Mandibular condylar fractures are the most commonly encountered mandibular fractures, being 17.5–52% of all mandibular fractures. The most common unilateral fracture is subcondylar, and the most common bilateral fracture is of the condylar heads, mostly caused by direct trauma, but may also be due to indirect forces. Treatment of condylar fractures depends on physical and imaging evidence of the fracture, extent of injury (whether unilateral or bilateral), the level of fracture, the degree of displacement and dislocation, the size and position of the fractured condylar segment, and the dental malocclusion.
{"title":"Open reduction and Internal fixation of mandibular subcondylar fractures with quadrangular plate - A Case Report","authors":"P. Pravahitha, M. R. Mutushekar","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V8I5.4685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V8I5.4685","url":null,"abstract":"Mandibular condylar fractures are the most commonly encountered mandibular fractures, being 17.5–52% of all mandibular fractures. The most common unilateral fracture is subcondylar, and the most common bilateral fracture is of the condylar heads, mostly caused by direct trauma, but may also be due to indirect forces. Treatment of condylar fractures depends on physical and imaging evidence of the fracture, extent of injury (whether unilateral or bilateral), the level of fracture, the degree of displacement and dislocation, the size and position of the fractured condylar segment, and the dental malocclusion.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"47-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75809282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Progeria is also known as Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome. It is described by Jonathan Hutchinson and Hasting Gilford. The word Progeria obtained from the Greek word “pro” means “before” and “geras” means “agedness”. It is a genetic disorder, not inherited. It is identify by facial appearance containing prominent eye, thin nose, small chin and thin lip. The symptoms of progeria may include alopecia (hair loss), low body weight, decrease joint motility, facial appearance that are similar to old age person and accelerated cardiovascular disease. It is caused due to mutation in LMNA gene in which cysteine is replaced by thymine. This gene is important for producing Lamin A and Lamin C proteins. Treatment includes aspirin may helps to prevent antithrombotic events and cardiovascular disease. Hydrotherapy may be used to improve joint mobility and sign and symptoms of arthritis. FTIs (farnesyl transferase inhibitors) are used to decrease the severity of disease. FTIs are effective by blocking the farnesylation of progerin. Fluoride and vitamin supplements are recommend for progeria patients.
{"title":"Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome - A brief introduction","authors":"K. Gupta, A. Shukla","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V8I5.4634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V8I5.4634","url":null,"abstract":"Progeria is also known as Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome. It is described by Jonathan Hutchinson and Hasting Gilford. The word Progeria obtained from the Greek word “pro” means “before” and “geras” means “agedness”. It is a genetic disorder, not inherited. It is identify by facial appearance containing prominent eye, thin nose, small chin and thin lip. The symptoms of progeria may include alopecia (hair loss), low body weight, decrease joint motility, facial appearance that are similar to old age person and accelerated cardiovascular disease. It is caused due to mutation in LMNA gene in which cysteine is replaced by thymine. This gene is important for producing Lamin A and Lamin C proteins. Treatment includes aspirin may helps to prevent antithrombotic events and cardiovascular disease. Hydrotherapy may be used to improve joint mobility and sign and symptoms of arthritis. FTIs (farnesyl transferase inhibitors) are used to decrease the severity of disease. FTIs are effective by blocking the farnesylation of progerin. Fluoride and vitamin supplements are recommend for progeria patients.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"67 4 1","pages":"40-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88352333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Z. Rechenchoski, L. Faccin-Galhardi, A. Cunha, N. Ricardo, C. Nozawa, R. Linhares
Poliovirus (PV),an enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family, is the agent of poliomyelitis, a devastating neurologic disease that may result in paralysis and even death.Mangiferin is the major constituent of Mangifera indica and has multiple pharmacological activities, including antiviral. This study evaluated the activity of mangiferin against poliovirus type-1 (PV-1). The compound exhibited the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) > 2000 μg/mL in HEp-2 cell cultures, by the dimethylthiazolyl-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method (MTT). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was of 53.5 μg/mL, determined by the plaque reduction assay (PRA) with selectivity index (SI) > 37.4. We investigate the possible mechanism of action of mangiferin and a maximum inhibition of PV was found for virucidal and inhibition of adsorption assays, at all tested concentrations. The inhibition of viral protein synthesis was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence assay (IFA).These results suggested that mangiferin is an attractive candidate for the control of PV infection.
{"title":"Antiviral potential of mangiferin against poliovirus","authors":"D. Z. Rechenchoski, L. Faccin-Galhardi, A. Cunha, N. Ricardo, C. Nozawa, R. Linhares","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V8I4.4706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V8I4.4706","url":null,"abstract":"Poliovirus (PV),an enterovirus of the Picornaviridae family, is the agent of poliomyelitis, a devastating neurologic disease that may result in paralysis and even death.Mangiferin is the major constituent of Mangifera indica and has multiple pharmacological activities, including antiviral. This study evaluated the activity of mangiferin against poliovirus type-1 (PV-1). The compound exhibited the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) > 2000 μg/mL in HEp-2 cell cultures, by the dimethylthiazolyl-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method (MTT). The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was of 53.5 μg/mL, determined by the plaque reduction assay (PRA) with selectivity index (SI) > 37.4. We investigate the possible mechanism of action of mangiferin and a maximum inhibition of PV was found for virucidal and inhibition of adsorption assays, at all tested concentrations. The inhibition of viral protein synthesis was also demonstrated by immunofluorescence assay (IFA).These results suggested that mangiferin is an attractive candidate for the control of PV infection.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"59 1","pages":"34-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84711555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Endophytes are a suite of microorganisms that grow in the tissues of higher plants. Endophytes constitute a valuable source of secondary metabolites for the discovery of new potential therapeutic drugs. Endophytes can have many effects on their host such as enhancement of stress, insect and disease resistance, and herbicide activities when in association with their host plant. The present study was to examine the antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of endophytic fungi (both extra and intracellular) and actinomycete from the stem and root of Datura metel L. The crude extract of these endophytic isolates were screened for their antimicrobial potential. Among the endophytes, the extracellular fungal extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity when compared to intracellular fungi and actinomycetes. The studies and isolation of these compounds can be used as a good approach to search of novel products.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Potential of Endophytes from Datura metel Linn.","authors":"M. Priya, P. Theoder","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V8I4.4696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V8I4.4696","url":null,"abstract":"Endophytes are a suite of microorganisms that grow in the tissues of higher plants. Endophytes constitute a valuable source of secondary metabolites for the discovery of new potential therapeutic drugs. Endophytes can have many effects on their host such as enhancement of stress, insect and disease resistance, and herbicide activities when in association with their host plant. The present study was to examine the antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of endophytic fungi (both extra and intracellular) and actinomycete from the stem and root of Datura metel L. The crude extract of these endophytic isolates were screened for their antimicrobial potential. Among the endophytes, the extracellular fungal extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity when compared to intracellular fungi and actinomycetes. The studies and isolation of these compounds can be used as a good approach to search of novel products.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"85 1","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77224054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nishanthi Anandabaskar, Nalinidevi Jayabalan, Mohanasundaram Jayaraman, M. Rajamohammad
Fluindione an oral vitamin K antagonist is associated with various hemorrhagic and immunoallergic effects. This drug is also prone to produce various drug interactions, which if not taken into consideration while prescribing, might lead to increased incidence of adverse drug reactions for the patients. We report a case of drug interaction between fluindione and cefixime leading to cutaneous bleeding manifestations and raised PT-INR. Our patient was a 59 year old lady, a known case of rheumatic heart disease and mitral valve replacement, on tablet fluindione 20 mg for past 11 years. She was prescribed tablet cefixime 200 mg two times a day for three days for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, following which she developed cutaneous bleeding manifestations like ecchymosis and purpura in left upper and lower limbs. She also had a rise in PT-INR level to 4.2, predisposing the patient to life threatening bleeding manifestations. Hence, caution is warranted while prescribing antibiotics to patients on oral anticoagulant therapy. Antibiotics that do not cause drug interaction with the anticoagulants must be selected in these patients. Also, periodic monitoring of PT INR in patients on anticoagulants especially when a new drug is co-prescribed is essential to curb the hazards of potential adverse drug interaction.
{"title":"Fluindione and cefixime induced cutaneous bleeding manifestations –A case report and review of literature","authors":"Nishanthi Anandabaskar, Nalinidevi Jayabalan, Mohanasundaram Jayaraman, M. Rajamohammad","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V8I3.4637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V8I3.4637","url":null,"abstract":"Fluindione an oral vitamin K antagonist is associated with various hemorrhagic and immunoallergic effects. This drug is also prone to produce various drug interactions, which if not taken into consideration while prescribing, might lead to increased incidence of adverse drug reactions for the patients. We report a case of drug interaction between fluindione and cefixime leading to cutaneous bleeding manifestations and raised PT-INR. Our patient was a 59 year old lady, a known case of rheumatic heart disease and mitral valve replacement, on tablet fluindione 20 mg for past 11 years. She was prescribed tablet cefixime 200 mg two times a day for three days for treatment of upper respiratory tract infection, following which she developed cutaneous bleeding manifestations like ecchymosis and purpura in left upper and lower limbs. She also had a rise in PT-INR level to 4.2, predisposing the patient to life threatening bleeding manifestations. Hence, caution is warranted while prescribing antibiotics to patients on oral anticoagulant therapy. Antibiotics that do not cause drug interaction with the anticoagulants must be selected in these patients. Also, periodic monitoring of PT INR in patients on anticoagulants especially when a new drug is co-prescribed is essential to curb the hazards of potential adverse drug interaction.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"25 1","pages":"24-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80588478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tata Kadiatou Traoré, Tibiri André, Ouédraogo Noufou, Sombie Nogma Ernest, N’do Jotham Yhi-pênê, Ouédraogo Salfo, G. Pierre
Background : Plants are frequently used by traditional healer for the care of the hepatic pathologies. Objective : This study is part of the valorization of the hepatoprotective potential of some plants used in traditional medicine for the care of hepatitis in the Hauts-Bassins region of Burkina Faso. Materials and methods : A survey realized in this region allowed retaining 5 species, after the classification according to the frequency of quotation and the bibliographic review, among the 44 species recorded: Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr (Combretaceae), Balanites aegyptiaca Delie. (Balanitaceae), Cassia alata L. (Ceasalpiniaceae), Opilia celtidifolia (Guill. & Perr.) Endl. (Opiliaceae) and Ziziphus mauritiana L. (Rhamnaceae). The content in phenolic compounds of the aqueous extracts of these plants was determined. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods: discoloration of radical cation ABTS and iron reduction (FRAP). Results : Anogeissus leiocarpus and Ziziphu smauritiana gave the strongest antioxidant activities and high phenolic compounds (total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannins and flavonols). The antioxidant activity (FRAP, ABTS) was associated with the total phenolic content of the extracts expressed in tannic acid equivalent per 100 grams of dry matter with R 2 of 0.8148 and 0.7966. Conclusion : The antioxidant activity and the content phenolic compounds observed during this study with Anogeissus leiocarpus and Ziziphus mauritiana indicates that these two plants have a high hepato protective potential which can justify their use by the Traditional healer in the care of hepatitis.
{"title":"Ethnopharmacological plants used to treat hepatitis and their anti-oxidant activity of district of Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)","authors":"Tata Kadiatou Traoré, Tibiri André, Ouédraogo Noufou, Sombie Nogma Ernest, N’do Jotham Yhi-pênê, Ouédraogo Salfo, G. Pierre","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V8I3.4643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V8I3.4643","url":null,"abstract":"Background : Plants are frequently used by traditional healer for the care of the hepatic pathologies. Objective : This study is part of the valorization of the hepatoprotective potential of some plants used in traditional medicine for the care of hepatitis in the Hauts-Bassins region of Burkina Faso. Materials and methods : A survey realized in this region allowed retaining 5 species, after the classification according to the frequency of quotation and the bibliographic review, among the 44 species recorded: Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr (Combretaceae), Balanites aegyptiaca Delie. (Balanitaceae), Cassia alata L. (Ceasalpiniaceae), Opilia celtidifolia (Guill. & Perr.) Endl. (Opiliaceae) and Ziziphus mauritiana L. (Rhamnaceae). The content in phenolic compounds of the aqueous extracts of these plants was determined. Their antioxidant activity was evaluated by two methods: discoloration of radical cation ABTS and iron reduction (FRAP). Results : Anogeissus leiocarpus and Ziziphu smauritiana gave the strongest antioxidant activities and high phenolic compounds (total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannins and flavonols). The antioxidant activity (FRAP, ABTS) was associated with the total phenolic content of the extracts expressed in tannic acid equivalent per 100 grams of dry matter with R 2 of 0.8148 and 0.7966. Conclusion : The antioxidant activity and the content phenolic compounds observed during this study with Anogeissus leiocarpus and Ziziphus mauritiana indicates that these two plants have a high hepato protective potential which can justify their use by the Traditional healer in the care of hepatitis.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"31 1","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86678762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Shukla, Shashi Pratap Singh, N. Srivastava, K. Gupta
Major depression is a mood disorder characterized by a sense of inadequacy, despondency, decreased activity, pessimism, and sadness where these symptoms severely disrupt and adversely affect the person’s life, sometimes to such an extent that suicide is attempted or results. The search for an extended understanding of the causes of depression, and for the development of additional effective treatments is highly significant. Clinical and pre-clinical studies suggest stress is a key mediator in the pathophysiology of depression.
{"title":"Major problem of today’s generations","authors":"A. Shukla, Shashi Pratap Singh, N. Srivastava, K. Gupta","doi":"10.7439/ijpr.v8i2.4613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/ijpr.v8i2.4613","url":null,"abstract":"Major depression is a mood disorder characterized by a sense of inadequacy, despondency, decreased activity, pessimism, and sadness where these symptoms severely disrupt and adversely affect the person’s life, sometimes to such an extent that suicide is attempted or results. The search for an extended understanding of the causes of depression, and for the development of additional effective treatments is highly significant. Clinical and pre-clinical studies suggest stress is a key mediator in the pathophysiology of depression.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"10-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89194976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Kumaravelu, R. Saravanan, S. Balan, R. Menon, Brinda G. David
Background: Topical corticosteroids have been used as the mainstay of treatment in many inflammatory and autoimmune dermatological conditions like psoriasis, lichen plannus, SLE etc. Keeping a constant watch on the rationality of these prescriptions is needed due to many known side effects of long term use of steroids and the high prevalence of such conditions with economical burden. The data pertaining to topical corticosteroids usage patterns in skin conditions are particularly lacking. Objective: This study aims to evaluate and analyze the prescribing pattern of topical corticosteroids among dermatology outpatients in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Dermatology outpatient Department of a tertiary care hospital, Puducherry, India for 3 months in patients prescribed with topical corticosteroids. The collected data were analyzed and results are expressed using descriptive statistics. Result: A total of 200 prescriptions were analyzed, among which males and females were 43% and 57% respectively .The common indications for topical steroids were eczema (13.5%) followed by psoriasis vulgaris (12%). Clobetasol propionate was prescribed in 34.5% followed by mometasone furoate (24 %), betamethasone dipropionate (18%) and halobetasol (11%). Cream formulation was prescribed in 44.5%. Average drug per prescription was 3.5. 54% were prescribed drugs in generic names, but specification of strength and quantity were lacking. Instructions regarding usage were specified in 48% for area of application, 61.5% for route of administration, and 92% for frequency of administration. Conclusion: Periodical analysis of prescriptions for a year with an emphasis on rational prescription with proper instructions to be followed for a good and quick therapeutic outcome which can reduce the economical and mental stress to the patients.
{"title":"Study of prescribing pattern of topical corticosteroids in dermatology out patients department in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Puducherry","authors":"M. Kumaravelu, R. Saravanan, S. Balan, R. Menon, Brinda G. David","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V8I1.4576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V8I1.4576","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Topical corticosteroids have been used as the mainstay of treatment in many inflammatory and autoimmune dermatological conditions like psoriasis, lichen plannus, SLE etc. Keeping a constant watch on the rationality of these prescriptions is needed due to many known side effects of long term use of steroids and the high prevalence of such conditions with economical burden. The data pertaining to topical corticosteroids usage patterns in skin conditions are particularly lacking. Objective: This study aims to evaluate and analyze the prescribing pattern of topical corticosteroids among dermatology outpatients in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in the Dermatology outpatient Department of a tertiary care hospital, Puducherry, India for 3 months in patients prescribed with topical corticosteroids. The collected data were analyzed and results are expressed using descriptive statistics. Result: A total of 200 prescriptions were analyzed, among which males and females were 43% and 57% respectively .The common indications for topical steroids were eczema (13.5%) followed by psoriasis vulgaris (12%). Clobetasol propionate was prescribed in 34.5% followed by mometasone furoate (24 %), betamethasone dipropionate (18%) and halobetasol (11%). Cream formulation was prescribed in 44.5%. Average drug per prescription was 3.5. 54% were prescribed drugs in generic names, but specification of strength and quantity were lacking. Instructions regarding usage were specified in 48% for area of application, 61.5% for route of administration, and 92% for frequency of administration. Conclusion: Periodical analysis of prescriptions for a year with an emphasis on rational prescription with proper instructions to be followed for a good and quick therapeutic outcome which can reduce the economical and mental stress to the patients.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"01-05"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75658188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system. The drugs used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS are known to cause adverse effects, therefore this study was carried out for the monitoring and evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by the use of antiretroviral drugs in patients of HIV/AIDS. Methods: A prospective, observational, cross sectional study was done in Andaman & Nicobar Islands institute of medical sciences, to monitor ADRs caused by Antiretroviral therapy (ART) over a period of 10 months in 120 patients of HIV/AIDS. Out of 120 patients, 84 had ADR’s. The data collected was filled in the spontaneous ADR reporting forms and Causality assessment was done using the WHO-UMC and Naranjo scale, seriousness was considered as per the ADR reporting form. Results: The study shows that out of 84 patients with ADR’s, 52 patients (61.9%) reported at least one ADR. 68 ADR’s (80.9%) were attributed to the tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz regimen. Most of the ADRs were from the system organ class of neurological disorders as 55 patients (65.4%) and 16 patients (19%) were having gastrointestinal ADR’s (19.44%) followed by Cutaneous ADR’s in 5 patients (5.9%). Causality assessment by WHO-UMC scale revealed most of the reactions as ‘possible’ (99.2%) while Naranjo scale assessed most of them as ‘probable’ (69.8%). Conclusion: Antiretroviral drugs have a huge potential for causing ADRs specially neurological and gastrointestinal. Active Pharmacovigilance is vital in recognizing such reactions to ensure timely management and optimal therapeutic outcomes.
{"title":"A study of the monitoring of the adverse drug reactions caused by antiretroviral drugs","authors":"A. Vardhan, C. Naidu","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V8I1.4496","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V8I1.4496","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system. The drugs used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS are known to cause adverse effects, therefore this study was carried out for the monitoring and evaluation of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by the use of antiretroviral drugs in patients of HIV/AIDS. Methods: A prospective, observational, cross sectional study was done in Andaman & Nicobar Islands institute of medical sciences, to monitor ADRs caused by Antiretroviral therapy (ART) over a period of 10 months in 120 patients of HIV/AIDS. Out of 120 patients, 84 had ADR’s. The data collected was filled in the spontaneous ADR reporting forms and Causality assessment was done using the WHO-UMC and Naranjo scale, seriousness was considered as per the ADR reporting form. Results: The study shows that out of 84 patients with ADR’s, 52 patients (61.9%) reported at least one ADR. 68 ADR’s (80.9%) were attributed to the tenofovir + lamivudine + efavirenz regimen. Most of the ADRs were from the system organ class of neurological disorders as 55 patients (65.4%) and 16 patients (19%) were having gastrointestinal ADR’s (19.44%) followed by Cutaneous ADR’s in 5 patients (5.9%). Causality assessment by WHO-UMC scale revealed most of the reactions as ‘possible’ (99.2%) while Naranjo scale assessed most of them as ‘probable’ (69.8%). Conclusion: Antiretroviral drugs have a huge potential for causing ADRs specially neurological and gastrointestinal. Active Pharmacovigilance is vital in recognizing such reactions to ensure timely management and optimal therapeutic outcomes.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"39 1","pages":"06-09"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81281040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Irié-N’guessan, S. Kouakou, K. Effo, A. A. Adepo, N. Kouakou-Siransy, T. Sadikou
Objectives : root bark of Dichrostachys cinerea is used in Ivorian folk for the treatment of asthma. This study aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of this plant. Methods : an aqueous-alcoholic extract was obtained from the root bark. Two tests i.e. rat's paw irritation with formalin and rat's paw oedema induced by carrageenan were used to appreciate the anti-inflammatory activity. The antioxidant activity was performed using ABTS (2.2-azinobis 3 ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (1.1 diphenyl 1-2-picrylhydrazyl), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) tests. Results : the extract, only at 1000 mg/kg b.wt, reduced significantly the licking time (22.03 1.08 s) in the second period of formalin-induced irritation test. Concerning the carrageenan-induced oedema test, oedema was weakly reduced 1, 2, and 3 hours after injection of carrageenan. Indeed, levels of inhibition were respectively 1.71 0.56 %, 1.45 0.70%, 4.5 1.91% for the extract at 10 mg/kg b.wt; 3.71 0.33%, 6.50 0.10%, 10.75 0.42% for the extract at 100 mg/kg b.wt. and 3.47 0.40%, 10.54 0.48%, 13.50 0.93 for the extract at 1000 mg/kg b.wt. The extract did not exert any antioxidant activity through both ABTS and DPPH methods, but with FRAP one, low doses showed a high antioxidant activity (86.33 1.78%) similar to that of Trolox (90.99 6.47%) used as reference. Conclusion : the herbal lacks anti-inflammatory activity. However, it induced an antioxidant activity which could be recommended to neutralize the free radicals involved in the bronchial hyperactivity phenomena during acute asthma.
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of Dichrostachys cinerea root bark, an Ivorian anti-asthmatic herbal","authors":"G. Irié-N’guessan, S. Kouakou, K. Effo, A. A. Adepo, N. Kouakou-Siransy, T. Sadikou","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I12.4540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I12.4540","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives : root bark of Dichrostachys cinerea is used in Ivorian folk for the treatment of asthma. This study aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of this plant. Methods : an aqueous-alcoholic extract was obtained from the root bark. Two tests i.e. rat's paw irritation with formalin and rat's paw oedema induced by carrageenan were used to appreciate the anti-inflammatory activity. The antioxidant activity was performed using ABTS (2.2-azinobis 3 ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (1.1 diphenyl 1-2-picrylhydrazyl), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) tests. Results : the extract, only at 1000 mg/kg b.wt, reduced significantly the licking time (22.03 1.08 s) in the second period of formalin-induced irritation test. Concerning the carrageenan-induced oedema test, oedema was weakly reduced 1, 2, and 3 hours after injection of carrageenan. Indeed, levels of inhibition were respectively 1.71 0.56 %, 1.45 0.70%, 4.5 1.91% for the extract at 10 mg/kg b.wt; 3.71 0.33%, 6.50 0.10%, 10.75 0.42% for the extract at 100 mg/kg b.wt. and 3.47 0.40%, 10.54 0.48%, 13.50 0.93 for the extract at 1000 mg/kg b.wt. The extract did not exert any antioxidant activity through both ABTS and DPPH methods, but with FRAP one, low doses showed a high antioxidant activity (86.33 1.78%) similar to that of Trolox (90.99 6.47%) used as reference. Conclusion : the herbal lacks anti-inflammatory activity. However, it induced an antioxidant activity which could be recommended to neutralize the free radicals involved in the bronchial hyperactivity phenomena during acute asthma.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"13 1","pages":"248-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74827496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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