A. Mishra, S. Malik, R. Dewan, Swati Gupta, R. Hooda
Introduction : Unsafe abortions contribute to 8% of maternal mortality. Easy availability and rampant use of medical methods of abortion lead to upsurge in self induced abortion related complications. Present study was conducted to assess the profile, knowledge, attitude and reasons of preference of self induced abortion in women visiting our centre after complication or failure of medical abortion. We also tried to evaluate the burden of different complications and factors behind failure of self induced medical abortion. Material and Methods: It was a prospective mixed methods study performed in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at a tertiary care centre. These women were interviewed by two doctors with the help of pre structured questionainare and their diagnosis, course of management and duration of stay in the hospital was noted down from hospital records. Results: We recruited 216 women visiting our facility after some complication of self induced medical abortion. 92 women used Mifepristone and misoprostol regimen and rest used misoprostol. 165 women have purchased drugs over the counter from pharmacists. Major source of information is husband or friends. Most of the patients [n= 87.9%] consider it low risk.97% patients follow incorrect drug schedule and misoprostol was taken by oral route only. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy, anaemia, Sepsis, Incomplete abortion, Missed abortion and continuation of pregnancy was observed in 1.8%, 69.44%, 8.3%, 68.5 %, 9.7% and 23.14%. Conclusion: Neglect of eligibility criteria and faulty drug regimens are the most common reasons for failure on self induced medical abortions. Low perceived risk and reluctance to hospital visit and interventions are most common reasons of preference of self induced abortions.
{"title":"Factors behind failure of unsupervised self induced medical abortion : A Study from North India","authors":"A. Mishra, S. Malik, R. Dewan, Swati Gupta, R. Hooda","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I6.4163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I6.4163","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction : Unsafe abortions contribute to 8% of maternal mortality. Easy availability and rampant use of medical methods of abortion lead to upsurge in self induced abortion related complications. Present study was conducted to assess the profile, knowledge, attitude and reasons of preference of self induced abortion in women visiting our centre after complication or failure of medical abortion. We also tried to evaluate the burden of different complications and factors behind failure of self induced medical abortion. Material and Methods: It was a prospective mixed methods study performed in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at a tertiary care centre. These women were interviewed by two doctors with the help of pre structured questionainare and their diagnosis, course of management and duration of stay in the hospital was noted down from hospital records. Results: We recruited 216 women visiting our facility after some complication of self induced medical abortion. 92 women used Mifepristone and misoprostol regimen and rest used misoprostol. 165 women have purchased drugs over the counter from pharmacists. Major source of information is husband or friends. Most of the patients [n= 87.9%] consider it low risk.97% patients follow incorrect drug schedule and misoprostol was taken by oral route only. Ruptured ectopic pregnancy, anaemia, Sepsis, Incomplete abortion, Missed abortion and continuation of pregnancy was observed in 1.8%, 69.44%, 8.3%, 68.5 %, 9.7% and 23.14%. Conclusion: Neglect of eligibility criteria and faulty drug regimens are the most common reasons for failure on self induced medical abortions. Low perceived risk and reluctance to hospital visit and interventions are most common reasons of preference of self induced abortions.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"38 1","pages":"123-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82326049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plants have been used for health care and medical purposes for years. The number of higher plant species on earth is about 250000. It is estimated that 35000 to 70000 species have, at one time or another, been used in some cultures for medicinal purposes. One of these is Adenanthera pavonina which is traditionally used . It also exhibit activity like antidiabetic, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, antifungal, antioxidant, anthelmintic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, depressant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanolic extract of leaves show anti-inflammatory activity and pavonin a five membered lactone ring was isolated from leaves. The purpose of my review is to carry out future work for higher studies
{"title":"A Review on Antidiarrhoeal, Anti-inflammatory and Antibacterial activity of Adenanthera pavonina leaves","authors":"M. George, L. Joseph, A. V. Venugopal","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I6.4212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I6.4212","url":null,"abstract":"Plants have been used for health care and medical purposes for years. The number of higher plant species on earth is about 250000. It is estimated that 35000 to 70000 species have, at one time or another, been used in some cultures for medicinal purposes. One of these is Adenanthera pavonina which is traditionally used . It also exhibit activity like antidiabetic, antibacterial, cytotoxicity, antifungal, antioxidant, anthelmintic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, depressant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The ethanolic extract of leaves show anti-inflammatory activity and pavonin a five membered lactone ring was isolated from leaves. The purpose of my review is to carry out future work for higher studies","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"45 1","pages":"120-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80074870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a major cause of disability and is among the most frequent forms of musculoskeletal disorders. The goal of pharmacological treatment is usually to control symptoms of the disease, pain, and limitation of function, which is traditionally accomplished by the use of analgesic agents or non-steroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).Aims and Objectives: 1) To evaluate analgesic efficacy, safety and compliance of fixed drug combination (Aceclofenac + Diacerein) in patients of early OA Knee. 2) To compare analgesic efficacy, safety and compliance of compliance of free drug combination (Aceclofenac followed by Diacerein) with fixed drug combination (Aceclofenac + Diacerein) in patients of early OA knee.Study Design: The present study was a randomized, open label trial to compare the analgesic efficacy, safety and compliance of fixed drug combination (Aceclofenac + Diacerein) with free dose combination (Aceclofenac, Diacerein) in patients of early Osteoarthritis knee.Result: In present study, pain parameters showed improvement in both groups on Visual analog scale, Womac scale and Global assessment scale. The post drug values decreased in both groups at all levels (P value 0.05). Review of the literature revealed no study where fixed dose combination or free drug combination of Aceclofenac and Diacerein were compared. However, there are number of studies comparing the drugs under investigation with other analgesics.Conclusion: Current study demonstrated equal efficacy, safety and compliance of the both drug regimes of free drug combination (Aceclofenac, Diacerein) and fixed dose combination (Aceclofenac + Diacerein) in patients of early OA knee. None of the drug regimes showed superiority over other.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Analgesic Efficacy, Safety and Compliance of fixed dose combination (Aceclofenac+ Diacerein) versus free drug combination in 4oo patients of early Osteoarthritis knee","authors":"Tabasum Jawed Bhat, J. Bhat, Faizan Bhat","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I5.4168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I5.4168","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a major cause of disability and is among the most frequent forms of musculoskeletal disorders. The goal of pharmacological treatment is usually to control symptoms of the disease, pain, and limitation of function, which is traditionally accomplished by the use of analgesic agents or non-steroidal antinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).Aims and Objectives: 1) To evaluate analgesic efficacy, safety and compliance of fixed drug combination (Aceclofenac + Diacerein) in patients of early OA Knee. 2) To compare analgesic efficacy, safety and compliance of compliance of free drug combination (Aceclofenac followed by Diacerein) with fixed drug combination (Aceclofenac + Diacerein) in patients of early OA knee.Study Design: The present study was a randomized, open label trial to compare the analgesic efficacy, safety and compliance of fixed drug combination (Aceclofenac + Diacerein) with free dose combination (Aceclofenac, Diacerein) in patients of early Osteoarthritis knee.Result: In present study, pain parameters showed improvement in both groups on Visual analog scale, Womac scale and Global assessment scale. The post drug values decreased in both groups at all levels (P value 0.05). Review of the literature revealed no study where fixed dose combination or free drug combination of Aceclofenac and Diacerein were compared. However, there are number of studies comparing the drugs under investigation with other analgesics.Conclusion: Current study demonstrated equal efficacy, safety and compliance of the both drug regimes of free drug combination (Aceclofenac, Diacerein) and fixed dose combination (Aceclofenac + Diacerein) in patients of early OA knee. None of the drug regimes showed superiority over other.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"9 1","pages":"107-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74243839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Vimalavathini, M. MarthiyanaBegum, A. Suganthi, T. Vimalrai, S. Kavimani
Liver cancer is the most common type of solid tumor with poor prognosis. Various environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors including aberrant molecular signaling pathways play a significant role in pathogenesis of liver cancer. Targeting these molecular pathways has paved the way for evolution of molecular targeted drugs. Liver being less immunogenic strategies to improve immunosurveillance evasion by cancer cells has been addressed using immunotherapy. Research on novel therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy is ongoing. This review aims to discuss current trends and recent developments in the field of liver cancer therapy.
{"title":"Novel therapeutic strategies for treatment of liver cancer","authors":"R. Vimalavathini, M. MarthiyanaBegum, A. Suganthi, T. Vimalrai, S. Kavimani","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I5.4147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I5.4147","url":null,"abstract":"Liver cancer is the most common type of solid tumor with poor prognosis. Various environmental, genetic and epigenetic factors including aberrant molecular signaling pathways play a significant role in pathogenesis of liver cancer. Targeting these molecular pathways has paved the way for evolution of molecular targeted drugs. Liver being less immunogenic strategies to improve immunosurveillance evasion by cancer cells has been addressed using immunotherapy. Research on novel therapeutic strategies such as immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy is ongoing. This review aims to discuss current trends and recent developments in the field of liver cancer therapy.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"14 4 1","pages":"99-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78184604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dear Editor In 1817, James Parkinson an English physician, described the classical symptoms of Parkinson disease, that was characterized by tremor, rigidity and akinesia.[1] An appreciable list of drugs useful in treating parkinsonism is available, but most of these drugs had various other actions and finding of antiparkinson activity was by accident.[2] Screening methods for the detection of antiparkinson activity is indirect. Morpurgo in 1962 described a direct method to screen these compounds.[3] Morpurgo derived these results by a study conducted by Writh et al in 1958, who have described four stages in the rat. Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor.[4] The stages are determined by tests at 2, 4, 6 and 22 hours after subcutaneous injection of the phenothiazine. In the stage I, the animal has no desire to make any movements; it sits quietly where it has been placed. However, a light push against the animal can elicit brief movements. In the stage II, the animal remains as in stage I but a push no longer elicits movements. In the stage III, the animal assumes postures as for example when its foreleg is placed on a wooden block 3centimetre high. In the stage IV, the animal maintains its fixed position when, while sitting on its hind legs, one of its forelegs is placed on a wooden block 9 centimetre high and the other foreleg is allowed to hang free. This study was adopted by Morpurgo in 1962 toinduce catatonia by administering perphenazine at a dose of 5mg/Kg of body weight intra peritoneally in rats to evaluate antiparkinson drugs by causing extrapyramidal symptoms. However the stage 1 and stage 2 differ from the original study. The article describes the free movement of the animal in stage I with scoring rate of 0.5 or zero point. This is wrongly understood and the questions arise as to what score to be given in stage I when the animal does not move at all. According to Writh et al, in stage 2, animal remains as in stage 1 and a push does not elicit any response. This stage has been also been changed to “animal moves only when pushed” in modified versions.[5] Method of Morpurgo is often practiced in medical research for such evaluation. There may be various reasons for finding this kind of errors in the published articles. So it was observed to enable the researchers understand the original methodology in their research work without any place for scientific lacunae. Further measures should be taken by the researchers and peer reviewers to avoid such errors in future and follow the original research methodology.
{"title":"Method used in screening antiparkinson activity:errors in published literature","authors":"J. Prabhakaran, S. Oommen, Alwar Mc","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I5.4139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I5.4139","url":null,"abstract":"Dear Editor In 1817, James Parkinson an English physician, described the classical symptoms of Parkinson disease, that was characterized by tremor, rigidity and akinesia.[1] An appreciable list of drugs useful in treating parkinsonism is available, but most of these drugs had various other actions and finding of antiparkinson activity was by accident.[2] Screening methods for the detection of antiparkinson activity is indirect. Morpurgo in 1962 described a direct method to screen these compounds.[3] Morpurgo derived these results by a study conducted by Writh et al in 1958, who have described four stages in the rat. Catatonia is a state of neurogenic motor immobility and behavioral abnormality manifested by stupor.[4] The stages are determined by tests at 2, 4, 6 and 22 hours after subcutaneous injection of the phenothiazine. In the stage I, the animal has no desire to make any movements; it sits quietly where it has been placed. However, a light push against the animal can elicit brief movements. In the stage II, the animal remains as in stage I but a push no longer elicits movements. In the stage III, the animal assumes postures as for example when its foreleg is placed on a wooden block 3centimetre high. In the stage IV, the animal maintains its fixed position when, while sitting on its hind legs, one of its forelegs is placed on a wooden block 9 centimetre high and the other foreleg is allowed to hang free. This study was adopted by Morpurgo in 1962 toinduce catatonia by administering perphenazine at a dose of 5mg/Kg of body weight intra peritoneally in rats to evaluate antiparkinson drugs by causing extrapyramidal symptoms. However the stage 1 and stage 2 differ from the original study. The article describes the free movement of the animal in stage I with scoring rate of 0.5 or zero point. This is wrongly understood and the questions arise as to what score to be given in stage I when the animal does not move at all. According to Writh et al, in stage 2, animal remains as in stage 1 and a push does not elicit any response. This stage has been also been changed to “animal moves only when pushed” in modified versions.[5] Method of Morpurgo is often practiced in medical research for such evaluation. There may be various reasons for finding this kind of errors in the published articles. So it was observed to enable the researchers understand the original methodology in their research work without any place for scientific lacunae. Further measures should be taken by the researchers and peer reviewers to avoid such errors in future and follow the original research methodology.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"17 1","pages":"98-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75088473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Hypertension is the increased systolic blood pressure of ?140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of ?90 mm Hg. The antihypertensive drugs currently available are chosen on the basis of their efficacy, side-effects, and cost. Accordingly, a need to survey the pattern of usage of antihypertensive drugs is must, to see if the current usage is rational and in concordance with current guidelines for treatment of hypertension. Therefore this study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the pattern of antihypertensive drugs being prescribed and its adherence with JNC-8 guidelines, in a tertiary care Teaching hospital of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.Material & methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was done in ANIIMS, Port Blair, India over a period of 6 months from October 2016 to March 2017, in which analysis of the prescriptions of patients of essential Hypertension was done. A total of 870 prescriptions were analyzed based on age group, gender, number of antihypertensives, combination/ or monotherapy. The results obtained were expressed as percentages & proportion and were compared with JNC-8 Guidelines.Observations: In this study, a total of, 870 prescriptions were analyzed and it was observed that male patients with hypertension were 586(67.3%), and female patients were 284(32.7%), with male: female ratio of 2.05:1. Also most common therapy was the combination therapy in 630(72.4%) patients, out of which a CCB+ Diuretic combination was the commonest in 318(50.4%), followed by ACE-I + Beta Blocker combination in 180(28.6%) patients. Most common Drug used as monotherapy was Diuretics in 110(45.8%) patients, followed by Calcium channel blockers in 82(34.2%) patients, followed by ARBs in 48(20.0%) patients.Conclusion: The trend of hypertension is on the rise, if treated rationally this disease can be overcome. This study suggests the trend of prescribing of antihypertensive drugs in ANIIMS Port Blair, India and will provide a baseline data for similar studies in future.
高血压是指收缩压升高140 mm Hg或舒张压升高90 mm Hg。目前的降压药物是根据其疗效、副作用和成本来选择的。因此，有必要调查降压药的使用模式，看看目前的使用是否合理，是否符合目前的高血压治疗指南。因此，本研究在印度安达曼和尼科巴群岛的一家三级保健教学医院开展，目的是分析抗高血压药物的处方模式及其对JNC-8指南的遵守情况。材料与方法:2016年10月至2017年3月，在印度布莱尔港ANIIMS进行了一项为期6个月的横断面观察性研究，对原发性高血压患者的处方进行了分析。根据年龄、性别、降压药数量、联合或单一治疗对870张处方进行分析。所得结果以百分比和比例表示，并与JNC-8指南进行比较。观察:本研究共分析处方870张，其中男性高血压患者586例(67.3%)，女性284例(32.7%)，男女比例为2.05:1。630例(72.4%)患者中最常见的是联合治疗，其中最常见的是CCB+利尿剂联合治疗(318例)(50.4%)，其次是ACE-I +受体阻滞剂联合治疗(180例)(28.6%)。最常用的单药是利尿剂(110例，45.8%)，其次是钙通道阻滞剂(82例，34.2%)，其次是arb(48例，20.0%)。结论:高血压有上升趋势，合理治疗是可以克服的。本研究提示了印度布莱尔港ANIIMS抗高血压药物的处方趋势，并将为今后类似研究提供基线数据。
{"title":"A study of the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive drugs in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Andaman & Nicobar Island","authors":"DineshC.M. Naidu, A. Vardhan","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I5.4143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I5.4143","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Hypertension is the increased systolic blood pressure of ?140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of ?90 mm Hg. The antihypertensive drugs currently available are chosen on the basis of their efficacy, side-effects, and cost. Accordingly, a need to survey the pattern of usage of antihypertensive drugs is must, to see if the current usage is rational and in concordance with current guidelines for treatment of hypertension. Therefore this study was carried out with the aim of analyzing the pattern of antihypertensive drugs being prescribed and its adherence with JNC-8 guidelines, in a tertiary care Teaching hospital of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India.Material & methods: A cross-sectional, observational study was done in ANIIMS, Port Blair, India over a period of 6 months from October 2016 to March 2017, in which analysis of the prescriptions of patients of essential Hypertension was done. A total of 870 prescriptions were analyzed based on age group, gender, number of antihypertensives, combination/ or monotherapy. The results obtained were expressed as percentages & proportion and were compared with JNC-8 Guidelines.Observations: In this study, a total of, 870 prescriptions were analyzed and it was observed that male patients with hypertension were 586(67.3%), and female patients were 284(32.7%), with male: female ratio of 2.05:1. Also most common therapy was the combination therapy in 630(72.4%) patients, out of which a CCB+ Diuretic combination was the commonest in 318(50.4%), followed by ACE-I + Beta Blocker combination in 180(28.6%) patients. Most common Drug used as monotherapy was Diuretics in 110(45.8%) patients, followed by Calcium channel blockers in 82(34.2%) patients, followed by ARBs in 48(20.0%) patients.Conclusion: The trend of hypertension is on the rise, if treated rationally this disease can be overcome. This study suggests the trend of prescribing of antihypertensive drugs in ANIIMS Port Blair, India and will provide a baseline data for similar studies in future.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"44 1","pages":"103-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87132443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objectives: a) To analyze the pattern of drug prescription for chronic kidney disease and its co-morbid conditions, if exist. b) To study the rationality of drug therapy.Methodology: Over a period of 1 year, the discharge-summary records of 188 patients with CKD, admitted to nephrology wards of Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, Mangaluru, were scrutinized and the data collected in a specially designed proforma. Descriptive analysis of the data was done.Results: Of the total 188 patients, 101(53.7%) were males and 87 (46.3%) females. Highest numbers of patients were in the age group of 58-67 years (29.3%). Hypertension was the most common co-morbidity (82%) observed, followed by anaemia (54.8%) and type 2 diabetes (43%). A total of 1436 drugs were prescribed to 188 CKD patients. Each patient received an average of 7.6 drugs. Polypharmacy was seen in all patients. Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system constituted the bulk of the prescriptions (31%) followed by nutritional Supplements (15.3%), haematinics (10.7%) and the drugs acting on gastrointestinal system (10.3%). Other important categories of drugs prescribed included antimicrobials (5.8%), antiplatelets and hypolipidaemic agents (5%), antidiabetic drugs (4.7%) and phosphate binders (4%).Conclusion: This study shows that the management of chronic kidney disease in the nephrology department of Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, is in congruity with the rational utilization of medicines which is based on the clinical knowledge, expertise and the guidelines accessible in the field of nephrology practice.
目的:a)分析慢性肾脏疾病及其合并症的药物处方模式。b)研究药物治疗的合理性。方法:对Mangaluru Justice K. S. Hegde慈善医院肾内科病房收治的188例CKD患者的出院总结记录进行了1年的审查，并以专门设计的形式收集了数据。对数据进行描述性分析。结果188例患者中，男性101例(53.7%)，女性87例(46.3%)。患者以58 ~ 67岁年龄组最多(29.3%)。高血压是最常见的合并症(82%)，其次是贫血(54.8%)和2型糖尿病(43%)。188例CKD患者共使用1436种药物。每位患者平均服用7.6种药物。所有患者均出现多药现象。作用于心血管系统的药物占处方的大部分(31%)，其次是营养补充剂(15.3%)、血液制剂(10.7%)和胃肠道药物(10.3%)。其他重要的处方药物类别包括抗菌药(5.8%)、抗血小板和降血脂药物(5%)、抗糖尿病药物(4.7%)和磷酸盐结合剂(4%)。结论:黑格德正义慈善医院肾内科对慢性肾病的管理符合以临床知识、专业知识和肾内科实践指南为基础的合理用药。
{"title":"A study of prescription pattern in the drug therapy of chronic kidney disease","authors":"Kiran A Kantanavar, R. Holla, Shobhana Nayak Rao","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I4.4024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I4.4024","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: a) To analyze the pattern of drug prescription for chronic kidney disease and its co-morbid conditions, if exist. b) To study the rationality of drug therapy.Methodology: Over a period of 1 year, the discharge-summary records of 188 patients with CKD, admitted to nephrology wards of Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, Mangaluru, were scrutinized and the data collected in a specially designed proforma. Descriptive analysis of the data was done.Results: Of the total 188 patients, 101(53.7%) were males and 87 (46.3%) females. Highest numbers of patients were in the age group of 58-67 years (29.3%). Hypertension was the most common co-morbidity (82%) observed, followed by anaemia (54.8%) and type 2 diabetes (43%). A total of 1436 drugs were prescribed to 188 CKD patients. Each patient received an average of 7.6 drugs. Polypharmacy was seen in all patients. Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system constituted the bulk of the prescriptions (31%) followed by nutritional Supplements (15.3%), haematinics (10.7%) and the drugs acting on gastrointestinal system (10.3%). Other important categories of drugs prescribed included antimicrobials (5.8%), antiplatelets and hypolipidaemic agents (5%), antidiabetic drugs (4.7%) and phosphate binders (4%).Conclusion: This study shows that the management of chronic kidney disease in the nephrology department of Justice K. S. Hegde Charitable Hospital, is in congruity with the rational utilization of medicines which is based on the clinical knowledge, expertise and the guidelines accessible in the field of nephrology practice.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82675762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Objectives: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been proved efficacious in reducing morbidity and mortality related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, however, also associated with long and short term drug induced toxicities. This study was conducted to monitor the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with various antiretroviral drug regimens, its causality, severity and preventability assessment in patients receiving ART. Methods: Using a prospective observational study design, 280 patients were enrolled for the study. The ADR monitoring was carried out for a period of one year (December 2015 - November 2016) in patients living with HIV (PLHIV) and receiving ART from an outpatient setting of nodal ART centre of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi (Jharkhand). Results: A total of 280 patients were monitored by active surveillance. Out of them 228 patients identified of at least one or more ADRs. The most number of ADRs were observed with ZLN (Zidovudin + Lamivudin + Nevirapin) and ZLE (Zidovudin + Lamivudin + Efavirenz). The ADRs commonly found, GIT side effects (29%), CNS side effects (27%) and anaemia (25%). Tenofovir based regimens was safer than ZLN and ZLE. Conclusion: Type of antiretroviral regimen and time since initiation of ART were associated in causality of related adverse reactions. This study addressed the added morbidity among HIV patients taking ART. With the increasing incidence of ADRs associated with antiretroviral chemotherapy, it requires proper monitoring and reporting to intervene at an early stage and modify the antiretroviral drug regimen (ARV) as per.
{"title":"An assessment of adverse drug reaction patterns among HIV positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a tertiary care hospital","authors":"Rita Kumari, S. Chandra, M. Gari, A. Kumari","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I4.4065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I4.4065","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been proved efficacious in reducing morbidity and mortality related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, however, also associated with long and short term drug induced toxicities. This study was conducted to monitor the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with various antiretroviral drug regimens, its causality, severity and preventability assessment in patients receiving ART. Methods: Using a prospective observational study design, 280 patients were enrolled for the study. The ADR monitoring was carried out for a period of one year (December 2015 - November 2016) in patients living with HIV (PLHIV) and receiving ART from an outpatient setting of nodal ART centre of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi (Jharkhand). Results: A total of 280 patients were monitored by active surveillance. Out of them 228 patients identified of at least one or more ADRs. The most number of ADRs were observed with ZLN (Zidovudin + Lamivudin + Nevirapin) and ZLE (Zidovudin + Lamivudin + Efavirenz). The ADRs commonly found, GIT side effects (29%), CNS side effects (27%) and anaemia (25%). Tenofovir based regimens was safer than ZLN and ZLE. Conclusion: Type of antiretroviral regimen and time since initiation of ART were associated in causality of related adverse reactions. This study addressed the added morbidity among HIV patients taking ART. With the increasing incidence of ADRs associated with antiretroviral chemotherapy, it requires proper monitoring and reporting to intervene at an early stage and modify the antiretroviral drug regimen (ARV) as per.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"32 1","pages":"88-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91103550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Objectives: Antimicrobial agents are one of the greatest discoveries in recent times, and are also being used somewhat irrationally for various diseased states. It has lead to the development of resistance; increase in the number of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), also the health of the patient is being compromised especially when antibiotics are prescribed irrationally. This study was done with the aim of assessing the antibiotics usage in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Island.Materials & method: Auditing of the prescription from various clinical departments was done over a period of 8 months, from August 2016 to March 2017was done to assess the use of antimicrobials. Total 3852 prescriptions were analyzed for average number of drugs prescribed, antimicrobials prescribed by generic name or brand name, percentage of antibiotics among the prescribed drugs. And the data was analyzed in percentage and proportions.Observations: A total of 3852 prescriptions from the Outdoor Patient Department of the hospital were analyzed in this study and out of those patients, male patients were 2000(51.9%) and female patients were 1852(48.1%) with male: female ratio of 1.07:1. The most common age group which was prescribed antibiotics was 21-40 years, followed by 1-20 years age group. Out of the 3852 prescriptions, 2360(61%) patients were prescribed 2 drugs in the prescription, followed by 1120(29%) patients with 3 drugs in a prescription. Generic name of the drugs was used in 2910(75.5%) prescriptions and brand name in 942(24.5%) prescriptions. 1698(44%) prescriptions containing antibiotics were prescribed empirically on the basis of provisional diagnosis. Amoxicillin- Clavulanic acid was prescribed in 1437(37%) patients, followed by Azithromycin in 862(22%) patients.Conclusion: Stress must be laid towards the rational use of Antibiotics before its too late as already there is worldwide emergence of antibacterial resistance, moreover the irrational use of antibiotics is increasing side effects and total cost of treatment as well.
{"title":"A study of the prescribing pattern of antimicrobial agents in a Tertiary care teaching hospital of Andaman & Nicobar Island","authors":"A. Vardhan, C. Naidu","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I4.4090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I4.4090","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objectives: Antimicrobial agents are one of the greatest discoveries in recent times, and are also being used somewhat irrationally for various diseased states. It has lead to the development of resistance; increase in the number of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), also the health of the patient is being compromised especially when antibiotics are prescribed irrationally. This study was done with the aim of assessing the antibiotics usage in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Port Blair, Andaman & Nicobar Island.Materials & method: Auditing of the prescription from various clinical departments was done over a period of 8 months, from August 2016 to March 2017was done to assess the use of antimicrobials. Total 3852 prescriptions were analyzed for average number of drugs prescribed, antimicrobials prescribed by generic name or brand name, percentage of antibiotics among the prescribed drugs. And the data was analyzed in percentage and proportions.Observations: A total of 3852 prescriptions from the Outdoor Patient Department of the hospital were analyzed in this study and out of those patients, male patients were 2000(51.9%) and female patients were 1852(48.1%) with male: female ratio of 1.07:1. The most common age group which was prescribed antibiotics was 21-40 years, followed by 1-20 years age group. Out of the 3852 prescriptions, 2360(61%) patients were prescribed 2 drugs in the prescription, followed by 1120(29%) patients with 3 drugs in a prescription. Generic name of the drugs was used in 2910(75.5%) prescriptions and brand name in 942(24.5%) prescriptions. 1698(44%) prescriptions containing antibiotics were prescribed empirically on the basis of provisional diagnosis. Amoxicillin- Clavulanic acid was prescribed in 1437(37%) patients, followed by Azithromycin in 862(22%) patients.Conclusion: Stress must be laid towards the rational use of Antibiotics before its too late as already there is worldwide emergence of antibacterial resistance, moreover the irrational use of antibiotics is increasing side effects and total cost of treatment as well.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"37 1","pages":"94-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89967072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: EAC is referred to as undifferentiated carcinoma, and is originally hyper-diploid. The permeability to water is highest at the initiation of S and progressively decreases to its lowest value just after mitosis. Activation heats for water permeability vary during the cell cycle, ranging from 914 k. ca/mole. Methodology: The extraction of phytoconstituents was carried out by reflux condensation and preliminary phytochemical screening was done by various qualitative confirmatory tests. The in vivo anti tumour activity of ethanolic extract of beet root (EEBT) was carried out on EAC mouse tumour models. Results: All five animals were in both 5-FU as well as EEBT group. So mortality was less in both 5-FU and EEBT group. The Hb and RBC count were lower in tumour control group. The WBC counts were significantly increased in tumour control. 5-FU and EEBT mg/kg group decreased the WBC counts approximately near to normal range. The neutrophils were increased and lymphocytes were decreased significantly in tumour control group. The platelet count was also significantly increased in tumour control and EEBT (200 mg/kg) group compared nearly to normal group. EEBT and 5-FU significantly increased the PILS. While 5-FU increased the life span of EAC 90.90% and EEBT increased the life span of EAC 86.36%. Conclusion: From the present experimental data here we concluded that the EEBT possessed potential anti tumour activity against EAC mouse tumour model which was proved by the assessment of haematological parameters as well as by Percent increase of lifespan (% ILS). The Percent increase of lifespan ( PILS) of both standard group as well as EEBT treated group was found to be 90.90% and 86.36%.
{"title":"Evaluation of anti tumour activity of ethanolic extract of beet root (Beta vulgaris) against EAC mouse tumor model","authors":"P. Kumar, A. Bhaumik, D. B. Rao, M. Chopra","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V7I3.3943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V7I3.3943","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: EAC is referred to as undifferentiated carcinoma, and is originally hyper-diploid. The permeability to water is highest at the initiation of S and progressively decreases to its lowest value just after mitosis. Activation heats for water permeability vary during the cell cycle, ranging from 914 k. ca/mole. Methodology: The extraction of phytoconstituents was carried out by reflux condensation and preliminary phytochemical screening was done by various qualitative confirmatory tests. The in vivo anti tumour activity of ethanolic extract of beet root (EEBT) was carried out on EAC mouse tumour models. Results: All five animals were in both 5-FU as well as EEBT group. So mortality was less in both 5-FU and EEBT group. The Hb and RBC count were lower in tumour control group. The WBC counts were significantly increased in tumour control. 5-FU and EEBT mg/kg group decreased the WBC counts approximately near to normal range. The neutrophils were increased and lymphocytes were decreased significantly in tumour control group. The platelet count was also significantly increased in tumour control and EEBT (200 mg/kg) group compared nearly to normal group. EEBT and 5-FU significantly increased the PILS. While 5-FU increased the life span of EAC 90.90% and EEBT increased the life span of EAC 86.36%. Conclusion: From the present experimental data here we concluded that the EEBT possessed potential anti tumour activity against EAC mouse tumour model which was proved by the assessment of haematological parameters as well as by Percent increase of lifespan (% ILS). The Percent increase of lifespan ( PILS) of both standard group as well as EEBT treated group was found to be 90.90% and 86.36%.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"14 1","pages":"71-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89422972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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