Pub Date : 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2025.2549503
Sivanagaraju Namathoti , Santosh Kumar Sahu , Duryodhan Sahu , Ragavanantham Shanmugam , P. S. Rama Sreekanth
Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have garnered great interest due to their remarkable property of recovering their original shape under external stimulus. When combined with 4D printing, such materials hold revolutionary potential in adaptive structures and smart systems with promising implications in numerous applications. This work systematically explores the recovery stress of 4D printed SMPs in a simple and efficient approach. The recovery process was carried out in a water bath under the constraint of a nylon string. Apart from this, the shape recovery motion profiles of SMPs with and without the restraining string were explored to examine the velocity and acceleration of shape recovery during the process. The findings are valuable information on the resulting recovery stress, which was found to be 0.1711 MPa. The findings are important input data for the design of 4D printed SMP actuators and functional devices in general, thus making their development for practical applications easier.
{"title":"Evaluation of shape recovery stress and motion derivatives in 4D printed shape memory polymers for actuator application","authors":"Sivanagaraju Namathoti , Santosh Kumar Sahu , Duryodhan Sahu , Ragavanantham Shanmugam , P. S. Rama Sreekanth","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2549503","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2549503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have garnered great interest due to their remarkable property of recovering their original shape under external stimulus. When combined with 4D printing, such materials hold revolutionary potential in adaptive structures and smart systems with promising implications in numerous applications. This work systematically explores the recovery stress of 4D printed SMPs in a simple and efficient approach. The recovery process was carried out in a water bath under the constraint of a nylon string. Apart from this, the shape recovery motion profiles of SMPs with and without the restraining string were explored to examine the velocity and acceleration of shape recovery during the process. The findings are valuable information on the resulting recovery stress, which was found to be 0.1711 MPa. The findings are important input data for the design of 4D printed SMP actuators and functional devices in general, thus making their development for practical applications easier.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"31 2","pages":"Pages 170-183"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-05DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2025.2549509
Birol Üner , Fatma Nur Arslan , Şükriye Nihan Karuk Elmas , İbrahim Yılmaz , Hakan Demirel
Herein, the practicability of the attenuated total reflectance-mid infrared (ATR-MIR) technique combined with chemometrics was reported for the expeditious characterization and discrimination of the papers based on their fiber contents. In accordance with this purpose, twenty-six paper samples (n = 26) with different contents were prepared from three different fiber sources (long fiber, short fiber, and deinked fiber), and they were studied using ATR-MIR spectroscopy allied with principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA). The mechanical characteristics [weight (g), grammage (g.m−2), thickness (mm), tensile index (Nm.g−1), breaking length (km), moisture absorption (%), brightness (R457), whiteness and yellowness degree (E313)] of the samples were also determined and evaluated. The spectra were obtained in the wavenumber region of 4000–650 cm−1 and up to 30 wavenumber regions related to the components of papers were analyzed for chemometrics. A total of 100% of paper samples from different groups could be correctly classified by the SIMCA model with an accuracy of 95%. As well, a total of 94.87% of the samples were acceptably classified by the LDA model with an accuracy of 95%. Consequently, the developed chemometrics models based on ATR–MIR data could overcome many problems encountered in routine standard methods for the mechanical characteristics in practice because they decrease or eliminate the usage of destructive methods, could be utilized by unqualified persons, and are significantly faster.
{"title":"Attenuated total reflectance-mid infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics: rapid assessment tool for the characterization and discrimination of papers based on their fiber contents","authors":"Birol Üner , Fatma Nur Arslan , Şükriye Nihan Karuk Elmas , İbrahim Yılmaz , Hakan Demirel","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2549509","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2549509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Herein, the practicability of the attenuated total reflectance-mid infrared (ATR-MIR) technique combined with chemometrics was reported for the expeditious characterization and discrimination of the papers based on their fiber contents. In accordance with this purpose, twenty-six paper samples (<em>n = 26</em>) with different contents were prepared from three different fiber sources (<em>long fiber, short fiber, and deinked fiber</em>), and they were studied using ATR-MIR spectroscopy allied with principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA). The mechanical characteristics [<em>weight (g), grammage (g.m<sup>−2</sup>), thickness (mm), tensile index (Nm.g<sup>−1</sup>), breaking length (km), moisture absorption (%), brightness (R457), whiteness and yellowness degree (E313)</em>] of the samples were also determined and evaluated. The spectra were obtained in the wavenumber region of 4000–650 cm<sup>−1</sup> and up to 30 wavenumber regions related to the components of papers were analyzed for chemometrics. A total of 100% of paper samples from different groups could be correctly classified by the SIMCA model with an accuracy of 95%. As well, a total of 94.87% of the samples were acceptably classified by the LDA model with an accuracy of 95%. Consequently, the developed chemometrics models based on ATR–MIR data could overcome many problems encountered in routine standard methods for the mechanical characteristics in practice because they decrease or eliminate the usage of destructive methods, could be utilized by unqualified persons, and are significantly faster.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"31 2","pages":"Pages 184-199"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2025.2550565
A. Atta , Reem Altuijri , Nuha Al-Harbi , M. M. Abdelhamied
In this work, the P(4-CAni)/(g-C3N4) films, which are composed of poly 4-chloroaniline P(4-CAni) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), were successfully prepared utilizing the oxidative polymerization method. The EDX, TEM, and FTIR proved that the P(4-CAni)/(g-C3N4) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized. The EDX showed the chemical compositions of the elements C, N, O, S, and Cl in the fabricated composite P(4-ClAni)/g-C3N4. Moreover, the TEM shows the P(4-ClAni) nanoparticles have nanosheet sizes in a range of 20–30 nm, while the g-C3N4 is in the range of 62–85 nm. The surface free energy rose from 22.22 mJ/m2 for P(4-ClAni) to 40.67 mJ/m2 for P(4-ClAni)/g-C3N4, and the water contact angle reduced from 90.8° to 67.2°. By mixing P(4-ClAni) with 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% of g-C3N4, the band tail energy is enhanced from 0.85 eV for P(4-ClAni) to 1.58 eV, 2.15 eV, and 2.70 eV, correspondingly, while the energy gap is reduced from 3.67 eV to 3.48, 3.34, and 3.13 eV. This study confirmed the P(4-ClAni)/g-C3N4 composite films can be used as optical materials for flexible electronic devices.
{"title":"Structural and surface characteristics of P(4-CAni)/g-C3N4 nanocomposite films for optoelectronic devices","authors":"A. Atta , Reem Altuijri , Nuha Al-Harbi , M. M. Abdelhamied","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2550565","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2550565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the P(4-CAni)/(g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) films, which are composed of poly 4-chloroaniline P(4-CAni) and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>), were successfully prepared utilizing the oxidative polymerization method. The EDX, TEM, and FTIR proved that the P(4-CAni)/(g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) nanocomposite was successfully synthesized. The EDX showed the chemical compositions of the elements C, N, O, S, and Cl in the fabricated composite P(4-ClAni)/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>. Moreover, the TEM shows the P(4-ClAni) nanoparticles have nanosheet sizes in a range of 20–30 nm, while the g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> is in the range of 62–85 nm. The surface free energy rose from 22.22 mJ/m<sup>2</sup> for P(4-ClAni) to 40.67 mJ/m<sup>2</sup> for P(4-ClAni)/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4,</sub> and the water contact angle reduced from 90.8° to 67.2°. By mixing P(4-ClAni) with 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, the band tail energy is enhanced from 0.85 eV for P(4-ClAni) to 1.58 eV, 2.15 eV, and 2.70 eV, correspondingly, while the energy gap is reduced from 3.67 eV to 3.48, 3.34, and 3.13 eV. This study confirmed the P(4-ClAni)/g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> composite films can be used as optical materials for flexible electronic devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"30 8","pages":"Pages 1005-1019"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the influence of critical process parameters on the tensile strength (TS) of components fabricated using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) with Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) polymers. Specimens were printed with varying layer thicknesses (0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.6 mm) and different infill patterns (triangular, grid, and line) to evaluate their mechanical performance under uniaxial tensile loading. Experimental tensile testing was supported by Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations to visualize stress distributions and validate failure mechanisms. Additionally, a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) was developed to predict TS based on processing inputs, demonstrating high predictive accuracy. The results showed that PLA samples consistently outperformed ABS, with the highest TS recorded at 43.15 MPa for PLA using 0.4 mm layer thickness and line infill. ABS achieved a maximum TS of 25.40 MPa under similar conditions with a triangular infill. FEM simulations aligned closely with experimental data, producing an average error of 6.09%, while FIS predictions demonstrated even greater accuracy with an average error of 5.00%. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed filament material as the most significant contributor to TS variation, accounting for 96.84% of the total effect. The integration of experimental testing, FEM analysis, and FIS modeling offers a comprehensive framework for optimizing structural performance in FFF-fabricated components. This approach contributes to the development of predictive methodologies for reliable, load-bearing applications in additive manufacturing.
{"title":"Experimentation and predictive modelling of Fused filament fabrication parts by finite element analysis and fuzzy Inference system","authors":"Bhupesh Kumar , Vishal Singh , Harsh Pathak , Ayush Shukla , Sanjay Kavde , Nigam Verma , Tapish Raj , Akash Jain , Pushpendra Yadav , Ankit Sahai , Rahul Swarup Sharma","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2548943","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2548943","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the influence of critical process parameters on the tensile strength (TS) of components fabricated using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) with Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) polymers. Specimens were printed with varying layer thicknesses (0.4 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.6 mm) and different infill patterns (triangular, grid, and line) to evaluate their mechanical performance under uniaxial tensile loading. Experimental tensile testing was supported by Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations to visualize stress distributions and validate failure mechanisms. Additionally, a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) was developed to predict TS based on processing inputs, demonstrating high predictive accuracy. The results showed that PLA samples consistently outperformed ABS, with the highest TS recorded at 43.15 MPa for PLA using 0.4 mm layer thickness and line infill. ABS achieved a maximum TS of 25.40 MPa under similar conditions with a triangular infill. FEM simulations aligned closely with experimental data, producing an average error of 6.09%, while FIS predictions demonstrated even greater accuracy with an average error of 5.00%. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed filament material as the most significant contributor to TS variation, accounting for 96.84% of the total effect. The integration of experimental testing, FEM analysis, and FIS modeling offers a comprehensive framework for optimizing structural performance in FFF-fabricated components. This approach contributes to the development of predictive methodologies for reliable, load-bearing applications in additive manufacturing.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"31 2","pages":"Pages 145-169"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2025.2548335
Darshana Upadye Beelagi , R. M. Hodlur , Shivakumar. Mathapati , J. S. Doddamani
Conducting polymer-metal oxide nanocomposites hold considerable promise for advanced supercapacitor electrodes. In this study, thiol-functionalized CeO2 nanoparticles were integrated into a polypyrrole (PPy) matrix using graphite oxide (GO) as a binder to improve dispersion and interfacial interaction. The nanocomposites were uniformly deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and scrupulously characterized. Among various formulations, the optimized PPy: GO: CeO2 ration of 70:10:20 delivered the best electrochemical performance. Structural and interfacial features were confirmed from XRD, FTIR, TEM, and TGA analyses. The optimized composite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 530 F/g at 5 mV/s, along with exceptional cyclic stability, retaining 96.84% of its capacitance after 1000 cycles, and delivered ∼ 105% Coulombic efficiency at 10 A/g. Thus, anchoring CeO2 nanostructures into the PPy matrix enhanced both charge storage and thermal stability, highlighting its prospect as a high-performance electrode material for next-generation supercapacitors.
导电聚合物金属氧化物纳米复合材料在先进的超级电容器电极中具有相当大的前景。在这项研究中，硫醇功能化的CeO2纳米颗粒被集成到聚吡咯（PPy）基体中，使用氧化石墨（GO）作为粘合剂来改善分散和界面相互作用。纳米复合材料均匀沉积在玻碳电极（GCE）上，并进行了严格的表征。在各种配方中，优化后的PPy: GO: CeO2比为70:10:20的电化学性能最佳。通过XRD， FTIR， TEM和TGA分析确定了其结构和界面特征。优化后的复合材料在5 mV/s下具有530 F/g的高比电容，以及出色的循环稳定性，在1000次循环后保持96.84%的电容，并在10 a /g下提供~ 105%的库仑效率。因此，将CeO2纳米结构锚定到PPy基体中可以增强电荷存储和热稳定性，突显其作为下一代超级电容器高性能电极材料的前景。
{"title":"Thiol-functionalized CeO2 in PPy-CeO2 nanocomposites with improved electrochemical performance for supercapacitor applications","authors":"Darshana Upadye Beelagi , R. M. Hodlur , Shivakumar. Mathapati , J. S. Doddamani","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2548335","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2548335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conducting polymer-metal oxide nanocomposites hold considerable promise for advanced supercapacitor electrodes. In this study, thiol-functionalized CeO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were integrated into a polypyrrole (PPy) matrix using graphite oxide (GO) as a binder to improve dispersion and interfacial interaction. The nanocomposites were uniformly deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and scrupulously characterized. Among various formulations, the optimized PPy: GO: CeO<sub>2</sub> ration of 70:10:20 delivered the best electrochemical performance. Structural and interfacial features were confirmed from XRD, FTIR, TEM, and TGA analyses. The optimized composite exhibited a high specific capacitance of 530 F/g at 5 mV/s, along with exceptional cyclic stability, retaining 96.84% of its capacitance after 1000 cycles, and delivered ∼ 105% Coulombic efficiency at 10 A/g. Thus, anchoring CeO<sub>2</sub> nanostructures into the PPy matrix enhanced both charge storage and thermal stability, highlighting its prospect as a high-performance electrode material for next-generation supercapacitors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"31 2","pages":"Pages 129-144"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146006691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-09DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2025.2522076
John Duffy , Serena Agostini , Ryan Brown , Candice Majewski , Shona Marsh , Natalie Rudolph
Powdered-polymer additive manufacturing processes, including selective laser sintering, high-speed sintering, and multijet fusion, have seen increasing usage throughout a range of industries, with corresponding requirements for better knowledge of material and component behavior. These processes involve the preheating, and subsequent selective melting, of consecutive layers of powder. Upon completion of the manufacturing process, unmelted powder can be recovered from the build chamber and, depending on its quality, reused for future part manufacture. Powder recovered in such a way can undergo a number of changes as a result of being held at elevated temperatures for extended times during the manufacturing process. Previous research has investigated these effects for polymer powders, with a particular emphasis on the most common polymer additive manufacturing powder, Nylon-12. In this work, we use a variety of characterization techniques, specifically size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and rotational rheometry, to investigate this behavior for a glass-filled nylon-12 material, in order to identify any effects of the glass filler on material changes and on the properties of parts produced using these materials.
{"title":"Investigating the effect of glass filler on the aging behavior of polymer powders for additive manufacturing","authors":"John Duffy , Serena Agostini , Ryan Brown , Candice Majewski , Shona Marsh , Natalie Rudolph","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2522076","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2522076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Powdered-polymer additive manufacturing processes, including selective laser sintering, high-speed sintering, and multijet fusion, have seen increasing usage throughout a range of industries, with corresponding requirements for better knowledge of material and component behavior. These processes involve the preheating, and subsequent selective melting, of consecutive layers of powder. Upon completion of the manufacturing process, unmelted powder can be recovered from the build chamber and, depending on its quality, reused for future part manufacture. Powder recovered in such a way can undergo a number of changes as a result of being held at elevated temperatures for extended times during the manufacturing process. Previous research has investigated these effects for polymer powders, with a particular emphasis on the most common polymer additive manufacturing powder, Nylon-12. In this work, we use a variety of characterization techniques, specifically size exclusion chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and rotational rheometry, to investigate this behavior for a glass-filled nylon-12 material, in order to identify any effects of the glass filler on material changes and on the properties of parts produced using these materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"30 8","pages":"Pages 980-992"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-07DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2025.2525214
A. Atta , Reem Altuijri , Nuha Al-Harbi , A. M. A. Henaish
This work is focused on preparing novel composite PEO/Gd2O3, which consists of the polymer (PEO) and the nano-filler gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3). The composites were prepared by the casting solution processes for application in optical devices. The PEO/Gd2O3 were irradiated by hydrogen fluences of 3 × 1017, 6 × 1017, and 9 × 1017 ions/cm2. The impact of ion bombardment on the structure of PEO/Gd2O3 was studied using EDX and FTIR techniques. The FTIR shows the hydrogen irradiation alters the chemical structure by declining FTIR bands of the irradiated samples. The EDX results recorded the presence and good distribution of elements C, O, and Gd in the composite. The contact angle was used to measure the surface’s wettability and adhesion work. By changing the ion fluence from 3 × 1017 to 9 × 1017 ions.cm−2, the contact angle for water is decreased from 85.5° to 72.4° and for diiodomethane from 75.3° to 66.2°. Additionally, the optical properties of the composites were measured by UV/Vis technique at wavelengths from 200 to 1100 nm. The band gap energy increases from 5.6 eV for PEO/Gd2O3, respectively, to 5.39, 5.32, and 5.25 eV for the irradiated composites by 3 × 1017, 6 × 1017, and 9 × 1017 ions/cm2. This study demonstrated that the optical properties of PEO/Gd2O3 films were improved by irradiation, which could lead to the use of their irradiated samples in optical devices.
{"title":"Effects of hydrogen irradiation on the surface wettability and optical properties of PEO/Gd2O3 nanocomposite films","authors":"A. Atta , Reem Altuijri , Nuha Al-Harbi , A. M. A. Henaish","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2525214","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2525214","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work is focused on preparing novel composite PEO/Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, which consists of the polymer (PEO) and the nano-filler gadolinium oxide (Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). The composites were prepared by the casting solution processes for application in optical devices. The PEO/Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> were irradiated by hydrogen fluences of 3 × 10<sup>17</sup>, 6 × 10<sup>17</sup>, and 9 × 10<sup>17</sup> ions/cm<sup>2</sup>. The impact of ion bombardment on the structure of PEO/Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was studied using EDX and FTIR techniques. The FTIR shows the hydrogen irradiation alters the chemical structure by declining FTIR bands of the irradiated samples. The EDX results recorded the presence and good distribution of elements C, O, and Gd in the composite. The contact angle was used to measure the surface’s wettability and adhesion work. By changing the ion fluence from 3 × 10<sup>17</sup> to 9 × 10<sup>17</sup> ions.cm<sup>−2</sup>, the contact angle for water is decreased from 85.5° to 72.4° and for diiodomethane from 75.3° to 66.2°. Additionally, the optical properties of the composites were measured by UV/Vis technique at wavelengths from 200 to 1100 nm. The band gap energy increases from 5.6 eV for PEO/Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, respectively, to 5.39, 5.32, and 5.25 eV for the irradiated composites by 3 × 10<sup>17</sup>, 6 × 10<sup>17</sup>, and 9 × 10<sup>17</sup> ions/cm<sup>2</sup>. This study demonstrated that the optical properties of PEO/Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> films were improved by irradiation, which could lead to the use of their irradiated samples in optical devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"30 8","pages":"Pages 993-1004"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2025.2478242
Reham H. Helal , H. Radi , E. S. Fathy , Salwa M. Elmesallamy , Khaled F. El-Nemr
Using Aloe Vera powder (AV) at varying concentrations − 1, 2, and 3% – polylactic acid/aloe vera (PLA/AV) composite films were prepared using the solvent casting process. All of the composites were exposed to 10, 25, and 40 kGy of electron beam (EB) radiation. It was examined how the thermal and mechanical characteristics of PLA/AV films were affected by electron beam radiation. XRD, FTIR, TGA, and biodegradation (soil burial) were used to analyze the irradiation films’ characteristics. The findings showed that doses up to 25 kGy increased the neat PLA’s tensile strength (TS). At lower doses up to 10 kGy, the addition of AV raises the TS values (particularly at 2% concentration). It appears adding varying proportions of AV powder enhances the thermal stability of PLA/AV composites. Biodegradability showed that films with AV were the most biodegradable, while those without AV were the least.
{"title":"Electron beam irradiated composite based on poly (lactic acid)/aloe vera and its applications in biodegradable food packaging","authors":"Reham H. Helal , H. Radi , E. S. Fathy , Salwa M. Elmesallamy , Khaled F. El-Nemr","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2478242","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2478242","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using Aloe Vera powder (AV) at varying concentrations − 1, 2, and 3% – polylactic acid/aloe vera (PLA/AV) composite films were prepared using the solvent casting process. All of the composites were exposed to 10, 25, and 40 kGy of electron beam (EB) radiation. It was examined how the thermal and mechanical characteristics of PLA/AV films were affected by electron beam radiation. XRD, FTIR, TGA, and biodegradation (soil burial) were used to analyze the irradiation films’ characteristics. The findings showed that doses up to 25 kGy increased the neat PLA’s tensile strength (TS). At lower doses up to 10 kGy, the addition of AV raises the TS values (particularly at 2% concentration). It appears adding varying proportions of AV powder enhances the thermal stability of PLA/AV composites. Biodegradability showed that films with AV were the most biodegradable, while those without AV were the least.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"30 5","pages":"Pages 514-530"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2025.2491030
Burhan Tepehan , İsmail Yasin Sülü
The mechanical behavior of the hybrid structure formed by placing an AL7075 plate as the middle layer between different composite fibers was examined. Glass fiber and carbon fiber were preferred as fibers. Epoxy was used as matrix material. Four different cases with different fiber material layer alignments were examined. The produced plates were cut according to ASTM standards suitable for the tests to be performed, and samples were created. The samples were subjected to tensile tests, three-point bending tests, and ballistic tests. It has been determined that samples produced in sequential order with different layers reached high stress values in tensile tests and bending tests. It was observed that all alignments gave successful results in ballistic tests. In layered hybrid structures, the mechanical effects of the layer order and the type of material used on the hybrid structures have been demonstrated. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with artificial neural networks was applied to investigate the appropriateness of the results. The results were presented to be appropriate in the graphs created with artificial neural networks, and it could be said that they were compatible. It can be said that more effective results are obtained in the combinations of carbon/glass/carbon and glass/carbon/glass composite fibers in layer arrangements.
{"title":"Investigation of the mechanical behavior of AL7075 plate supported hybrid composite plates using artificial neural networks algorithm","authors":"Burhan Tepehan , İsmail Yasin Sülü","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2491030","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2491030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mechanical behavior of the hybrid structure formed by placing an AL7075 plate as the middle layer between different composite fibers was examined. Glass fiber and carbon fiber were preferred as fibers. Epoxy was used as matrix material. Four different cases with different fiber material layer alignments were examined. The produced plates were cut according to ASTM standards suitable for the tests to be performed, and samples were created. The samples were subjected to tensile tests, three-point bending tests, and ballistic tests. It has been determined that samples produced in sequential order with different layers reached high stress values in tensile tests and bending tests. It was observed that all alignments gave successful results in ballistic tests. In layered hybrid structures, the mechanical effects of the layer order and the type of material used on the hybrid structures have been demonstrated. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with artificial neural networks was applied to investigate the appropriateness of the results. The results were presented to be appropriate in the graphs created with artificial neural networks, and it could be said that they were compatible. It can be said that more effective results are obtained in the combinations of carbon/glass/carbon and glass/carbon/glass composite fibers in layer arrangements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"30 5","pages":"Pages 543-562"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-04DOI: 10.1080/1023666X.2025.2495286
Mohammed Akabe , Tajudeen Kolawole Bello , Yusuf Adamu , Abdullahi Bello , Muhammed Tijani Isa
The effectiveness of wastepaper (wP) reinforced with waste polyethylene (wPE) and cow horn ash (CHA) as a fire-retardant additive (FRA) was studied for fire-retardant composites (FRCs) application. The research investigates the effects of varying CHA content (0 wt.% to 50 wt.%) on the developed composites. The analysis involved determining the physical, mechanical, flammability, and thermal properties, also, the surface morphologies and function groups were assessed to evaluate the microstructure and chemical interactions. Modifying the wP/wPE matrix with CHA enhanced fire resistance and mechanical properties. The FRC containing 30 wt.% CHA (FRC-30) exhibited the best overall performance, with a density of 2.89 g/cm³, hardness of 623.29, water absorption of 3.13%, tensile stress modulus of 6.55 MPa and 802.37 MPa, and flexural strength and modulus of 8.04 MPa and 445.81 MPa, respectively. Its fire-retardant properties also exhibited the lowest burning rate (1.86 × 10−3 g/s), a reduced heat release (41.20 kJ), a superior ignition time of 83.96 s, and a reduced fire spread (122 mm/s). FRC-30 also demonstrated excellent thermal properties of thermal diffusivity of 73.63 m2/s and low thermal conductivity of 8.87 × 10−2 W/m.K. The hydroxyl and phosphate groups in CHA, identified through FTIR, enhanced the interfacial bonding, and dispersion within the wPE matrix, as observed via SEM. This resulted in improved mechanical performance and fire resistance. The study concluded that FRC-30 offers an ideal combination of fire retardancy, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. This makes it a potential candidate for use in construction, insulation, and other engineering fields where enhanced fire safety is crucial.
{"title":"Characterization of fire-retardant composites from waste materials: balancing properties and performance","authors":"Mohammed Akabe , Tajudeen Kolawole Bello , Yusuf Adamu , Abdullahi Bello , Muhammed Tijani Isa","doi":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2495286","DOIUrl":"10.1080/1023666X.2025.2495286","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effectiveness of wastepaper (wP) reinforced with waste polyethylene (wPE) and cow horn ash (CHA) as a fire-retardant additive (FRA) was studied for fire-retardant composites (FRCs) application. The research investigates the effects of varying CHA content (0 wt.% to 50 wt.%) on the developed composites. The analysis involved determining the physical, mechanical, flammability, and thermal properties, also, the surface morphologies and function groups were assessed to evaluate the microstructure and chemical interactions. Modifying the wP/wPE matrix with CHA enhanced fire resistance and mechanical properties. The FRC containing 30 wt.% CHA (FRC-30) exhibited the best overall performance, with a density of 2.89 g/cm³, hardness of 623.29, water absorption of 3.13%, tensile stress modulus of 6.55 MPa and 802.37 MPa, and flexural strength and modulus of 8.04 MPa and 445.81 MPa, respectively. Its fire-retardant properties also exhibited the lowest burning rate (1.86 × 10<sup>−3</sup> g/s), a reduced heat release (41.20 kJ), a superior ignition time of 83.96 s, and a reduced fire spread (122 mm/s). FRC-30 also demonstrated excellent thermal properties of thermal diffusivity of 73.63 m<sup>2</sup>/s and low thermal conductivity of 8.87 × 10<sup>−2</sup> W/m.K. The hydroxyl and phosphate groups in CHA, identified through FTIR, enhanced the interfacial bonding, and dispersion within the wPE matrix, as observed via SEM. This resulted in improved mechanical performance and fire resistance. The study concluded that FRC-30 offers an ideal combination of fire retardancy, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. This makes it a potential candidate for use in construction, insulation, and other engineering fields where enhanced fire safety is crucial.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14236,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization","volume":"30 5","pages":"Pages 581-602"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144587693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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