R. Philip, K. A. Drisyamol, M. Mathew, Vennapusa Lakshmi Tanuja Reddy, N. Mahesh, M. Krishnamurthy
Hypertension is one of the major chronic diseases with high mortality and morbidity in the todays world. Present study was to assess the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive medications in geriatric population suffering mainly from hypertension with or without co morbidities like Diabetes Mellitus (DM). A prospective observational study was carried out for a period of six months in an in-patient general medicine department. Elderly patients who have been diagnosed with pure hypertension as per JNC 7 guidelines and hypertension with co- morbid condition like diabetes mellitus and patients receiving or prescribed with antihypertensive drugs were included. A total of 150 prescriptions were analyzed. The present study revealed that there were 93 patients with pure Hypertension and 57 patients with co morbid conditions like Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Among antihypertensive drugs in pure hypertensive cases, 53.76% of cases were prescribed with monotherapy, followed by 46.23% by combination therapy. The commonly prescribed antihypertensive monotherapy is calcium channel blockers. The most commonly prescribed combination therapy in severe cases was angiotensin receptor blockers with diuretics. This prescribing pattern of antihypertensives was as per Joint National Committee-7report on hypertension. In case of geriatric patients suffering from hypertension with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, most commonly prescribed antihypertensive as monotherapy was found to be amlodipine and combination therapy was telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide.
{"title":"Prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drugs in geriatric population in tertiary care hospital","authors":"R. Philip, K. A. Drisyamol, M. Mathew, Vennapusa Lakshmi Tanuja Reddy, N. Mahesh, M. Krishnamurthy","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.3093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.3093","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension is one of the major chronic diseases with high mortality and morbidity in the todays world. Present study was to assess the prescribing pattern of antihypertensive medications in geriatric population suffering mainly from hypertension with or without co morbidities like Diabetes Mellitus (DM). A prospective observational study was carried out for a period of six months in an in-patient general medicine department. Elderly patients who have been diagnosed with pure hypertension as per JNC 7 guidelines and hypertension with co- morbid condition like diabetes mellitus and patients receiving or prescribed with antihypertensive drugs were included. A total of 150 prescriptions were analyzed. The present study revealed that there were 93 patients with pure Hypertension and 57 patients with co morbid conditions like Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Among antihypertensive drugs in pure hypertensive cases, 53.76% of cases were prescribed with monotherapy, followed by 46.23% by combination therapy. The commonly prescribed antihypertensive monotherapy is calcium channel blockers. The most commonly prescribed combination therapy in severe cases was angiotensin receptor blockers with diuretics. This prescribing pattern of antihypertensives was as per Joint National Committee-7report on hypertension. In case of geriatric patients suffering from hypertension with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, most commonly prescribed antihypertensive as monotherapy was found to be amlodipine and combination therapy was telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"16 1","pages":"114-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90454114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The exploitation of bio (plant) materials for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles is considered a green technology as it does not involve any harmful chemicals. The present study reports the raw plant extraction and synthesis of gold (Au) nanoparticles from HAuCl4 using the powder of novel C. guianensis. The secondary metabolites were responsible for the reduction of gold metal to nano-sized Au nanoparticles. The 50% (IC50) value of cytotoxic activity was observed in 50 L concentration of sample and was enough to control the cancerous HeLa cells.
{"title":"Development of colloidal bio-nano drug for anticancer studies","authors":"R. Lavanya, S. A. John","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.3154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.3154","url":null,"abstract":"The exploitation of bio (plant) materials for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles is considered a green technology as it does not involve any harmful chemicals. The present study reports the raw plant extraction and synthesis of gold (Au) nanoparticles from HAuCl4 using the powder of novel C. guianensis. The secondary metabolites were responsible for the reduction of gold metal to nano-sized Au nanoparticles. The 50% (IC50) value of cytotoxic activity was observed in 50 L concentration of sample and was enough to control the cancerous HeLa cells.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"120-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85179033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study was designed to evaluate Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Tephrosia Purprea whole plant aqueous extract in paracetamol intoxicated rats. 75mg/kg and 150mg/kg of aqueous extract were administered orally once a daily for seven days. Animals were challenged with paracetamol on 5 th day of treatment protocol. Elevated serum levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin (direct and total) were restored significantly by the extract. Silymarine (reference standard) exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. The biochemical parameters were supplemented with histopathological studies. In-vitro free radical scavenging activity was screened and results concluded that possible mechanism of hepatoprotective activity may be due to its free radical scavenging activity.
{"title":"Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant potential of Tephrosia Purprea in Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity","authors":"S. M. Gunjegaonkar, S. Kshirsagar, J. Bayas","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.3061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.3061","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to evaluate Hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Tephrosia Purprea whole plant aqueous extract in paracetamol intoxicated rats. 75mg/kg and 150mg/kg of aqueous extract were administered orally once a daily for seven days. Animals were challenged with paracetamol on 5 th day of treatment protocol. Elevated serum levels of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin (direct and total) were restored significantly by the extract. Silymarine (reference standard) exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. The biochemical parameters were supplemented with histopathological studies. In-vitro free radical scavenging activity was screened and results concluded that possible mechanism of hepatoprotective activity may be due to its free radical scavenging activity.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"68 1","pages":"104-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76157129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mishra, A. Yadav, S. Malik, R. Purwar, Supriti Kumari
Introduction: Despite the well defined law and highly liberal policy Government approved medical facilities are not the leading provider of abortion in Indian Scenario. Whether legally or not Pharmacists are already acting as provider of medical abortion for large number of women in India. Dispense of Medical abortion drugs via pharmacist has the advantages of convenience, relative anonymity, hasty transaction, easy accessibility and saving cost. Aims and Objectives: Objective of present study was to assess the over the counter sale of medical abortion in terms of knowledge, attitude and practices of pharmacists of Delhi, India. Material and Methods: It was a cross sectional interview based study conducted in 110 pharmacies of 6 districts of State of Delhi. Results: A total of 75 pharmacists and 35 pharmacy workers were interviewed. Knowledge and practices of all of them was inadequate in some aspects. 68% knew Medical abortion is legal and 57% thought that over the counter sale of drugs of medical abortion is also legal. Only 40.9% knew the correct regimen of mifepristone + misoprostol combination.Most of them is not aware of any serious side effects and failure rate. Their attitude is indifferent towards the clients but positive towards training in updating knowledge if given option. Conclusion: Their knowledge, attitude and practices while dispensing drugs for medical abortion were inappropriate to qualify them as an independent mid level provider in present scenario. Unregulated OTC sale of abortifacients is responsible for high number of self induced abortion related complications.
{"title":"Over the counter sale of drugs for medical abortion- Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of pharmacists of Delhi, India","authors":"A. Mishra, A. Yadav, S. Malik, R. Purwar, Supriti Kumari","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.2999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.2999","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Despite the well defined law and highly liberal policy Government approved medical facilities are not the leading provider of abortion in Indian Scenario. Whether legally or not Pharmacists are already acting as provider of medical abortion for large number of women in India. Dispense of Medical abortion drugs via pharmacist has the advantages of convenience, relative anonymity, hasty transaction, easy accessibility and saving cost. Aims and Objectives: Objective of present study was to assess the over the counter sale of medical abortion in terms of knowledge, attitude and practices of pharmacists of Delhi, India. Material and Methods: It was a cross sectional interview based study conducted in 110 pharmacies of 6 districts of State of Delhi. Results: A total of 75 pharmacists and 35 pharmacy workers were interviewed. Knowledge and practices of all of them was inadequate in some aspects. 68% knew Medical abortion is legal and 57% thought that over the counter sale of drugs of medical abortion is also legal. Only 40.9% knew the correct regimen of mifepristone + misoprostol combination.Most of them is not aware of any serious side effects and failure rate. Their attitude is indifferent towards the clients but positive towards training in updating knowledge if given option. Conclusion: Their knowledge, attitude and practices while dispensing drugs for medical abortion were inappropriate to qualify them as an independent mid level provider in present scenario. Unregulated OTC sale of abortifacients is responsible for high number of self induced abortion related complications.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"134 1","pages":"92-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76425665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetes is one of the major risk factor for cerebral ischemic stroke. Increased base line levels of oxidative stress in diabetes will lead to cerebral ischemic damage. In pathological conditions such as cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, free radicals cause oxidative stress and inflammation leading to increased injury of brain. Inflammation is one of the major pathological mechanisms involved in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Vildagliptin newer anti-diabetic drug of the class DPP-4 inhibitors is reported to have anti-inflammatory properties apart from its antihyperglycemic activity. Therefore the aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Vildagliptin against cerebral infarction induced ischemia reperfusion injury in normal and STZ induced diabetic Wistar rats. Cerebral infarction was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by 4 hr reperfusion. Percent infarction, inflammatory markers such as MPO, TNF-?, IL-6 and IL-10 were analysed. Treatment with Vildagliptin for a period of four weeks produced significant reduction in percent cerebral infarct volume. Vildagliptin at 10 mg/kg dose, showed significant reduction in markers like MPO, TNF-?, IL-6 and IL-1? in diabetic group when compared to normal group and in contrast significant increase in anti-inflammatory marker like IL-10 levels. Vildagliptin showed significant cerebroprotective effect by antiinflammatory mechanisms.
{"title":"Anti neuroinflammatory effect of Vildagliptin in ischaemia-reperfusion induced cerebral infarction in normal and STZ induced type-II diabetic rats","authors":"K. Purnachander, D. Rao, N. Kannappan","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.2978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.2978","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is one of the major risk factor for cerebral ischemic stroke. Increased base line levels of oxidative stress in diabetes will lead to cerebral ischemic damage. In pathological conditions such as cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, free radicals cause oxidative stress and inflammation leading to increased injury of brain. Inflammation is one of the major pathological mechanisms involved in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Vildagliptin newer anti-diabetic drug of the class DPP-4 inhibitors is reported to have anti-inflammatory properties apart from its antihyperglycemic activity. Therefore the aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Vildagliptin against cerebral infarction induced ischemia reperfusion injury in normal and STZ induced diabetic Wistar rats. Cerebral infarction was induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by 4 hr reperfusion. Percent infarction, inflammatory markers such as MPO, TNF-?, IL-6 and IL-10 were analysed. Treatment with Vildagliptin for a period of four weeks produced significant reduction in percent cerebral infarct volume. Vildagliptin at 10 mg/kg dose, showed significant reduction in markers like MPO, TNF-?, IL-6 and IL-1? in diabetic group when compared to normal group and in contrast significant increase in anti-inflammatory marker like IL-10 levels. Vildagliptin showed significant cerebroprotective effect by antiinflammatory mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"30 1","pages":"97-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83342892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oxalis corniculata Linn. (Oxalidaceae) is one of the important medicinal plants used traditionally for the treatment of fever, pain and inflammation. To validate folk use of Oxalis corniculata as analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedy. The leaves of Oxalis corniculata was used for successive extraction with increasing polarity solvents. Petroleum ether extract was selected for activity guided fractionation to isolate ?-sitosterol due to its better efficacy than other extracts. Analgesic activity was done by hot plate test and acetic acid-induced writhings, while anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced paw edema method. All the extracts were screened at the dose of 100 mg/kg, i.p. and isolated ?-sitosterol was screened at the doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was used to understand the mechanism of nociception. In hot plate test, Petroleum ether extract was found most active with reaction time of 8.4 0.4 sec after 60 min while isolated ?-sitosterol at dose of 20 mg/kg showed 11.1 0.3 sec after 90 min. The number of writings in 30 min was compared with paracetamol. Petroleum ether extract and ?-sitosterol (20 mg/kg) showed 43.14 1.9 and 34.21 1.4 writhings respectively. Isolated ?-sitosterol (20 mg/kg) inhibited rat paw edema to 0.32 0.06 ml after 120 min. Naloxone reversed antinociceptive effects of extracts and isolated ?-sitosterol. It can be concluded that isolated ?-sitosterol is responsible for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Oxalis corniculata leaves and it works through central mechanism.
{"title":"Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of ?-sitosterol isolated from leaves of Oxalis corniculata","authors":"S. Dighe, B. Kuchekar, S. Wankhede","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.3084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V6I3.3084","url":null,"abstract":"Oxalis corniculata Linn. (Oxalidaceae) is one of the important medicinal plants used traditionally for the treatment of fever, pain and inflammation. To validate folk use of Oxalis corniculata as analgesic and anti-inflammatory remedy. The leaves of Oxalis corniculata was used for successive extraction with increasing polarity solvents. Petroleum ether extract was selected for activity guided fractionation to isolate ?-sitosterol due to its better efficacy than other extracts. Analgesic activity was done by hot plate test and acetic acid-induced writhings, while anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan-induced paw edema method. All the extracts were screened at the dose of 100 mg/kg, i.p. and isolated ?-sitosterol was screened at the doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p. Naloxone (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was used to understand the mechanism of nociception. In hot plate test, Petroleum ether extract was found most active with reaction time of 8.4 0.4 sec after 60 min while isolated ?-sitosterol at dose of 20 mg/kg showed 11.1 0.3 sec after 90 min. The number of writings in 30 min was compared with paracetamol. Petroleum ether extract and ?-sitosterol (20 mg/kg) showed 43.14 1.9 and 34.21 1.4 writhings respectively. Isolated ?-sitosterol (20 mg/kg) inhibited rat paw edema to 0.32 0.06 ml after 120 min. Naloxone reversed antinociceptive effects of extracts and isolated ?-sitosterol. It can be concluded that isolated ?-sitosterol is responsible for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Oxalis corniculata leaves and it works through central mechanism.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"34 1","pages":"109-113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80823964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While screening for bioactive compounds from macrofungi of Western Ghats of Karnataka, Lentinus squarrosulus a member of polyporaceae was collected and mycelium of the fungus was obtained on potato dextrose agar medium and cultured in a liquid medium (containing 2% glucose, 1% peptone and 2% yeast extract) for 20 days on a rotary shaker for the production of secondary metabolites. The cell free culture fluid (100ml) was subjected to solvent extraction with dichloromethane (100ml) and the extract was evaluated for antimicrobial activity by agar diffusion method and cytotoxic activity of the extract was also determined by MTT and SRB assay on MCF7 cell line. The results revealed that the dichloromethane extract was inhibitory against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilus and also fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Trichoderma harzianum . The extract showed 13-27% cell inhibition at 63-1000 g/ml concentration by MTT and SRB assays on MCF7 cell line. The structural elucidation of the compound by spectroscopic NMR ( 1 H and C 13 ), IR and mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the presence of 2-chloro-1-(2-chlorocyclopropyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanone responsible for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.
{"title":"Structural elucidation of novel bioactive compound (2-chloro-1-(2-chlorocyclopropyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanone) from basidiomycetous fungus Lentinus squarrosulus","authors":"N. Usha, S. Shashikanth, G. Janardhana","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V6I2.3012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V6I2.3012","url":null,"abstract":"While screening for bioactive compounds from macrofungi of Western Ghats of Karnataka, Lentinus squarrosulus a member of polyporaceae was collected and mycelium of the fungus was obtained on potato dextrose agar medium and cultured in a liquid medium (containing 2% glucose, 1% peptone and 2% yeast extract) for 20 days on a rotary shaker for the production of secondary metabolites. The cell free culture fluid (100ml) was subjected to solvent extraction with dichloromethane (100ml) and the extract was evaluated for antimicrobial activity by agar diffusion method and cytotoxic activity of the extract was also determined by MTT and SRB assay on MCF7 cell line. The results revealed that the dichloromethane extract was inhibitory against Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilus and also fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Trichoderma harzianum . The extract showed 13-27% cell inhibition at 63-1000 g/ml concentration by MTT and SRB assays on MCF7 cell line. The structural elucidation of the compound by spectroscopic NMR ( 1 H and C 13 ), IR and mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the presence of 2-chloro-1-(2-chlorocyclopropyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanone responsible for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"62-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74448294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: An ethnobotanical survey on the medicinal plant species in Losho, Narok County, Kenya was conducted in order to document traditional medicinal knowledge and application of medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: This study was undertaken between 2012. Information was gathered from traditional practitioners who lived and practised in Losho, Narok County, Kenya using semi-structured questionnaires and personal interviews during field trips. Ethnobotanical data was arranged alphabetically by family name followed by botanical name, vernacular name, part used, folk use, and recipe. Correct identification was made with the help of taxonomist and voucher specimens deposited at the University of Nairobi Herbarium. Results: Twenty six (26) herbalists between the ages 20-69 years (10 men and 16 women) were purposively selected and interviewed. The present investigation reported medicinal information for 33 species, belonging to 21 plant families. The most represented plant family was Asteraceae followed by Oleaceae and Rhamnaceae. 36 % of the species were used to manage stomach ache and stomach related ailments while 30% of the plant species were used to treat malaria. Conclusion: This survey showed that although people in study area have access to modern medical facility Losho Dispensary but a lot of them still continue to depend on medicinal plants for the treatment of healthcare problems. The present paper represents significant ethnobotanical information on medical plants which provides baseline data for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies.
{"title":"An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the Masaai people of Losho, Kenya","authors":"D. Chalo, B. Camilla, P. Mutiso","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V6I2.2959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V6I2.2959","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: An ethnobotanical survey on the medicinal plant species in Losho, Narok County, Kenya was conducted in order to document traditional medicinal knowledge and application of medicinal plants. Materials and Methods: This study was undertaken between 2012. Information was gathered from traditional practitioners who lived and practised in Losho, Narok County, Kenya using semi-structured questionnaires and personal interviews during field trips. Ethnobotanical data was arranged alphabetically by family name followed by botanical name, vernacular name, part used, folk use, and recipe. Correct identification was made with the help of taxonomist and voucher specimens deposited at the University of Nairobi Herbarium. Results: Twenty six (26) herbalists between the ages 20-69 years (10 men and 16 women) were purposively selected and interviewed. The present investigation reported medicinal information for 33 species, belonging to 21 plant families. The most represented plant family was Asteraceae followed by Oleaceae and Rhamnaceae. 36 % of the species were used to manage stomach ache and stomach related ailments while 30% of the plant species were used to treat malaria. Conclusion: This survey showed that although people in study area have access to modern medical facility Losho Dispensary but a lot of them still continue to depend on medicinal plants for the treatment of healthcare problems. The present paper represents significant ethnobotanical information on medical plants which provides baseline data for future pharmacological and phytochemical studies.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"2018 1","pages":"68-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75181219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lakshminarayana Reddy Golamaru, K. Rajnarayana, K. Jayaveera
Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to develop a sustained release (SR) tablet formulation of Nitazoxanide.Methods: Nitazoxanide Tablets were prepared by employing wet granulation methods and hydrophilic polymers used as drug release retardants. The dissolution data also evaluated for the drug release mechanism and kinetics. The optimized formulation was subjected for in vivo studies in rabbits.Results: Based on data obtained from the in vitro drug release studies 5%w/w of Methocel K100M was selected as a release retardant. The drug release followed first order kinetics and fickian diffusion.Conclusion: Present investigation indicates that the developed formulation was able to sustain the drug release.
{"title":"Development and in vitro- in vivo evaluation of Nitazoxanide sustained release tablets","authors":"Lakshminarayana Reddy Golamaru, K. Rajnarayana, K. Jayaveera","doi":"10.7439/IJPR.V6I2.3017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7439/IJPR.V6I2.3017","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to develop a sustained release (SR) tablet formulation of Nitazoxanide.Methods: Nitazoxanide Tablets were prepared by employing wet granulation methods and hydrophilic polymers used as drug release retardants. The dissolution data also evaluated for the drug release mechanism and kinetics. The optimized formulation was subjected for in vivo studies in rabbits.Results: Based on data obtained from the in vitro drug release studies 5%w/w of Methocel K100M was selected as a release retardant. The drug release followed first order kinetics and fickian diffusion.Conclusion: Present investigation indicates that the developed formulation was able to sustain the drug release.","PeriodicalId":14194,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Pharmacological Research","volume":"4 1","pages":"75-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89100027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Umeshchandra C Honnaddi, Madhushalini U. Honnaddi, Tharangini, Tahera Hossain, R. Somani
Introduction: Tuberculosis is one of the major health problems in India and developing countries. It is the second leading infectious cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Objective: The present study was undertaken to study the Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) to first line Anti-tubercular drugs (ATTs) prescribed to tuberculosis patients admitted to Medicine Department, BTGH, attached to M.R. Medical College, Gulbarga. Materials and Methods: A Prospective Observational study was carried among tuberculosis patients on Directly Observed Short Course Chemotherapy (DOTS), admitted to Medicine Department, BTGH, attached to M.R. Medical College; Gulbarga.120 Patients were included during the study period of 9 months from 1 st October 2014 to 30 th June 2015. The data was collected in a Proforma which included questionnaire. Results: A total of 120 tuberculosis patients on DOTS were enrolled for the study. Out of 107 patients, 63 patients (58.87%) developed ADRs. Out of 63 patients, 32 patients (51%) developed Gastro-intestinal problems, 14 patients developed CNS problems (22%), 11 patients (18%) developed Hepatitis, 4 patients (6%) developed Fever and 2 patients (3%) developed Pancreatitis. The most serious ADR was Hepatitis. Conclusion: Results of the study reveals that about 58.87% of patients developed ADRs during the study period. These ADRs will lead to stoppage of drugs, development of Drug resistance and Therapeutic Failure. If a proper Pharmacovigilance system is implemented in the hospital, most of the patients may report their ADRs and thereby we can improve the patient adherence and treatment outcome.
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