
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) has been associated with high antibiotic-resistance rates (e.g. methicillin) in European countries [1,3]. This condition could be also related to the ability to produce biofilm [2]. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of methicillin-resistant SP strains and determine their ability to produce biofilm and some crucial virulence factors. Forty-two SP strains, previously determined as multi drug resistant (MDR) by the disk diffusion method using a panel of 17 antimicrobial agents, were selected from our collection and tested phenotypically for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methicillin and genotypically for the presence of mecA and blaZ genes. The ability to produce biofilm was assessed phenotypically by two different assays: the Congo Red Agar plates (CRA) and the Microtitre Plate test (MtP) and genetically by the amplification of icaA and icaD genes. Three virulence factors genes coding for bicomponent leukocidin and enterotoxins ( luk-I, seC , se-int ) were searched. Twenty-three strains revealed a value of MIC for the methicillin greater than 128 µg/mL. The 83% were mecA -positive and 86% resulted blaZ -positive; all the strains positive for mecA were also positive for blaZ . All SP strains resulted biofilm-producers by MtP assay and classified as weakly producers (4.7%), moderate producers (47.6 %) and strongly producers (47.6 %). In contrast, only 35.7% of all strains were considered biofilm-producers by CRA method. The amplification of icaA and icaD gene occurred respectively in 66.6% and 97.6%; only one strain was negative for both genes. Almost all strains were positive for l uk-I (95%), seC (74%) and se-int (84%). Our data reveal the pathogenicity potential of SP strains from dogs, suggesting that they could be considered zoonotic potential agents and confirming other previous studies [3-5]. Moreover could be observed a clear linkage between antibiotic-resistance and ability to produce biofilm.
{"title":"Biofilm-forming ability and virulence factors of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from canine pyoderma","authors":"G. Meroni, P. Martino","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10035","url":null,"abstract":"Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) has been associated with high antibiotic-resistance rates (e.g. methicillin) in European countries [1,3]. This condition could be also related to the ability to produce biofilm [2]. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of methicillin-resistant SP strains and determine their ability to produce biofilm and some crucial virulence factors. Forty-two SP strains, previously determined as multi drug resistant (MDR) by the disk diffusion method using a panel of 17 antimicrobial agents, were selected from our collection and tested phenotypically for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methicillin and genotypically for the presence of mecA and blaZ genes. The ability to produce biofilm was assessed phenotypically by two different assays: the Congo Red Agar plates (CRA) and the Microtitre Plate test (MtP) and genetically by the amplification of icaA and icaD genes. Three virulence factors genes coding for bicomponent leukocidin and enterotoxins ( luk-I, seC , se-int ) were searched. Twenty-three strains revealed a value of MIC for the methicillin greater than 128 µg/mL. The 83% were mecA -positive and 86% resulted blaZ -positive; all the strains positive for mecA were also positive for blaZ . All SP strains resulted biofilm-producers by MtP assay and classified as weakly producers (4.7%), moderate producers (47.6 %) and strongly producers (47.6 %). In contrast, only 35.7% of all strains were considered biofilm-producers by CRA method. The amplification of icaA and icaD gene occurred respectively in 66.6% and 97.6%; only one strain was negative for both genes. Almost all strains were positive for l uk-I (95%), seC (74%) and se-int (84%). Our data reveal the pathogenicity potential of SP strains from dogs, suggesting that they could be considered zoonotic potential agents and confirming other previous studies [3-5]. Moreover could be observed a clear linkage between antibiotic-resistance and ability to produce biofilm.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83676397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-12DOI: 10.13130/2283-3927/10047
A. Savarese, C. Locatelli, V. Borromeo, A. Berrini, A. Galizzi, Martina Crudo, P. Brambilla
Aldosterone is a corticosteroid hormone that plays a pivotal role in homeostatic regulation of water and salt reabsorption, blood volume and pressure. Aldosterone levels tent to rise in humans in hypertension, chronic and acute congestive heart failure (CHF); detrimental effects are opposed by drugs like ACE inhibitors and anti-mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone has a pulsatile secretion, so measurement in serum is less indicative than in urine, where concentration can be indexed to creatinine ratio for estimation of the 24-h aldosterone excretion. Few studies have evaluated aldosterone in canine urine patients, and none by ELISA. Aim of the study was to evaluate a commercial ELISA kit for measuring aldosterone in dog’s urine. Urine was collectedby free catchfrom four dogs. Two were healthy, one was affected by CHF and prescribed anti-mineralocorticoiddaily, one was affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). Urine was centrifuged (1250g/5 min) and supernatant frozen (-20°C). Aldosterone was measured by a competitive ELISA previously validated for dogs. Twenty-four hours acid hydrolysis was performed on urinary samples before assay. The ELISA standard curve in a semi-log plot was linear between 2.5 and 3.9 ng/mL. Spike-and-recovery, linearity-of-dilution and parallelism experiments showed accuracy inmeasuring aldosterone in dog urine samples. The intra-assay coefficient of variation showed good reproducibility of the assay. Urinary samples are easy to collect, and the ELISA used in this preliminary study seems promising in determining aldosterone in dog urine. Its levels can be of great diagnostic and prognostic value for dogs affected by acute and chronic CHF, in order to assess the best therapeutic strategy. This preliminary analysis will be followed by further studies in patients affected by acute and chronic CHF.
{"title":"Preliminary evaluation of an ELISA kit for the detection of Aldosterone concentration in dog’s urine","authors":"A. Savarese, C. Locatelli, V. Borromeo, A. Berrini, A. Galizzi, Martina Crudo, P. Brambilla","doi":"10.13130/2283-3927/10047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13130/2283-3927/10047","url":null,"abstract":"Aldosterone is a corticosteroid hormone that plays a pivotal role in homeostatic regulation of water and salt reabsorption, blood volume and pressure. Aldosterone levels tent to rise in humans in hypertension, chronic and acute congestive heart failure (CHF); detrimental effects are opposed by drugs like ACE inhibitors and anti-mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone has a pulsatile secretion, so measurement in serum is less indicative than in urine, where concentration can be indexed to creatinine ratio for estimation of the 24-h aldosterone excretion. Few studies have evaluated aldosterone in canine urine patients, and none by ELISA. Aim of the study was to evaluate a commercial ELISA kit for measuring aldosterone in dog’s urine. Urine was collectedby free catchfrom four dogs. Two were healthy, one was affected by CHF and prescribed anti-mineralocorticoiddaily, one was affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD). Urine was centrifuged (1250g/5 min) and supernatant frozen (-20°C). Aldosterone was measured by a competitive ELISA previously validated for dogs. Twenty-four hours acid hydrolysis was performed on urinary samples before assay. The ELISA standard curve in a semi-log plot was linear between 2.5 and 3.9 ng/mL. Spike-and-recovery, linearity-of-dilution and parallelism experiments showed accuracy inmeasuring aldosterone in dog urine samples. The intra-assay coefficient of variation showed good reproducibility of the assay. Urinary samples are easy to collect, and the ELISA used in this preliminary study seems promising in determining aldosterone in dog urine. Its levels can be of great diagnostic and prognostic value for dogs affected by acute and chronic CHF, in order to assess the best therapeutic strategy. This preliminary analysis will be followed by further studies in patients affected by acute and chronic CHF.","PeriodicalId":14105,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Health, Animal science and Food safety","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87973470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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