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Application of tire multi-physical modeling methodologies for the preliminary definition of a racing motorcycle setup 应用轮胎多物理模型方法初步确定赛车摩托车的配置
Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.59490/65116fedd42eaa71f57d625a
F. Farroni, Guido Napolitano Dell’Annunziata, Marco Ruffini, Fabio Alberti, D. D’Andrea, G. Risitano, D. Milone
Optimizing the performance of racing motorcycles is a central goal for competition teams. The necessity to ensure driver stability and a good level of grip in the widest possible range of riding conditions makes it necessary for tires to work in the right temperature window, capable of ensuring the highest interaction force between tire and road. Specifically, the internal temperature of the tire is a parameter that can be difficult to measure and control but has a significant impact on motorcycle performance and, also, on driver stability. Deepening knowledge of internal tire temperature in racing motorcycles can improve performance optimization on the track and finding the right motorcycle setup. In this work, a physical thermal model is adopted for an activity concerning the development of a moto-student vehicle, to predict the racing motorcycle setup allowing the tire to work in a thermal window that optimizes grip and maximizes tire life. More in detail, a focus has been placed on the effects of the motorcycle’s wheelbase and pivot height variations on internal tire temperatures. Indeed, the stability and handling of the vehicle are highly dependent on the geometric properties of the chassis. Several values of such quantities have been tested in a properly implemented vehicle model developed in the “VI-BikeRealTime” environment, validated by outdoor tests, able to provide forces acting on the tires, slip indices, and speeds, needed by the thermal model as inputs. Through the analysis of the internal temperatures calculated by the model, reached by the various layers of the tire, it has been possible to investigate which of the simulated conditions cause a too-fast thermal activation of the tire and which of them can avoid overheating and underheating phenomena. Lately, this research has delved into the correlation between motorcycle riders' paths and temperature fluctuations with the aim of comprehending how minor alterations in routine maneuvers may influence tire energy activation, particularly in the context of racing and qualifying conditions.
优化赛车性能是竞赛团队的核心目标。由于必须确保驾驶员在尽可能广泛的骑行条件下保持稳定和良好的抓地力,因此轮胎必须在合适的温度窗口内工作,以确保轮胎与路面之间产生最大的相互作用力。具体来说,轮胎内部温度是一个难以测量和控制的参数,但对摩托车性能和驾驶员稳定性有重大影响。加深对赛车摩托车轮胎内部温度的了解,可以提高赛道上的性能优化,找到正确的摩托车设置。在这项工作中,采用了一个物理热模型,用于开发摩托车学生车辆,以预测赛车设置,使轮胎在热窗口中工作,从而优化抓地力并最大限度地延长轮胎寿命。更详细地说,重点是摩托车轴距和枢轴高度变化对轮胎内部温度的影响。事实上,车辆的稳定性和操控性在很大程度上取决于底盘的几何特性。在 "VI-BikeRealTime "环境下开发的适当实施的车辆模型中测试了这些量的几个值,并通过室外测试进行了验证,能够提供热模型所需的轮胎作用力、滑移指数和速度作为输入。通过分析模型计算出的轮胎各层达到的内部温度,可以研究出哪些模拟条件会导致轮胎热激活过快,哪些可以避免过热和欠热现象。最近,这项研究深入探讨了摩托车驾驶员的行驶路线与温度波动之间的相关性,目的是了解日常操作中的细微变化会如何影响轮胎能量激活,特别是在比赛和排位赛条件下。
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引用次数: 0
Application of tire multi-physical modeling methodologies for the preliminary definition of a racing motorcycle setup 应用轮胎多物理模型方法初步确定赛车摩托车的配置
Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.59490/65116fedd42eaa71f57d625a
F. Farroni, Guido Napolitano Dell’Annunziata, Marco Ruffini, Fabio Alberti, D. D’Andrea, G. Risitano, D. Milone
Optimizing the performance of racing motorcycles is a central goal for competition teams. The necessity to ensure driver stability and a good level of grip in the widest possible range of riding conditions makes it necessary for tires to work in the right temperature window, capable of ensuring the highest interaction force between tire and road. Specifically, the internal temperature of the tire is a parameter that can be difficult to measure and control but has a significant impact on motorcycle performance and, also, on driver stability. Deepening knowledge of internal tire temperature in racing motorcycles can improve performance optimization on the track and finding the right motorcycle setup. In this work, a physical thermal model is adopted for an activity concerning the development of a moto-student vehicle, to predict the racing motorcycle setup allowing the tire to work in a thermal window that optimizes grip and maximizes tire life. More in detail, a focus has been placed on the effects of the motorcycle’s wheelbase and pivot height variations on internal tire temperatures. Indeed, the stability and handling of the vehicle are highly dependent on the geometric properties of the chassis. Several values of such quantities have been tested in a properly implemented vehicle model developed in the “VI-BikeRealTime” environment, validated by outdoor tests, able to provide forces acting on the tires, slip indices, and speeds, needed by the thermal model as inputs. Through the analysis of the internal temperatures calculated by the model, reached by the various layers of the tire, it has been possible to investigate which of the simulated conditions cause a too-fast thermal activation of the tire and which of them can avoid overheating and underheating phenomena. Lately, this research has delved into the correlation between motorcycle riders' paths and temperature fluctuations with the aim of comprehending how minor alterations in routine maneuvers may influence tire energy activation, particularly in the context of racing and qualifying conditions.
优化赛车性能是竞赛团队的核心目标。由于必须确保驾驶员在尽可能广泛的骑行条件下保持稳定和良好的抓地力,因此轮胎必须在合适的温度窗口内工作,以确保轮胎与路面之间产生最大的相互作用力。具体来说,轮胎内部温度是一个难以测量和控制的参数,但对摩托车性能和驾驶员稳定性有重大影响。加深对赛车摩托车轮胎内部温度的了解,可以提高赛道上的性能优化,找到正确的摩托车设置。在这项工作中,采用了一个物理热模型,用于开发摩托车学生车辆,以预测赛车设置,使轮胎在热窗口中工作,从而优化抓地力并最大限度地延长轮胎寿命。更详细地说,重点是摩托车轴距和枢轴高度变化对轮胎内部温度的影响。事实上,车辆的稳定性和操控性在很大程度上取决于底盘的几何特性。在 "VI-BikeRealTime "环境下开发的适当实施的车辆模型中测试了这些量的几个值,并通过室外测试进行了验证,能够提供热模型所需的轮胎作用力、滑移指数和速度作为输入。通过分析模型计算出的轮胎各层达到的内部温度,可以研究出哪些模拟条件会导致轮胎热激活过快,哪些可以避免过热和欠热现象。最近,这项研究深入探讨了摩托车驾驶员的行驶路线与温度波动之间的相关性,目的是了解日常操作中的细微变化会如何影响轮胎能量激活,特别是在比赛和排位赛条件下。
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引用次数: 0
New design approach for leaf-springs in motorcycles 摩托车叶片弹簧的新设计方法
Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.59490/64f735457fa5847b39da9e4d
Hannes Fellner
A leaf spring is a very simple type of mechanical spring which is commonly used for heavy duty suspension systems. In single-track vehicles, such as motorcycles or bicycles, the coil and air spring are most widespread as well as current state of the art. However, the application of a leaf spring is nothing new on these types of vehicles. Various design approaches can be admired in museums. A century ago, it was even more common than the coil spring, but history shows us that this spring system has gradually been replaced due to its inherent disadvantages. So why should we deal with it again now? Because we believe that the leaf spring is not yet old news and has the potential to improve current vehicles. In this document, we want to introduce an alternative leaf spring design and the associated benefits. One that at the core is old and simple in form but utilizes new approaches and technologies to meet the demands of modern motorcycle and improve riding behavior.
钢板弹簧是一种非常简单的机械弹簧,通常用于重型悬挂系统。在单轨车辆,如摩托车或自行车,线圈和空气弹簧是最普遍的,以及目前的艺术状态。然而,钢板弹簧的应用在这些类型的车辆上并不是什么新鲜事。博物馆里可以欣赏到各种各样的设计方法。一个世纪以前,它甚至比螺旋弹簧更普遍,但历史告诉我们,这种弹簧系统由于其固有的缺点而逐渐被取代。那我们为什么要现在再来处理这个问题呢?因为我们相信钢板弹簧并不是什么新鲜事,它有潜力改善目前的车辆。在本文档中,我们想介绍一种替代的钢板弹簧设计和相关的好处。一个在核心是旧的和简单的形式,但利用新的方法和技术,以满足现代摩托车的要求,改善骑行行为。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of stopping behaviour of cyclists at a traffic light-controlled intersection using trajectory data 利用轨迹数据分析交通灯控制十字路口骑自行车者的停车行为
Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.59490/64f6c1c17d4743f56ed1665c
Claudia Leschik, Meng Zhang, Kay Gimm
Cyclists have various route options to get to their destination. They can share lanes with vehicles, share lanes with pedestrians, or have their own lane. In Germany there are often marked lanes across intersections and stop lines in front of the crossing, guiding the cyclists their way. However, these markings are not always respected in the way they should be.This study is intended to examine the stopping behaviour of cyclists at a traffic light-controlled intersection. A distinction was made between cyclists riding alone (n = 1,411) and cyclists riding in groups (more than one cyclist; n = 475). The stopping area was divided into polygons to understand where most people stop before an intersection. Furthermore, it was examined where people continued to ride after stopping (path marked for cyclists or path marked for pedestrians) and this was compared with cyclists who did not stop.The aim of this study is to investigate cyclists’ stopping behaviour (e.g. stopping position) at intersections with consideration of the impact of groups, wrong-way riding and road usage. It is to be investigated whether cyclists alone behave differently than cyclists in groups and whether there are differences in the two groups for wrong way cyclists. Both - cyclists alone (69.38%) and cyclists in groups (84.57%) - crossed the intersection more frequently without stopping within the observation period. In all cases, cyclists stopped more often at the bicycle stopping line or used the special marked bicycle lane, thereby complying with the law. Most wrong way cyclists on the special marked bicycle lane were found for cyclists alone with stopping (10%, n = 27) and cyclists in groups with stopping (8%, n = 12). The speeds were also compared. The speeds between cyclists alone and cyclists in groups differ slightly, and the stopping behaviour is very similar if the special marked bicycle lane is used after the stop.The information can be used to improve models of cyclists’ behaviour, for example in microscopic simulations, in which cyclists only stop at clearly defined locations. Furthermore, the results of this study will provide further knowledge, which help developing autonomous driving functions correctly anticipating cycle behaviour at intersections.
骑自行车的人有各种各样的路线可以选择到达目的地。它们可以与车辆共用车道,与行人共用车道,或者拥有自己的车道。在德国,十字路口通常有明确的车道,十字路口前也有停车线,为骑自行车的人指路。然而,这些标志并不总是得到应有的尊重。这项研究的目的是检查在交通信号灯控制的十字路口骑自行车的人的停车行为。在单独骑行(n = 1411)和集体骑行(多于一个骑行者;N = 475)。停车区域被划分为多边形,以了解大多数人在十字路口前停车的地方。此外,研究人员还检查了人们在停车后继续骑车的地方(为骑自行车的人标记的路径或为行人标记的路径),并将其与没有停车的骑自行车的人进行比较。本研究的目的是调查骑车者在十字路口的停车行为(例如停车位置),同时考虑到群体的影响,错误的骑行和道路使用。要调查的是,单独骑自行车的人和集体骑自行车的人的行为是否不同,以及两组骑错路的人的行为是否存在差异。在观察期内,骑自行车的人(69.38%)和骑自行车的人(84.57%)在不停车的情况下更频繁地穿过十字路口。在所有情况下,骑自行车的人更多地停在自行车停车线或使用特殊标记的自行车道,从而遵守了法律。在自行车专用道上,骑错方向最多的是单独停车的骑行者(10%,n = 27)和集体停车的骑行者(8%,n = 12)。速度也进行了比较。骑自行车的人和骑自行车的人的速度略有不同,如果在停车后使用特殊标记的自行车道,则停车行为非常相似。这些信息可用于改进骑自行车者行为的模型,例如在微观模拟中,骑自行车者只在明确界定的位置停车。此外,这项研究的结果将提供进一步的知识,这有助于开发自动驾驶功能,正确预测十字路口的循环行为。
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引用次数: 0
Trajectory Forecasting for Powered Two Wheelers by Roll Angle Prediction with an LSTM Network 基于LSTM网络的滚动角预测动力两轮车轨迹预测
Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.59490/64e61a33563addeb42473c8f
Karl Ludwig Stolle, Anja Wahl, Stephan Schmidt
Active safety systems for powered two wheelers (PTWs) are considered a key pillar to further reduce the number of accidents and thus of injured riders and fatalities. Enhanced awareness for the current riding situation is required to improve the performance of current systems as well as to enable new ones; this includes the detection of the rider’s intention – the action that is planned by the rider for the short-term future. The prediction of a continuous trajectory for the upcoming seconds of the ride is one way to express rider intention. Our work pursues the prediction of the PTW lateral dynamic state by means of a roll angle trajectory over the upcoming 4 s of riding. A deep learning (DL) prediction model that is based on a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) layer is optimized and trained for this task using a broad on-road riding dataset that focuses on the rural road environment. Inputs to the prediction model are PTW internal signals only, that are measurements of vehicle dynamics, rider inputs, and rider behavior. The latter two groups of signals are non-common for current series production PTWs and were especially added to our test bike before gathering the riding data set. The prediction performance of the optimized DL model is compared to a simple heuristic algorithm using multiple metrics in the roll angle and position trajectory domain. Evaluation on a representative test data set shows a significantly improved detection of rider intention by the DL model in all metrics. Reasonable lateral trajectory accuracy is achieved for 2-2.5 s of the total 4 s prediction horizon in cornering, given the chosen model architecture and input features. Furthermore, the feature importance of the especially added non-common measurement signals of steering and rider behavior is investigated in an ablation study.
主动安全系统的动力两轮车(PTWs)被认为是一个关键支柱,进一步减少事故的数量,从而受伤的骑手和死亡。需要提高对当前骑行情况的认识,以改善现有系统的性能并启用新系统;这包括检测骑手的意图——骑手为短期未来计划的行动。对即将到来的骑行的连续轨迹的预测是表达骑行者意图的一种方式。我们的工作是通过在接下来的4秒内的滚动角轨迹来预测PTW的横向动态状态。基于长短期记忆(LSTM)层的深度学习(DL)预测模型使用侧重于农村道路环境的广泛的公路骑行数据集进行了优化和训练。预测模型的输入仅是PTW内部信号,即车辆动力学、乘客输入和乘客行为的测量。后两组信号在目前的批量生产ptw中并不常见,并且在收集骑行数据集之前特别添加到我们的测试自行车中。将优化后的深度学习模型的预测性能与在滚转角和位置轨迹域中使用多个度量的简单启发式算法进行了比较。对代表性测试数据集的评估表明,DL模型在所有指标中都显着提高了对骑手意图的检测。在给定模型结构和输入特征的情况下,在转弯时总4 s预测视界中,2-2.5 s的横向轨迹精度达到合理。此外,在烧蚀研究中,研究了特别增加的非常见转向和乘员行为测量信号的特征重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Improvement of Cycling Efficiency for Drivetrains with Elasticity 弹性传动系统循环效率的提高
Pub Date : 2023-09-07 DOI: 10.59490/64f21eec0b23ace23fac5785
Willem Den Boer
Test and modeling results are reported on a bicycle crankset with limited elasticity. Like record-breaking running shoes, the crank set has spring action which mitigates the effect of the dead zone during the pedal stroke. Fiber composite leaf springs are inserted inside the hollow carbon crank arms. The crank arms are not directly attached to the crank axle. Instead, sleeve bearings allow the crank arms to rotate by up to about five degrees relative to the crank axle. The rotation is counteracted by the springs and is proportional to applied torque at the pedals. The novel crank set and a conventional crank set with forged aluminum crank arms were both tested on a stationary bike. The ratio of effective speed to input power is used as a measure of cycling efficiency. Depending on the difference in torque during the downstroke and in the dead zone, this ratio is typically a few percent higher for the novel crankset than for a conventional crankset. Multiple tests show efficiency improvements in the range of 1 to 4% at power levels of 200 W and cadence of 71 rpm with average of around 2%. Details of a test with 2.3 % improvement are presented. This would translate, for example, into a one minute advantage in a 45 minute time trial.In an attempt to understand the test results computer modeling of bicycle speed and crank arm angular velocity vs. time was performed for non-elastic and and elastic crank arms. It is difficult to explain the test results with computer modeling unless it is assumed that conventional crank sets introduce energy losses in the drivetrain from twisting of the crank arms and flexing of the bicycle frame under load at the pedals and that these energy losses are reduced for the crank set with built-in elasticity.
本文报道了一种具有有限弹性的自行车曲柄组的试验和建模结果。就像破纪录的跑鞋一样,曲柄组有弹簧动作,减轻了踩踏板时死区的影响。中空碳曲柄臂内插入纤维复合钢板弹簧。曲柄臂不直接连接到曲柄轴。相反,套筒轴承允许曲柄臂旋转高达约5度相对于曲柄轴。旋转由弹簧抵消,并与踏板上施加的扭矩成正比。在固定式自行车上对新型曲柄组和传统锻造铝曲柄臂曲柄组进行了试验。有效转速与输入功率的比值被用来衡量循环效率。根据下冲程和死区的扭矩差异,这种新型曲轴组的扭矩比传统曲轴组高几个百分点。多次测试表明,在功率水平为200 W,节奏为71 rpm时,效率提高了1%至4%,平均约为2%。介绍了一次改进2.3%的试验的详细情况。例如,这将转化为在45分钟的计时赛中获得一分钟的优势。为了理解试验结果,对非弹性曲柄臂和弹性曲柄臂进行了自行车速度和曲柄臂角速度随时间的计算机模拟。很难用计算机建模来解释测试结果,除非假设传统曲柄组在踏板处的载荷下由于曲柄臂的扭曲和自行车车架的弯曲而在传动系统中引入能量损失,并且这些能量损失在具有内置弹性的曲柄组中减少。
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引用次数: 0
Optimized Motorcycle Design 摩托车优化设计
Pub Date : 2023-08-09 DOI: 10.59490/64ca1de1fb20c11ef620cc17
R. Rae
Optimized Motorcycle Design
摩托车优化设计
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引用次数: 0
Modeling and Implementation of a Reaction Wheel Stabilization System for Low Speed Balance of a Cargo Bicycle 货物自行车低速平衡反作用轮稳定系统的建模与实现
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.59490/6450ba60ee29c320fcbe928a
J. K. Moore, Jeswin Koshy Cherian, B. Andersson, Oliver Lee, Anders Ranheim
Modeling and Implementation of a Reaction Wheel Stabilization System for Low Speed Balance of a Cargo Bicycle
货物自行车低速平衡反作用轮稳定系统的建模与实现
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引用次数: 0
Development of a Hardware-in-the-Loop Test Bench for Validation of an ABS System on an e-Bike 电动自行车ABS系统硬件在环试验台的研制
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.59490/649d9ceb4adb98a3b887079f
Emmanuel Viennet, Nicolas Ramosaj, Christian Fusco
The availability of electric energy onboard e-bikes allows the emergence of active safety systems like antilock braking systems (ABS). This paper presents the development of a test-bench that can be leveraged to validate an e-bike ABS for multiple bicycle geometry, loading and test scenarios. The approach consists in reproducing the dynamics of an e-bike thanks to a simulation model and interfacing it with a physical brake and the ABS hardware under test. The results and useability of the obtained hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) test-bench are discussed.
电动自行车上的电能的可用性使得防抱死制动系统(ABS)等主动安全系统得以出现。本文介绍了一个试验台的开发,该试验台可用于验证电动自行车ABS的多种几何形状,负载和测试场景。该方法包括通过仿真模型再现电动自行车的动力学,并将其与物理制动器和ABS硬件相连接。讨论了所获得的半实物(HiL)试验台的结果和可用性。
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引用次数: 0
A mobile recording system featuring high-precision time synchronization 一种具有高精度时间同步的移动记录系统
Pub Date : 2023-07-03 DOI: 10.59490/649f22789bdaf83436b1087a
Takuro Sone, Takehiro Maeda, T. Kitani
In order to analyze the motion of motorcycles and other vehicles, it is desirable to measure and record data using a combination of data loggers and video and audio recording devices and accurately integrate the collected data.For this purpose, it is necessary to be able to record the position and time at which data was recorded with sufficient accuracy.In recent years, it has become relatively easy to determine the recorded position with an accuracy on the order of cm by using high-precision satellite positioning such as RTK-GNSS.On the other hand, determining the position of a moving object from data timestamps with an accuracy of cm order often requires a time accuracy of 1 millisecond or better.The time stamps used in conventional data loggers, general video cameras, smartphones, and other motion sensors and video recording functions cannot easily achieve a time accuracy of 1 millisecond due to limitations such as the accuracy of the built-in clock generator and the effects of communication delays related to synchronization.The accuracy of the built-in clock generators of consumer-use equipment may have an error on the order of 100 ppm due to various factors.This error cannot be ignored, as even a recording of only 10 seconds cannot guarantee a time accuracy of 1 millisecond.The problem is further complicated when software is involved.In particular, there is a video camera in which the video frame interval fluctuates on the order of several tens of percent due to load fluctuations in the video encoding.A calibration signal for synchronization is used to guarantee the time accuracy of data loggers.In professional equipment, high-precision time management is performed by SMPTE timecode (SMPTE12M-1, 2008) and IEEE1588, etc.However, it is not common in consumer equipment.In general, synchronizing data loggers in remote locations or between different media, such as inertial motion and video/audio recording, is not easy.This paper proposes a method and system for time synchronization between independent data loggers, motion sensors, and different media, such as video and audio, within a 1-millisecond error.The proposed method takes advantage of the fact that the one-second timing pulses (PPS signals) generated by typical GNSS receivers have accuracy on the order of 100 nanoseconds for synchronization purposes.The proposed system achieves synchronization by embedding PPS signals in an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and by displaying LEDs synchronized with PPS signals in the camera images.Figure 1 shows a block diagram of the main parts of the prototype experimental system with the motorcycle.A logger collects ob- servation data from GNSS, IMU, and vehicle information, and a video camera records video images.The GNSS receiver connected to the logger receives correction information via a server from the electronic reference point.It performs satellite positioning with centimeter-level positional accuracy and nanosecond-level tim
图4的快照显示了附着在摩托车把手上的GNSS LED Beacon和360度摄像头拍摄的驾驶图像。图5是刹车(红色)和转向灯(黄色)的操作日志截图,轨迹在摩托车行驶路径的左右两侧移动了30厘米,并显示在GoogleEarth上。
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引用次数: 0
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