At present, frozen-thawed semen is used extensively for artificial insemination (AI) in Ethiopia. However, subjective semen quality assessment is still practiced by the semen processing organizations of the country. In this study, motility and motion characteristics of spermatozoa were assessed by using integrated semen analysis system (ISAS) to diagnose breed differences in quality of semen. Semen was collected from 14 breeding bulls (Boran = 4, Crosses of 75 % Holstein Frisian ˟ 25% Boran = 4 and Holstein Frisian = 6). After initial subjective assessment, the semen was evaluated at fresh, chilled and frozen stages for various sperm motion characteristics using integrated semen analysis system (ISAS® v1, Proiser, Spain). PH, volume and morphological defects were differed significantly (P < 0.05) among breeds. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) motility percentage (82.5%) was identified in Boran fresh semen. In contrast spermatozoa motion characteristics: Medium, medium progressive and slow types were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in crosses. Individual motility percentage and spermatozoa motion types (medium and slow) were significantly low (P < 0.05) in Boran chilled semen. In line with chilled semen significantly high motility percentage (42.9%) for frozen semen was observed in HF. The sperm kinematic parameters: Average path velocity (VAP, µm/s), straight line velocity (VSL, µm/s), curvilinear velocity (VCL, µm/s), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH, µm), beat cross frequency (BCF, Hz) and straightness (STR) percentage were differed significantly (P < 0.05) among the three breeds at all stages of semen production. The smallest kinematic values of all parameters except for LIN, STR and WOB of fresh semen were recorded in cross breed bulls at all stages of production. On the other hand significantly higher (P < 0.05) values for all the parameters (VCL, VAP, VSL, ALH, BCF, LIN, STR and WOB) of frozen semen were recorded in Boran breed. Thus it is possible to conclude that breed has influence on motility and motion characteristics of bull spermatozoa at different stages of semen production. Key words: Boran, Integrated Semen Analysis System (ISAS), kinematic parameters.
{"title":"Influence of breed on motility and motion characteristics of fresh, chilled and frozen bull spermatozoa","authors":"Kefelegn Seyoum, Alemayehu Lemma, Asrat Tera","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2020.0700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2020.0700","url":null,"abstract":"At present, frozen-thawed semen is used extensively for artificial insemination (AI) in Ethiopia. However, subjective semen quality assessment is still practiced by the semen processing organizations of the country. In this study, motility and motion characteristics of spermatozoa were assessed by using integrated semen analysis system (ISAS) to diagnose breed differences in quality of semen. Semen was collected from 14 breeding bulls (Boran = 4, Crosses of 75 % Holstein Frisian ˟ 25% Boran = 4 and Holstein Frisian = 6). After initial subjective assessment, the semen was evaluated at fresh, chilled and frozen stages for various sperm motion characteristics using integrated semen analysis system (ISAS® v1, Proiser, Spain). PH, volume and morphological defects were differed significantly (P < 0.05) among breeds. Significantly higher (P < 0.05) motility percentage (82.5%) was identified in Boran fresh semen. In contrast spermatozoa motion characteristics: Medium, medium progressive and slow types were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in crosses. Individual motility percentage and spermatozoa motion types (medium and slow) were significantly low (P < 0.05) in Boran chilled semen. In line with chilled semen significantly high motility percentage (42.9%) for frozen semen was observed in HF. The sperm kinematic parameters: Average path velocity (VAP, µm/s), straight line velocity (VSL, µm/s), curvilinear velocity (VCL, µm/s), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH, µm), beat cross frequency (BCF, Hz) and straightness (STR) percentage were differed significantly (P < 0.05) among the three breeds at all stages of semen production. The smallest kinematic values of all parameters except for LIN, STR and WOB of fresh semen were recorded in cross breed bulls at all stages of production. On the other hand significantly higher (P < 0.05) values for all the parameters (VCL, VAP, VSL, ALH, BCF, LIN, STR and WOB) of frozen semen were recorded in Boran breed. Thus it is possible to conclude that breed has influence on motility and motion characteristics of bull spermatozoa at different stages of semen production. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Boran, Integrated Semen Analysis System (ISAS), kinematic parameters.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77994338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rajasekhar Kasula, F. Solis, Byron Shaffer, Frank Connett, Chris Barrett, R. Cocker, E. Willinghan
The cultivation of hemp was prohibited due to its high content of the psychoactive substance Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Regulatory changes from several countries allow the cultivation of hemp that permits plants and plant parts with less than 0.3% Δ-9 THC. The concern of the levels of THC still remains; therefore, testing hemp seed cake (HSC) contributes new information about the effect of this ingredient on livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HSC on feed intake, body weight (BW), egg production, eggs per hen housed (EHH), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and livability of laying hens. Eight hundred 30-week old laying hens were randomly distributed and fed four treatments for 19 weeks, no HSC (C0), 10% (H10), 20% (H20) and 30% (H30) of HSC replicated 8 times with 25 hens per replicate. Feed intake was not affected by the HSC supplementation. BWs were reduced across all treatments with significant lower impact on the HSC treatments, egg production, EHH and FCR were not consistently affected by HSC supplementation. The livability was within the normal range for the breed. The results of this study confirm that HSC supplementation in feed does not affect the performance of laying hens. Key words: Hemp, hemp seed cake (HSC), performance, tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), safety.
{"title":"Effect of dietary hemp seed cake on the performance of commercial laying hens","authors":"Rajasekhar Kasula, F. Solis, Byron Shaffer, Frank Connett, Chris Barrett, R. Cocker, E. Willinghan","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2020.0747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2020.0747","url":null,"abstract":"The cultivation of hemp was prohibited due to its high content of the psychoactive substance Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Regulatory changes from several countries allow the cultivation of hemp that permits plants and plant parts with less than 0.3% Δ-9 THC. The concern of the levels of THC still remains; therefore, testing hemp seed cake (HSC) contributes new information about the effect of this ingredient on livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of HSC on feed intake, body weight (BW), egg production, eggs per hen housed (EHH), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and livability of laying hens. Eight hundred 30-week old laying hens were randomly distributed and fed four treatments for 19 weeks, no HSC (C0), 10% (H10), 20% (H20) and 30% (H30) of HSC replicated 8 times with 25 hens per replicate. Feed intake was not affected by the HSC supplementation. BWs were reduced across all treatments with significant lower impact on the HSC treatments, egg production, EHH and FCR were not consistently affected by HSC supplementation. The livability was within the normal range for the breed. The results of this study confirm that HSC supplementation in feed does not affect the performance of laying hens. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Hemp, hemp seed cake (HSC), performance, tetrahydrocannabinol, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), safety.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79316303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Machete, P. Kgwatalala, S. J. Nsoso, J. Morêki, Patrick G. Nthoiwa, A. O. Aganga
The aim of this study was to identify and describe qualitative traits of indigenous Tswana chicken populations in Kweneng and Southern districts of Botswana. The qualitative traits involved in the study included tail colour, breast colour, back colour, neck colour, comb type, shank colour, earlobe colour and head shape. Data were subjected to frequency and cross tabulation procedures of descriptive statistics in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to compute frequencies of occurrence of each qualitative trait. The five strains of indigenous Tswana chickens under scavenging management system showed distinct physical variations for most of the qualitative traits. Black was the most predominant tail colour across the strains (51.6%) followed by brown (27.9%). The frequency of brown breast colour and brown back colour were significantly higher in those respective regions. Brown and black were the predominant neck colours across the strains. The single comb type (81.7%), featherless shank (65.4%), red ear lobes (67.6%) and grey shank colour (32.9%) were the most predominant phenotypes across the strains. Plain and crested head shapes occurred at similar frequencies of 56.4 and 43.6%, respectively, in Tswana chickens in Southern part of Botswana. Key words: Botswana, morphological characterization, phenotypic variation, qualitative traits, Tswana chickens.
{"title":"Phenotypic characterization (qualitative traits) of various strains of indigenous Tswana chickens in Kweneng and Southern districts of Botswana","authors":"J. Machete, P. Kgwatalala, S. J. Nsoso, J. Morêki, Patrick G. Nthoiwa, A. O. Aganga","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2020.0745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2020.0745","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to identify and describe qualitative traits of indigenous Tswana chicken populations in Kweneng and Southern districts of Botswana. The qualitative traits involved in the study included tail colour, breast colour, back colour, neck colour, comb type, shank colour, earlobe colour and head shape. Data were subjected to frequency and cross tabulation procedures of descriptive statistics in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to compute frequencies of occurrence of each qualitative trait. The five strains of indigenous Tswana chickens under scavenging management system showed distinct physical variations for most of the qualitative traits. Black was the most predominant tail colour across the strains (51.6%) followed by brown (27.9%). The frequency of brown breast colour and brown back colour were significantly higher in those respective regions. Brown and black were the predominant neck colours across the strains. The single comb type (81.7%), featherless shank (65.4%), red ear lobes (67.6%) and grey shank colour (32.9%) were the most predominant phenotypes across the strains. Plain and crested head shapes occurred at similar frequencies of 56.4 and 43.6%, respectively, in Tswana chickens in Southern part of Botswana. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Botswana, morphological characterization, phenotypic variation, qualitative traits, Tswana chickens.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77559996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of this study was to assess the performance and welfare (lameness, hock lesions, mastitis) of loose-housed dairy cattle managed under grazing or semi-grazing system. Data of thirty-two cows before and after changing to semi-grazing system during the rainy season (week 1 to 4; grazing, week 6 to 9; semi-grazing) and before and after changing to semi-grazing (week 11 to 16; grazing, week 18 to 23, semi-grazing) during the dry season were examined. Cows were evaluated weekly for 24 weeks for somatic cell count (SCC), lameness, hock lesions, and hygiene. Milk yield was collected daily. Bacteria cultures were prepared to identify pathogens. Isolates were subjected to sensitivity tests. No difference was observed between grazing and semi-grazing, regarding milk yield, lameness, hock lesions, SCC, and sub-clinical mastitis prevalence. Mean SCC under grazing was >600,000 cells/ml, indicating infection with major pathogens (Streptococcus agalatiae, Streptococcus dysgalatiae). Klebsiella species increased with season and were less sensitive to common antibiotics. Contagious pathogens in milk were lower (14%) compared with environmental pathogens (82%). Because Klebsiella species were less sensitive to many antibiotics, keeping cows healthy is critical. Focus on reducing somatic cell count will be important in preventing mastitis infection in dairy cows. Key words: Grazing, semi-grazing system, performance, cattle welfare.
{"title":"Performance and welfare of dairy cattle in an alternative compost bedded pack housing in a pasture-based system","authors":"S. K. Bettie","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2020.0749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2020.0749","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to assess the performance and welfare (lameness, hock lesions, mastitis) of loose-housed dairy cattle managed under grazing or semi-grazing system. Data of thirty-two cows before and after changing to semi-grazing system during the rainy season (week 1 to 4; grazing, week 6 to 9; semi-grazing) and before and after changing to semi-grazing (week 11 to 16; grazing, week 18 to 23, semi-grazing) during the dry season were examined. Cows were evaluated weekly for 24 weeks for somatic cell count (SCC), lameness, hock lesions, and hygiene. Milk yield was collected daily. Bacteria cultures were prepared to identify pathogens. Isolates were subjected to sensitivity tests. No difference was observed between grazing and semi-grazing, regarding milk yield, lameness, hock lesions, SCC, and sub-clinical mastitis prevalence. Mean SCC under grazing was >600,000 cells/ml, indicating infection with major pathogens (Streptococcus agalatiae, Streptococcus dysgalatiae). Klebsiella species increased with season and were less sensitive to common antibiotics. Contagious pathogens in milk were lower (14%) compared with environmental pathogens (82%). Because Klebsiella species were less sensitive to many antibiotics, keeping cows healthy is critical. Focus on reducing somatic cell count will be important in preventing mastitis infection in dairy cows. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Grazing, semi-grazing system, performance, cattle welfare.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88022387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted from December 2019 to May 2020 to evaluate the efficiency of local convectional semen and imported sexed semen on in vivo produced bovine embryo quality in Boran and HB cross breed donor cows in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. In this study, it was hypothesized that the breed of donor cows and types of semen can influence the quality of in vivo produced embryo as well as the number of transferable embryos. Randomized experimental design was employed, and a total of 20 donor cows (10 Boran and 10H*B cross) were superovulated and flushed excluding non-responsive donor cows. Donor cows were randomly assigned to two groups: Group-1- five donors inseminated with sexed semen and group-2- five other cows inseminated with convectional semen from each breed. The results of study showed that the embryo recovery rate was 68% in H*B crossbreds and 53% in Boran donor cows. A total of 121 embryos were produced of which, 60 were transferable embryos (36 from H*B crossbreds and 24 from Boran), 39 UFOs (31 from H*B crossbreds and 8 from Boran) and 22 degenerated embryos (12 from HB cross and 10 from Boran). The results of this study showed that the number of transferable embryos produced from donors inseminated with sexed semen and convectional semen was nearly similar. However, the number of defective embryos tended to be higher with sexed semen and the number of unfertilized oocytes is significantly (p<0.05) higher in crossbred cows. This finding suggests that farmer can use sexed semen to get sex specific dairy calves in both cattle genotypes. Key words: Breed, donor cows, superovulation.
{"title":"Comparative study on efficiency of sexed semen and conventional semen on in vivo produced bovine embryo quality and quantity of Boran and Holstein -Boran cross bred in Bishoftu, Ethiopia","authors":"Mosisa Dire Babura, T. Degefa, Fekadu Reggasa","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2020.0751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2020.0751","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted from December 2019 to May 2020 to evaluate the efficiency of local convectional semen and imported sexed semen on in vivo produced bovine embryo quality in Boran and HB cross breed donor cows in Bishoftu, Ethiopia. In this study, it was hypothesized that the breed of donor cows and types of semen can influence the quality of in vivo produced embryo as well as the number of transferable embryos. Randomized experimental design was employed, and a total of 20 donor cows (10 Boran and 10H*B cross) were superovulated and flushed excluding non-responsive donor cows. Donor cows were randomly assigned to two groups: Group-1- five donors inseminated with sexed semen and group-2- five other cows inseminated with convectional semen from each breed. The results of study showed that the embryo recovery rate was 68% in H*B crossbreds and 53% in Boran donor cows. A total of 121 embryos were produced of which, 60 were transferable embryos (36 from H*B crossbreds and 24 from Boran), 39 UFOs (31 from H*B crossbreds and 8 from Boran) and 22 degenerated embryos (12 from HB cross and 10 from Boran). The results of this study showed that the number of transferable embryos produced from donors inseminated with sexed semen and convectional semen was nearly similar. However, the number of defective embryos tended to be higher with sexed semen and the number of unfertilized oocytes is significantly (p<0.05) higher in crossbred cows. This finding suggests that farmer can use sexed semen to get sex specific dairy calves in both cattle genotypes. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Breed, donor cows, superovulation.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89882560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Poultry meat is susceptible to oxidation but increased antioxidant enzyme increases its availability in muscle during processing and storage. In livestock, synthetic antioxidant has some side effects; plant polyphenols can enhance the level of antioxidant enzymes but they are in-active in the gut of chicken and therefore, nanotechnology can be of importance in augmenting the stability of polyphenols. In the study, seventy two rainbow rooster chickens were treated with nanoparticles- prepared from Chitosan with Aqueous Garlic and Onion (CHIAGO), chitosan with total phenol and ajoene rich extract (CHITPA), and chitosan solution (CHISOLN) of 5 to 10%, with 0.5 g and 1 g Fosbac (antibiotic) administered orally twice a week for a period of 8 weeks. One chicken from each of the group and a control group were sacrificed on weekly basis with the muscles and visceral organs removed for analysis. The weight of visceral organs, catalase (CAT) enzyme activities of thigh and breast were analyzed from 1st to 8th weeks and 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) inhibition of thigh and breast muscles for 1st, 4th and 8th weeks. Relative weight of the heart, liver and spleen did not change when compared with the control (p>0.05) but it increased in the gizzard (p 0.05) but without increase in the erythrocytes and liver (p>0.05). DPPH inhibition increased with CHIAGO 10%, CHITPA 10% in week 4 and week 8 in the breast and thigh muscle. Garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles can act as natural antioxidant compound. Key words: Chitosan, garlic and onion extract, visceral organ, meat, antioxidant enzyme activities.
{"title":"Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa L.) extract chitosan nanoparticles on antioxidant enzymes activities and relative weight of visceral organs of rainbow rooster chicken","authors":"Viviana Imbua Levi Enoka, G. Kikuvi, P. Ndung'u","doi":"10.5897/IJLP2020.0728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/IJLP2020.0728","url":null,"abstract":"Poultry meat is susceptible to oxidation but increased antioxidant enzyme increases its availability in muscle during processing and storage. In livestock, synthetic antioxidant has some side effects; plant polyphenols can enhance the level of antioxidant enzymes but they are in-active in the gut of chicken and therefore, nanotechnology can be of importance in augmenting the stability of polyphenols. In the study, seventy two rainbow rooster chickens were treated with nanoparticles- prepared from Chitosan with Aqueous Garlic and Onion (CHIAGO), chitosan with total phenol and ajoene rich extract (CHITPA), and chitosan solution (CHISOLN) of 5 to 10%, with 0.5 g and 1 g Fosbac (antibiotic) administered orally twice a week for a period of 8 weeks. One chicken from each of the group and a control group were sacrificed on weekly basis with the muscles and visceral organs removed for analysis. The weight of visceral organs, catalase (CAT) enzyme activities of thigh and breast were analyzed from 1st to 8th weeks and 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydroxyl (DPPH) inhibition of thigh and breast muscles for 1st, 4th and 8th weeks. Relative weight of the heart, liver and spleen did not change when compared with the control (p>0.05) but it increased in the gizzard (p 0.05) but without increase in the erythrocytes and liver (p>0.05). DPPH inhibition increased with CHIAGO 10%, CHITPA 10% in week 4 and week 8 in the breast and thigh muscle. Garlic and onion extract chitosan nanoparticles can act as natural antioxidant compound. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Chitosan, garlic and onion extract, visceral organ, meat, antioxidant enzyme activities.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77729975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Camus, F. Arthur, Osei-Amponsah Richard, D. Nourou, Gbedevi Robert, Fonton Marie-Christelle, J. Guilherme, S. Farougou
Poultry is the second largest livestock in Benin (contributing to 22% of the total meat produced), and chickens are the most reared poultry in the country. The objective of this study was to assess the current trends of local chicken breeding and factors that influence their production performance, and thereby to deliver information for production improvement and sustainable use of indigenous chicken breeds. An electronic tool was used to collect information from 269 respondents selected through a chain referral sampling method. The results showed that there were three production systems; however, the most common production system used was free-range extensive system (70%). Regarding flock ownership, men owned the birds in the majority of the cases (63%) and had overall higher population of chickens than women. The most predominant constraints for chicken production, in descending order of importance, included theft, access to bank loan, lack of training, limited investment, disease spread and mortality. From our results, gender, financial resources, main activity of the flock owner, weaning practice, and the production area had a significant effect on flock size. To enhance the indigenous chicken production, changes in traditional management practices combined with breeding program focusing on within breed selection (closed nuclear system) is a better approach. Key words: Biodiversity, cluster analysis, food security, farmer livelihood, local chickens.
{"title":"Native chicken farming: A tool for wealth creation and food security in Benin","authors":"A. Camus, F. Arthur, Osei-Amponsah Richard, D. Nourou, Gbedevi Robert, Fonton Marie-Christelle, J. Guilherme, S. Farougou","doi":"10.5897/ijlp2020.0716","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijlp2020.0716","url":null,"abstract":"Poultry is the second largest livestock in Benin (contributing to 22% of the total meat produced), and chickens are the most reared poultry in the country. The objective of this study was to assess the current trends of local chicken breeding and factors that influence their production performance, and thereby to deliver information for production improvement and sustainable use of indigenous chicken breeds. An electronic tool was used to collect information from 269 respondents selected through a chain referral sampling method. The results showed that there were three production systems; however, the most common production system used was free-range extensive system (70%). Regarding flock ownership, men owned the birds in the majority of the cases (63%) and had overall higher population of chickens than women. The most predominant constraints for chicken production, in descending order of importance, included theft, access to bank loan, lack of training, limited investment, disease spread and mortality. From our results, gender, financial resources, main activity of the flock owner, weaning practice, and the production area had a significant effect on flock size. To enhance the indigenous chicken production, changes in traditional management practices combined with breeding program focusing on within breed selection (closed nuclear system) is a better approach. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Biodiversity, cluster analysis, food security, farmer livelihood, local chickens.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75370085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study was conducted in four districts of Gurage zone in Sothern Ethiopia to determine the N, P, K, organic carbon and nitrogen of cattle manure. Seventy two households, 36 from highland and 36 from midaltitude were randomly selected from a total of 360 sample households selected for the study. Around 88.05% of farmers in the study areas were keeping cattle for high demand of manure to fertilize enset fields and for milk production. There were no practices of using cattle dung as fuel or dung cake for sale. The sampled manure had nitrogen content of 2.68% and C/N ratio of 11:1 in highland and 2.24% with C/N ratio of 12:1 in mid-altitude. The organic matter obtained from manure in highland and midaltitude, respectively, were 51.89 and 44.82%. The gram of N, P, K, kg-1 DM of manure, respectively, were 26.8, 16.5 and 1.6 for highland and 22.4, 12.6 and1.2 for midaltitude. To realize production sustainability of enset system, cattle manure was found to be of paramount importance. Therefore, appropriate interventions in cattle production and forage development are the prime necessity to realize sustainability in enset production and households’ food security. Key words: Cattle manure, Gurage Zone NPK, organic carbon, organic matter.
{"title":"Laboratory evaluation, purpose of production and utilization of cattle manure in enset (Ensete ventricosum) based mixed production systems of Gurage Zone, Southern Ethiopia","authors":"Dirsha Demam Wonchesa","doi":"10.5897/ijlp2019.0609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijlp2019.0609","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted in four districts of Gurage zone in Sothern Ethiopia to determine the N, P, K, organic carbon and nitrogen of cattle manure. Seventy two households, 36 from highland and 36 from midaltitude were randomly selected from a total of 360 sample households selected for the study. Around 88.05% of farmers in the study areas were keeping cattle for high demand of manure to fertilize enset fields and for milk production. There were no practices of using cattle dung as fuel or dung cake for sale. The sampled manure had nitrogen content of 2.68% and C/N ratio of 11:1 in highland and 2.24% with C/N ratio of 12:1 in mid-altitude. The organic matter obtained from manure in highland and midaltitude, respectively, were 51.89 and 44.82%. The gram of N, P, K, kg-1 DM of manure, respectively, were 26.8, 16.5 and 1.6 for highland and 22.4, 12.6 and1.2 for midaltitude. To realize production sustainability of enset system, cattle manure was found to be of paramount importance. Therefore, appropriate interventions in cattle production and forage development are the prime necessity to realize sustainability in enset production and households’ food security. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Cattle manure, Gurage Zone NPK, organic carbon, organic matter.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79986188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kibegwa Felix, Bett C. Rawlynce, G. Charles, Machuka Eunice, Mujibi D. Fidalis
Smallholder dairy cattle rumen microbiotas are subjected to a wide range of antimicrobials as well as sudden fluctuations in diets. As such, they develop an enormous reservoir of resistant genes, mobilome and stress response genes. However, information on metagenomic reactions to such dietary variations, especially for cattle reared in the tropics, remains largely unexplored. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess if antibiotic and toxic compound resistance genes (ARGs), stress response genes and bacterial phages, prophages and transposable element genes were present, and to what extent, in three dairy cattle genotypes (Friesian, FriesianXJersey crossbreed, Jersey) reared in a farm that practiced judicious use of antimicrobials. Potential bacterial hosts to these genes were also explored. The rumen metagenomes generated from Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology were analyzed using MG-RAST. According to the results stress reaction, resistance and mobilome genes were present in similar amounts in all the three genotypes. Cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance, fluoroquinolone resistance, methicillin resistance in Staphylococci and multidrug resistance efflux pumps were the most abundant resistant genes and were spread across 20, 24, 16 and 21 bacterial classes, respectively. Bacteria in charge of phage integration and excision, phages replication and phage packaging were mostly allocated to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroides and Proteobacteria. Within the stress response genes, metagenomic assembly-based host-tracking analysis identified the extended heat shock dnaK gene cluster as the most abundant genes, while Bacteroides and Clostridium were the principal bacterial hosts. The results show that even with proper use of antimicrobials, the cattle rumen contained an immense distribution of responses to stress, ARGs and mobilome genes distributed in a vast assemblage of hosts. There is also a high correlation between these three functional groups. Key words: Resistome, metagenome, MG-RAST, Stress genes, mobilome
{"title":"Metagenomic assessment of the rumen resistome, mobilome and stress response genes in smallholder dairy cattle in Kenya","authors":"Kibegwa Felix, Bett C. Rawlynce, G. Charles, Machuka Eunice, Mujibi D. Fidalis","doi":"10.5897/ijlp2019.0654","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijlp2019.0654","url":null,"abstract":"Smallholder dairy cattle rumen microbiotas are subjected to a wide range of antimicrobials as well as sudden fluctuations in diets. As such, they develop an enormous reservoir of resistant genes, mobilome and stress response genes. However, information on metagenomic reactions to such dietary variations, especially for cattle reared in the tropics, remains largely unexplored. This meta-analysis was conducted to assess if antibiotic and toxic compound resistance genes (ARGs), stress response genes and bacterial phages, prophages and transposable element genes were present, and to what extent, in three dairy cattle genotypes (Friesian, FriesianXJersey crossbreed, Jersey) reared in a farm that practiced judicious use of antimicrobials. Potential bacterial hosts to these genes were also explored. The rumen metagenomes generated from Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology were analyzed using MG-RAST. According to the results stress reaction, resistance and mobilome genes were present in similar amounts in all the three genotypes. Cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance, fluoroquinolone resistance, methicillin resistance in Staphylococci and multidrug resistance efflux pumps were the most abundant resistant genes and were spread across 20, 24, 16 and 21 bacterial classes, respectively. Bacteria in charge of phage integration and excision, phages replication and phage packaging were mostly allocated to the phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroides and Proteobacteria. Within the stress response genes, metagenomic assembly-based host-tracking analysis identified the extended heat shock dnaK gene cluster as the most abundant genes, while Bacteroides and Clostridium were the principal bacterial hosts. The results show that even with proper use of antimicrobials, the cattle rumen contained an immense distribution of responses to stress, ARGs and mobilome genes distributed in a vast assemblage of hosts. There is also a high correlation between these three functional groups. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Resistome, metagenome, MG-RAST, Stress genes, mobilome","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78432389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The survey was conducted to assess urban dairy production and waste management system in Oromia Special Zone around Finfinnee, Ethiopia. The three study towns (Burayu, Sululta and Sebeta) were purposively selected due to the high potential for commercial dairy production. A total of 90 commercial dairy producers 30 from each town who at least own 10 dairy cows were randomly selected. The farmers interviewed individually using the survey questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed and the study revealed that 47.8 and 52.2% of the interviewed were female and male respectively. Next to daily laborers, household wives shared larger responsibility for feeding (21.1%), milking (28.9%) and cleaning (13.3%). The genetic composition of dairy cows in the study areas ranges from 50% exotic gene inheritances to pure (100%) exotic Holstein Friesian. Accordingly, 50, 62.5, ≥75% and pure Holstein Friesian cows account for about 24.4, 38.9, 24.4 and 11% of the herd, respectively. The major sources of feed were both formulated feed and feed that mixed at home (55.6%) and tap water (74. 4%). The average age at first calving, calving interval and days open was 2.26±.05years 20.8 ± 0.05 months and 161.76±34.80 days respectively. The major waste in the farm is manure (73.3%) and followed by feed left over (14.45%) and dust (12. 25%). High price feed, shortage of land, unavailability of dairy cow/heifer in time, feed quality, unavailability of feed in nearby area, diseases and lack of access to credit, shortage of water and inadequate training were among the major constraint of dairy production that need urgent intervention to utilize the untapped resources in the area. Key words: Dairy cattle, urban, production, milk, waste.
{"title":"Urban dairy production and waste management in Oromia special zone around Finfine, Ethiopia","authors":"Jalel Fikadu, B. Tamir, U. Galmessa, K. Effa","doi":"10.5897/ijlp2020.0718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijlp2020.0718","url":null,"abstract":"The survey was conducted to assess urban dairy production and waste management system in Oromia Special Zone around Finfinnee, Ethiopia. The three study towns (Burayu, Sululta and Sebeta) were purposively selected due to the high potential for commercial dairy production. A total of 90 commercial dairy producers 30 from each town who at least own 10 dairy cows were randomly selected. The farmers interviewed individually using the survey questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed and the study revealed that 47.8 and 52.2% of the interviewed were female and male respectively. Next to daily laborers, household wives shared larger responsibility for feeding (21.1%), milking (28.9%) and cleaning (13.3%). The genetic composition of dairy cows in the study areas ranges from 50% exotic gene inheritances to pure (100%) exotic Holstein Friesian. Accordingly, 50, 62.5, ≥75% and pure Holstein Friesian cows account for about 24.4, 38.9, 24.4 and 11% of the herd, respectively. The major sources of feed were both formulated feed and feed that mixed at home (55.6%) and tap water (74. 4%). The average age at first calving, calving interval and days open was 2.26±.05years 20.8 ± 0.05 months and 161.76±34.80 days respectively. The major waste in the farm is manure (73.3%) and followed by feed left over (14.45%) and dust (12. 25%). High price feed, shortage of land, unavailability of dairy cow/heifer in time, feed quality, unavailability of feed in nearby area, diseases and lack of access to credit, shortage of water and inadequate training were among the major constraint of dairy production that need urgent intervention to utilize the untapped resources in the area. \u0000 \u0000 Key words: Dairy cattle, urban, production, milk, waste.","PeriodicalId":14143,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Livestock Production","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82495757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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