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Understanding “local”: Prehispanic Maya mobility and diet at Pacbitun, Belize, using strontium, oxygen, sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen isotope values 了解“当地”:利用锶、氧、硫、碳和氮同位素值,了解伯利兹Pacbitun的前西班牙玛雅人的流动性和饮食
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3343
Carolyn Freiwald, Asta Rand, Sheldon Skaggs, Terry G. Powis

Classic period Maya populations were mobile, and both burial patterns and dietary analyses suggest that many movers were incorporated into local communities. This paper presents a multi-isotopic (Sr, O, S, C, and N) study of the diet and mobility of 18 Late (AD 550–800) and Terminal Classic (AD 800–900) individuals from the site of Pacbitun, Belize. Three distinct isotope systems identify where people lived at different stages of life, from the childhood origins of migrant and local Pacbitun populations to their final residences. The enamel strontium isotope ratios of the Court 3 individuals were higher than local ranges established by faunal and human bone values, suggesting elite migration, or even residential mobility within the polity. Sulfur isotope values reveal information about the local population, where all but one individual in the sample lived at the site for many years before they died. The exception was an isotopically nonlocal individual in a dedicatory deposit, as reported in other studies. Diet also informs on the receiving community and how migrants assimilated, as people with local and nonlocal isotope values ate isotopically similar foods. Individuals from elite site core contexts and those in Pacbitun's peripheral settlements both consumed C4-enriched proteins, though there were more isotopically diverse protein sources in peripheral settlements during the Terminal Classic period. Sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen isotope data also reveal some differences in where food was acquired, including use of nonlocal fauna. Combining isotope systems that sample different body tissues also may blur the line between migrants and locals, terms that may describe the same person at different stages of life and show the need for a more nuanced discussion of ancient mobility.

古典时期的玛雅人口是流动的,埋葬模式和饮食分析都表明,许多迁移者被纳入当地社区。本文介绍了来自伯利兹Pacbitun遗址的18个晚期(公元550-800年)和晚期古典(公元800-900年)个体的饮食和活动的多同位素(Sr、O、S、C和N)研究。三种不同的同位素系统确定了人们在不同生命阶段的生活地点,从移民和当地帕比屯人口的童年起源到他们的最终居住地。Court 3个体的牙釉质锶同位素比率高于动物群和人类骨骼值确定的当地范围,表明精英迁移,甚至是政体内的居民流动。硫同位素值揭示了当地人口的信息,样本中除了一个人以外,其他人都在那里生活了很多年才去世。正如其他研究报告的那样,唯一的例外是专用矿床中的同位素非本地个体。饮食也提供了接收社区和移民如何被同化的信息,因为具有本地和非本地同位素值的人吃同位素相似的食物。来自精英遗址核心环境的个体和Pacbitun外围聚落的个体都消耗了富含c4的蛋白质,尽管在终端经典时期,外围聚落的蛋白质来源具有更多的同位素多样性。硫、碳和氮同位素数据也揭示了食物获取地点的一些差异,包括对非本地动物的使用。结合不同身体组织样本的同位素系统也可能模糊移民和当地人之间的界限,这些术语可能描述同一个人在生命的不同阶段,并表明需要对古代流动性进行更细致的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Complex skeletal foot malformation in a Samnite “warrior grave” from Abruzzo, southern Italy (8th–5th century BCE) 意大利南部阿布鲁佐(公元前8 - 5世纪)萨姆尼特人“战士坟墓”中复杂的骨骼足畸形
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3350
Stefania Luciani

This report describes a male skeleton recovered from the Samnite necropolis of Barrea (Abruzzo, 8th–5th century BCE), showing one malformed foot consistent with the diagnosis of unilateral congenital clubfoot associated with tarsal and tarsometatarsal coalitions in the same foot. This finding is particularly noteworthy because tarsal coalitions in congenital equinovarus foot have rarely been reported in medical literature, and to our knowledge, never in the paleopathological record. The recovery of this individual with impaired locomotion from a grave containing a complete array of weapons and armor sheds new light on the occupant's identity and social attitudes toward disabled people in Samnite society. In mortuary archaeology, the correlation between warrior burials and social identity in life of the dead in ancient times is a widely debated issue. Some scholars assert that the weapons in these graves suggest the existence of a warrior class; others propose that the military items of the burial assemblage indicate a high social status or significant power. This study suggests that in Samnite society, physical impairment did not prevent someone from being honored as a warrior or high-status community member.

本报告描述了一具从Barrea (Abruzzo,公元前8 - 5世纪)的Samnite墓地中发现的男性骨骼,显示出一只畸形的脚,与单侧先天性畸形足的诊断一致,该畸形足与同一只脚的跗骨和跗跖骨联合有关。这一发现特别值得注意,因为在医学文献中很少报道先天性马内翻足的跗骨联合,据我们所知,从未在古病理学记录中报道过。这个行动不便的人从一个坟墓中被发现,坟墓里有一整套武器和盔甲,这为我们了解这个人的身份和萨姆奈特社会对残疾人的社会态度提供了新的线索。在太平间考古学中,古代战士墓葬与死者生活中的社会身份之间的关系是一个广泛争论的问题。一些学者断言,这些坟墓中的武器表明存在一个战士阶级;另一些人则认为,陪葬品中的军事物品表明了较高的社会地位或重要的权力。这项研究表明,在萨姆奈特社会中,身体缺陷并不妨碍人们被尊为战士或高地位的社区成员。
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引用次数: 0
A skeletal dysplasia leading to a perinatal death in 17th–19th century Lisbon, Portugal 17-19 世纪葡萄牙里斯本导致围产期死亡的骨骼发育不良症
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-03 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3338
Marina Lourenço, Eugénia Cunha, Carolina Meco, Francisco Curate

Congenital skeletal disorders are a heterogeneous group of anomalies that become evident during gestation. They are expressed in the shape and growth of the bones during development because of a defective genetic background. With the follow-up of pregnant women and the advances in prenatal ultrasonographic examination and molecular genetic tests, nowadays, congenital skeletal disorders are identified at an early gestational age. If they are considered lethal, the termination of pregnancy is advised. This work unveils an exceptional instance of a rare pathological condition identified in a perinate (birth ± 2 weeks) from the 17th to 19th centuries, recovered during an excavation at the cloister of the São Domingos Convent in Lisbon, Portugal. The skeleton presents with exuberant modifications that include, among others, severe shortening (micromelia) and bowing of the long bones of the upper and lower limbs. The main skeletal findings indicated a presumptive general diagnosis of skeletal dysplasia, while the differential diagnosis includes hypophosphatasia, campomelic dysplasia, achondrogenesis, thanatophoric dysplasia, and severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans (SADDAN) as the most plausible causes for the observed skeletal changes. Even though an exact diagnosis is unattainable based only on the macroscopic analysis of the bones, the phenotypic features observed in this perinate are more consistent with thanatophoric dysplasia type 1.

先天性骨骼疾病是一组在妊娠期就已显现的异常现象。由于遗传背景的缺陷,它们在发育过程中表现为骨骼的形状和生长。随着对孕妇的随访以及产前超声波检查和分子遗传学检测技术的进步,如今,先天性骨骼疾病在妊娠早期就能被发现。如果这些疾病被认为是致命的,建议终止妊娠。这项研究揭示了在葡萄牙里斯本圣多明戈斯修道院回廊的一次发掘中发现的一具 17 至 19 世纪的围产期(出生 ± 2 周)婴儿骨骼中发现的罕见病例。该婴孩的骨骼有明显的变形,其中包括上下肢长骨严重缩短(小畸形)和弯曲。主要的骨骼检查结果表明,推测的一般诊断是骨骼发育不良,而鉴别诊断包括低磷酸盐症、胼胝体发育不良、软骨发育不良、比软骨发育不良和严重软骨发育不良伴发育迟缓和黑棘皮症(SADDAN),这些都是导致所观察到的骨骼变化的最合理原因。尽管仅凭骨骼的宏观分析无法做出准确诊断,但在该患者身上观察到的表型特征更符合比骨发育不良 1 型。
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引用次数: 0
An Upper Paleolithic horse mandible with an embedded lithic projectile: Insights into 16,500 cal BP hunting strategies through a unique case of bone injury from Cantabrian Spain 带有嵌入式石片的旧石器时代上层马下颌骨:通过坎塔布里亚西班牙的一个独特骨伤案例了解公元前 16500 年的狩猎策略
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3346
Marián Cueto, Edgard Camarós, Adriana Chauvin, Roberto Ontañón, Pablo Arias

Embedded artifacts in osteoarchaeological remains may be key to approaching hunting strategies and other behavioral-related issues such as technological development. However, that kind of evidence is not common within the archaeological record and often not well-characterized, especially for faunal remains from prehistoric sites. Here, we present and discuss a unique case of a horse (Equus caballus) mandible with an embedded lithic remains from the Upper Paleolithic (ca. 17,300–16,200 cal BP) from La Garma cave in Cantabria, Spain. Our macro- and microscopic faunal and lithic integrated analysis suggests that the case presented here is a potential perimortem hunting lesion, representing an uncommon hunting strategy during the Magdalenian period. Furthermore, this study, representing the first case of its kind in the Iberian Peninsula, emphasizes the importance of the taphonomic analysis of bone surfaces to approach the understanding of past human behaviors.

骨质考古遗存中的嵌入文物可能是研究狩猎策略和其他行为相关问题(如技术发展)的关键。然而,这种证据在考古记录中并不常见,而且往往没有得到很好的描述,尤其是史前遗址中的动物遗骸。在此,我们展示并讨论了西班牙坎塔布里亚 La Garma 洞穴出土的旧石器时代上层(约公元前 17,300-16,200 年)马(Equus caballus)下颌骨与嵌入石器残骸的独特案例。我们对动物和石器的宏观和微观综合分析表明,这里展示的案例可能是一种死前狩猎损伤,代表了马格达莱纳时期一种不常见的狩猎策略。此外,这项研究是伊比利亚半岛的首例同类研究,它强调了对骨骼表面的岩石学分析对于了解人类过去行为的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Reliability of reconstructed population survivorship from transition analysis age estimation 从过渡分析年龄估计中重建人口存活率的可靠性
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3344
Allyson M. Simon, Mark Hubbe

Skeletal age markers are often used to estimate age-at-death to reconstruct population survivorship in the past, which is essential to draw conclusions about population health, fertility, and mortality. Transition Analysis age estimation was developed to address common issues facing traditional age estimation methods such as age mimicry and broad ranges for middle and older aged adults. However, some studies have shown Transition Analysis' limitations in overcoming these challenges, with regards to the method's accuracy and bias when applied at the individual-level. It was previously found that the method performed poorly in a sample from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection due to a series of factors. This study re-examines the application of Transition Analysis (ADBOU) age estimation in a sample from the Hamann-Todd Collection for reconstructing the survivorship profile of this skeletal sample. Although Transition Analysis is argued to be better suited for reconstructing trends in population mortality compared to traditional age estimation methods, results of Kaplan–Meier and log rank tests show that Transition Analysis produced significantly different survival curves compared to the known survival curves for White males (χ2 = 6.828, p = 0.009) and females (χ2 = 11.270, p = 0.001), but not for Black males (χ2 = 1.363, p = 0.243) and females (χ2 = 0.071, p = 0.790). Age-at-death distributions between the estimated maximum likelihoods and known ages also differed significantly (t = 4.249, p < 0.001). Therefore, caution should be employed when drawing conclusions from trends in survivorship based on skeletal age estimates, even when using more recently developed methods such as Transition Analysis, as the informative priors in ADBOU may not be accurate for all populations.

骨骼年龄标记通常用于估算死亡年龄,以重建过去的人口存活率,这对于得出有关人口健康、生育率和死亡率的结论至关重要。过渡分析法年龄估算的开发是为了解决传统年龄估算方法所面临的共同问题,如年龄模仿和中老年人年龄范围过宽等。然而,一些研究表明,过渡分析法在克服这些挑战方面存在局限性,在个人层面应用时,该方法的准确性和偏差方面也存在局限性。之前有研究发现,由于一系列因素,该方法在哈曼-托德骨质采集样本中表现不佳。本研究重新检验了过渡分析法(ADBOU)年龄估计法在哈曼-托德藏品样本中的应用,以重建该骨骼样本的生存状况。尽管与传统的年龄估计方法相比,过渡分析法被认为更适合重建人群死亡率的趋势,但卡普兰-梅耶尔检验和对数秩检验的结果表明,与已知的白种男性生存曲线相比,过渡分析法产生了明显不同的生存曲线(χ2 = 6.828, p = 0.009)和女性(χ2 = 11.270, p = 0.001)的存活曲线不同,但黑人男性(χ2 = 1.363, p = 0.243)和女性(χ2 = 0.071, p = 0.790)的存活曲线则不同。最大似然估计值与已知年龄之间的死亡年龄分布也有显著差异(t = 4.249,p < 0.001)。因此,在根据骨骼年龄估计值得出存活率趋势的结论时,即使是使用最近开发的方法(如过渡分析法),也应谨慎,因为 ADBOU 中的信息先验不一定对所有种群都准确。
{"title":"Reliability of reconstructed population survivorship from transition analysis age estimation","authors":"Allyson M. Simon,&nbsp;Mark Hubbe","doi":"10.1002/oa.3344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.3344","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Skeletal age markers are often used to estimate age-at-death to reconstruct population survivorship in the past, which is essential to draw conclusions about population health, fertility, and mortality. Transition Analysis age estimation was developed to address common issues facing traditional age estimation methods such as age mimicry and broad ranges for middle and older aged adults. However, some studies have shown Transition Analysis' limitations in overcoming these challenges, with regards to the method's accuracy and bias when applied at the individual-level. It was previously found that the method performed poorly in a sample from the Hamann-Todd Osteological Collection due to a series of factors. This study re-examines the application of Transition Analysis (ADBOU) age estimation in a sample from the Hamann-Todd Collection for reconstructing the survivorship profile of this skeletal sample. Although Transition Analysis is argued to be better suited for reconstructing trends in population mortality compared to traditional age estimation methods, results of Kaplan–Meier and log rank tests show that Transition Analysis produced significantly different survival curves compared to the known survival curves for White males (χ<sup>2</sup> = 6.828, <i>p</i> = 0.009) and females (χ<sup>2</sup> = 11.270, <i>p</i> = 0.001), but not for Black males (χ<sup>2</sup> = 1.363, <i>p</i> = 0.243) and females (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.071, <i>p</i> = 0.790). Age-at-death distributions between the estimated maximum likelihoods and known ages also differed significantly (<i>t</i> = 4.249, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Therefore, caution should be employed when drawing conclusions from trends in survivorship based on skeletal age estimates, even when using more recently developed methods such as Transition Analysis, as the informative priors in ADBOU may not be accurate for all populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14179,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Osteoarchaeology","volume":"34 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/oa.3344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142435872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Sex estimation of the human os coxae in archeological contexts: An advocacy of using both Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste and Brůžek's morphoscopic method 在考古环境中对人类髋骨的性别估计:提倡同时使用 "性别概率诊断法 "和布鲁泽克的形态学方法
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-26 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3334
Sébastien Villotte, Sacha Kacki, Aline Thomas

The aims of this article are (1) to present the applicability of two methods of sex estimation of the coxal bone—the Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste (second version, DSP2) and the Brůžek's morphoscopic method (statistical version, SBMM)—on a large archeological metasample; (2) to provide the percentage of agreement between the two methods; and (3) to illustrate the interest to use both methods together. The metasample under study is composed of adult skeletons from several European collections spanning from the Final Mesolithic to the Early Modern period. It includes 1270 coxal bones belonging to 765 individuals. Final sex estimation provided by each method is compared for each coxal bone and for each individual. A sex estimate (female or male) has been obtained by at least one method for 1066 coxal bones, and for 685 of the individuals (83.9% and 89.5% of our sample, respectively). Incongruity between methods and/or left and right coxal bones is extremely rare. The combined use of SBMM and DSP2 yields high rates of congruent sex estimations. While DSP2 results in a lower rate of sex estimation compared to SBMM, it likely offers better inter-observer reproducibility, and their joint application significantly increases the total number of classified individuals. It is recommended to record both metric and nonmetric variables from DSP2 and SBMM on both coxal bones to increase the number of sex estimations while maintaining high reliability.

本文的目的是:(1) 介绍两种估计腋骨性别的方法--性别概率诊断法(第二版,DSP2)和布鲁日克形态学方法(统计版,SBMM)--在一个大型考古元样本中的适用性;(2) 提供两种方法之间的一致性百分比;(3) 说明同时使用这两种方法的意义。所研究的元样本由从中石器时代晚期到现代早期的多个欧洲收藏的成人骨骼组成。它包括属于 765 个个体的 1270 块髋骨。对每块髋骨和每个个体,比较了每种方法提供的最终性别估计值。至少有一种方法对 1066 块髋骨和 685 个个体(分别占样本的 83.9% 和 89.5%)进行了性别估计(女性或男性)。不同方法和/或左右腋骨之间的不一致性极为罕见。结合使用 SBMM 和 DSP2 可获得较高的性别估计一致率。虽然与 SBMM 相比,DSP2 的性别估计率较低,但它可能提供了更好的观察者间可重复性,两者的联合应用大大增加了分类个体的总数。建议在两块腋骨上同时记录 DSP2 和 SBMM 的度量和非度量变量,以增加性别估计的数量,同时保持高可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating external auditory exostosis severity using ImageJ: A clinical method applied to archaeological remains 利用 ImageJ 评估外耳道骨质增生的严重程度:一种应用于考古遗存的临床方法
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3342
Bianca Casa, Kirsi O. Lorentz, Sorin Hermon

This study aimed to evaluate if ImageJ could be used to quantify the severity of external auditory exostoses (EAEs) in archaeological human skeletal remains. Thirty-seven external auditory canals (EACs) with EAEs present (22 right, 15 left) of 100% completeness derived from individuals from archaeological sites on Cyprus dating from the Neolithic to the Roman period were available for analyses. EAC area and EAE area were measured three times as an intra-observer error test using ImageJ in a two-dimensional plane. The level of agreement between measurements was assessed using a paired T-test, Bland–Altman plot, technical error of measurement, and coefficient of reliability. No statistically significant differences were found between measurements of EAC area and EAE area and a high technical measurement of error and coefficient of reliability resulted. ImageJ can be used with a high level of reliability for quantifying the severity of EAEs. This approach enables detailed quantification of EAEs in two-dimensions, as well as specific measurement of EAE severity to evaluate differences between individuals and assemblages. The percentage of occlusion of the EAC by EAEs may contribute data to interpretations of the potential secondary clinical symptoms encountered by the individual, such as conductive hearing loss. This technique can only be applied to EACs that are of 100% preservation and in EACs where the EAEs are located laterally. Future studies should aim to incorporate the use of ImageJ for quantifying EAE severity in order to develop more detailed comparisons between individuals and assemblages in relation to their duration of exposure to wet and/or wet and windy environments and to evaluate the potential secondary symptoms that individuals with severe EAEs may have encountered.

本研究旨在评估 ImageJ 是否可用于量化考古人类骨骼中外耳道骨质增生 (EAE) 的严重程度。从塞浦路斯新石器时代到罗马时期的考古遗址中提取了 37 个存在 EAE 的外耳道 (EAC)(右侧 22 个,左侧 15 个)进行分析,这些外耳道的完整度均为 100%。使用 ImageJ 在二维平面上测量 EAC 面积和 EAE 面积三次,作为观察者内部误差测试。使用配对 T 检验、Bland-Altman 图、测量技术误差和可靠性系数评估了测量之间的一致程度。结果发现,EAC 面积和 EAE 面积的测量结果之间没有统计学意义上的差异,而且技术测量误差和可靠性系数都很高。ImageJ 可用于量化 EAE 的严重程度,可靠性很高。这种方法可以对 EAE 进行详细的二维量化,并对 EAE 的严重程度进行具体测量,以评估个体和群体之间的差异。EAE 阻塞 EAC 的百分比可能有助于解释患者可能出现的继发性临床症状,如传导性听力损失。这种技术只能应用于保存率为 100% 的 EAC 和 EAE 位于侧方的 EAC。未来的研究应着眼于使用 ImageJ 量化 EAE 的严重程度,以便对个体和集合体暴露于潮湿和/或潮湿多风环境的时间进行更详细的比较,并评估严重 EAE 患者可能出现的继发症状。
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引用次数: 0
Patterns of entheseal changes and other activity markers in an ancient population from Neolithic to Bronze Age (8000–2300 BP) at the Houtaomuga site, Northeast China with special references to climate changes, subsistence strategies, sex-based labor divisions, and regional variations 中国东北后陶母嘎遗址新石器时代至青铜时代(公元前 8000-2300 年)古人类内骨骼变化及其他活动标记的模式,特别是气候变化、生存策略、基于性别的劳动分工和地区差异
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3335
Ruiqi Zou, Haiyang Xing, Xiaofan Sun, Shuxin Kong, Lixin Wang, Zhe Zhang, Quanchao Zhang, Qian Wang

Entheseal changes are skeletal markers, which are often used in the reconstruction of physical activities. This study investigated patterns of entheseal changes and other activity markers, such as squatting facets and degerative signs at joints in a mortuary population of the Houtaomuga site, Northeast China. Comparisons were conducted between the early period (Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, 8000–2500 BP) and the late period (Late Bronze Age, 2300 BP). Differences between two sexes of the late period were also compared. The results demonstrated that the frequency and severity of entheseal changes and other activity markers differed between early and late populations and between males and females of the late population suggesting subsistence strategies changes and new patterns of sex-based divisions of labor. This is the first attempt to assess activity changes in fisher–hunter–gatherer populations over a long period of time from ancient China. Results reveal that though the Houtaomuga population maintained the primary subsistence modes of fishing, hunting, and gathering, their entheses elucidate gradual shifts along with reduced activity stress due to sedentary life and intensified sex-based divisions of labor and the advent of craft specializations, which was likely influenced by climate changes.

内胫骨变化是骨骼标记,通常用于重建身体活动。本研究调查了中国东北后桃花洼遗址停尸人群的趾骨变化模式及其他活动标记,如下蹲面和关节退化迹象。对早期(新石器时代至青铜时代早期,公元前 8000-2500 年)和晚期(青铜时代晚期,公元前 2300 年)进行了比较。同时还比较了晚期两种性别之间的差异。结果表明,早期和晚期人群以及晚期人群中男性和女性的内骨骼变化和其他活动标记的频率和严重程度不同,这表明生存策略发生了变化,并出现了新的性别分工模式。这是首次尝试评估中国古代渔猎采集人群长期以来的活动变化。研究结果表明,虽然后桃花峪人群保持了捕鱼、狩猎和采集的主要生存模式,但他们的内含物阐明了随着定居生活带来的活动压力减小、性别分工的加强以及手工业专业化的出现而逐渐发生的变化,这很可能受到气候变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Applying the V.E.R.A. method to entheses of the humerus: An assessment of repeatability and reproducibility 将 V.E.R.A. 方法应用于肱骨内粘连:重复性和再现性评估
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3341
Jonathan Ieng, Fotios Alexandros Karakostis, Cynthia Wilczak

The “Validated Entheses-based Reconstruction of Activity” (V.E.R.A.) method has proven to be a reliable method for the quantification and analysis of entheses. However, this method has only been successfully applied to human hand bones and animal long bones. This study tests the general applicability of the V.E.R.A. method to the human humerus, focusing on evaluating its reliability and repeatability. The sample included 23 humeri of unknown origin and background. The V.E.R.A. method was applied to six entheses of the humerus, comprising the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, common extensor origin, and common flexor origin. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and percentage of error statistics were used to measure intraobserver error. Interobserver error was assessed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Lin's CCC. Intraobserver rates were between 1.83% and 3.23%. Interobserver error values were excellent, with no significant differences found in the ANOVA tests; Lin's CCC values were all above 0.90, with only the common extensor origin being 0.87; and ICC values were all above 0.97. Our results showed that the V.E.R.A. method is highly reliable and reproducible for the six entheses of the human humerus selected for this study. These results demonstrate the vast potential for the V.E.R.A. method to be applied to other parts of the human skeleton.

事实证明,"基于内含物的验证活动重建"(V.E.R.A.)方法是量化和分析内含物的可靠方法。然而,该方法仅成功应用于人类手骨和动物长骨。本研究测试了 V.E.R.A.方法在人类肱骨上的普遍适用性,重点是评估其可靠性和可重复性。样本包括 23 根来源和背景不明的肱骨。V.E.R.A.方法适用于肱骨的六个内膜,包括肩胛下肌、冈上肌、冈下肌、小圆肌、共同伸肌起源和共同屈肌起源。林氏一致性相关系数(CCC)和误差百分比统计用于测量观察者内部误差。观察者间误差通过方差分析(ANOVA)测试、类内相关系数(ICC)和Lin's CCC进行评估。观察者内误差率介于 1.83% 和 3.23% 之间。观察者之间的误差值非常好,方差分析测试中未发现明显差异;Lin's CCC 值均在 0.90 以上,只有共同伸肌原点为 0.87;ICC 值均在 0.97 以上。我们的结果表明,V.E.R.A.方法对本研究选择的人类肱骨的六个内侧具有高度的可靠性和可重复性。这些结果表明,V.E.R.A.方法在人体骨骼其他部位的应用具有巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating trauma in mummified remains using finite element analysis 利用有限元分析调查木乃伊遗骸中的创伤
IF 1.1 3区 历史学 Q2 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-18 DOI: 10.1002/oa.3337
Mikoláš Jurda

Anthropologists evaluate injuries in skeletal remains by examining their macroscopic and microscopic features, utilizing empirical and theoretical knowledge about trauma formation and healing. Finite element analysis (FEA), which enables computational simulation of the structural stress on bone tissue and skeletal components based on their shape and defined physical properties, could be used to supplement such assessments. This study evaluates FEA's applicability for simulating injuries observed in historical skeletal materials by confronting the method with a lower limb trauma observed in nearly 300-year-old mummified remains. The simulations were computed using algorithms integrated into the Mechanical Finder software. Postmortem computed tomography (CT) data were acquired using a Phillips Brilliance CT 64 scanner with a slice thickness of 0.3 mm and a 1024 × 1024 matrix. The dynamic simulations focused on exploring the relationship between the direction and speed of the projectile and the formation and propagation of skeletal trauma. FEA provided insight into the mechanical limits of the affected bones across varying projectile velocities and impact directions. The observed fractures most closely matched the results of the simulation where the projectile struck from the lateral side. The obtained information supplemented the osteological diagnosis based on the visual assessment of the trauma. However, the informational value of the results was reduced because the software did not show the spread of finer fractures and was unable to simulate covering soft tissues. On a general level, Mechanical Finder facilitates the simulation of bone biomechanics primarily through its ability to create nonhomogeneous FEA models directly from CT scans. Nevertheless, its usage remains challenging for experts without a biomechanical background.

人类学家利用有关创伤形成和愈合的经验和理论知识,通过检查骨骼遗骸的宏观和微观特征来评估其损伤情况。有限元分析(FEA)可根据骨组织和骨骼组件的形状和定义的物理特性,对其结构应力进行计算模拟,可用于补充此类评估。本研究通过对近 300 年前木乃伊遗骸中观察到的下肢创伤进行分析,评估了有限元分析在模拟历史骨骼材料中观察到的损伤方面的适用性。模拟计算使用的是集成在 Mechanical Finder 软件中的算法。尸体计算机断层扫描(CT)数据是使用 Phillips Brilliance CT 64 扫描仪采集的,切片厚度为 0.3 毫米,矩阵为 1024 × 1024。动态模拟的重点是探索射弹的方向和速度与骨骼创伤的形成和传播之间的关系。有限元分析有助于深入了解不同射弹速度和撞击方向下受影响骨骼的机械极限。观察到的骨折与弹丸从侧面击中的模拟结果最为接近。所获得的信息补充了基于创伤目测评估的骨学诊断。不过,由于软件无法显示较细骨折的扩散情况,也无法模拟覆盖软组织的情况,因此结果的信息价值有所降低。总体而言,Mechanical Finder 主要通过其直接从 CT 扫描创建非均质有限元分析模型的能力,为骨骼生物力学模拟提供了便利。尽管如此,对于没有生物力学背景的专家来说,使用它仍然是一项挑战。
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International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
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