Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.43
Jessica A. Coltrane, R. Inman
Abstract The historical distribution of Fishers throughout Montana and the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States is poorly understood, and most Fishers in Montana appear to be descendants of translocated animals originating from the midwestern United States and British Columbia; however, a genotype that is unique and native to the Northern Rockies of Idaho and Montana exists in west-central Montana. Predictions based on Idaho models depict potential suitable habitat for Fishers throughout the Cabinet Mountains of northwestern Montana, yet distribution, occupancy, and population status is currently unknown for these Fishers. We conducted the 1st comprehensive monitoring of Fishers in the Cabinet Mountains of Montana using baited camera/DNA stations. We detected Fishers at 7 out of 21 cells, which resulted in a 0.43 probability that Fishers occupied a grid cell. Detection probability was low. Genetic analysis revealed a minimum population count of at least 4 individual Fishers in the study area, but all individuals successfully identified were males and of midwestern genetic origin. The low number of Fisher detections may indeed reflect low abundance of Fisher. We recommend future multi-season monitoring over a longer period to increase precision of occupancy estimates, and additional research is needed to evaluate the lack of female detections. We also recommend maintaining a closed trapping season on Fishers, until data exist to document a population large enough to sustain harvest.
{"title":"FISHER OCCUPANCY TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER TRANSLOCATION IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS OF MONTANA","authors":"Jessica A. Coltrane, R. Inman","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.43","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The historical distribution of Fishers throughout Montana and the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States is poorly understood, and most Fishers in Montana appear to be descendants of translocated animals originating from the midwestern United States and British Columbia; however, a genotype that is unique and native to the Northern Rockies of Idaho and Montana exists in west-central Montana. Predictions based on Idaho models depict potential suitable habitat for Fishers throughout the Cabinet Mountains of northwestern Montana, yet distribution, occupancy, and population status is currently unknown for these Fishers. We conducted the 1st comprehensive monitoring of Fishers in the Cabinet Mountains of Montana using baited camera/DNA stations. We detected Fishers at 7 out of 21 cells, which resulted in a 0.43 probability that Fishers occupied a grid cell. Detection probability was low. Genetic analysis revealed a minimum population count of at least 4 individual Fishers in the study area, but all individuals successfully identified were males and of midwestern genetic origin. The low number of Fisher detections may indeed reflect low abundance of Fisher. We recommend future multi-season monitoring over a longer period to increase precision of occupancy estimates, and additional research is needed to evaluate the lack of female detections. We also recommend maintaining a closed trapping season on Fishers, until data exist to document a population large enough to sustain harvest.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126986366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.76
Daniel M. Taylor
Abstract Point counts of wintering land birds using Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) stands were conducted in 2000 and 2005 on the Snake River Plain, Idaho. The 14 most common species of the 28 recorded were found in both years, and most common species were recorded with similar frequencies between years. Thirteen bird species were observed foraging on Russian Olive fruits. Increases in recent decades in both area occupied by Russian Olive and in counts of Yellow-rumped Warblers (Setophaga coronata) and American Robins (Turdus migratorius) on Christmas Bird Counts suggest that there may be a relationship between Russian Olive expansion and abundance of these species.
{"title":"WINTERING LAND BIRDS IN RUSSIAN OLIVE IN SOUTHERN IDAHO","authors":"Daniel M. Taylor","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.76","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Point counts of wintering land birds using Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) stands were conducted in 2000 and 2005 on the Snake River Plain, Idaho. The 14 most common species of the 28 recorded were found in both years, and most common species were recorded with similar frequencies between years. Thirteen bird species were observed foraging on Russian Olive fruits. Increases in recent decades in both area occupied by Russian Olive and in counts of Yellow-rumped Warblers (Setophaga coronata) and American Robins (Turdus migratorius) on Christmas Bird Counts suggest that there may be a relationship between Russian Olive expansion and abundance of these species.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122682162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.218
M. Westphal, M. Izumiyama, K. Crow
Abstract The Calico Surfperch (Amphistichus koelzi) shares a similar size, morphology and feeding habitat with its 2 widely-sympatric congeners, the Barred Surfperch (Amphistichus argenteus) and Redtail Surfperch (Amphistichus rhodoterus). Like the other 2 species, A. koelzi is an important commercial and recreational resource, but unlike these species, A. koelzi has received virtually no attention in the scientific literature. We found average relative fecundity to be significantly higher than in A. koelzi's 2 congeners, A. argenteus and A. rhodoterus, and the slope of the regression of brood count on female size in A. koelzi was steeper and translated to the left of the same slopes representing the 2 congeners.
{"title":"FECUNDITY IN THE CALICO SURFPERCH, AMPHISTICHUS KOELZI (TELEOSTEI: EMBIOTOCIDAE)","authors":"M. Westphal, M. Izumiyama, K. Crow","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.218","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Calico Surfperch (Amphistichus koelzi) shares a similar size, morphology and feeding habitat with its 2 widely-sympatric congeners, the Barred Surfperch (Amphistichus argenteus) and Redtail Surfperch (Amphistichus rhodoterus). Like the other 2 species, A. koelzi is an important commercial and recreational resource, but unlike these species, A. koelzi has received virtually no attention in the scientific literature. We found average relative fecundity to be significantly higher than in A. koelzi's 2 congeners, A. argenteus and A. rhodoterus, and the slope of the regression of brood count on female size in A. koelzi was steeper and translated to the left of the same slopes representing the 2 congeners.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131977555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.216
Anthony Kerwin, D. Clayton
Abstract Brazilian Free-tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) had never been documented as breeding in southern Oregon. In 2017 and 2018, however, we report a natal colony of Brazilian Free-tailed Bats in southern Oregon, approximately 145 km west-northwest of the closest-known natal colony of this species, located in Lava Beds National Monument. The expansion of maternity sites may be the result of range expansion in response to warmer temperatures in the region owing to climate change and/or to adaptations to man-made structures for roosting.
{"title":"FIRST DOCUMENTED TADARIDA BRASILIENSIS NATAL SITE IN SOUTHWEST OREGON","authors":"Anthony Kerwin, D. Clayton","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.216","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Brazilian Free-tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) had never been documented as breeding in southern Oregon. In 2017 and 2018, however, we report a natal colony of Brazilian Free-tailed Bats in southern Oregon, approximately 145 km west-northwest of the closest-known natal colony of this species, located in Lava Beds National Monument. The expansion of maternity sites may be the result of range expansion in response to warmer temperatures in the region owing to climate change and/or to adaptations to man-made structures for roosting.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114579594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.221
J. Evens, C. Harper
Abstract Intraspecific agnostic behavior is well-known in hummingbirds; however, lethality in North American species is unreported. Here we describe an observation of a lethal attack by a male Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna) on another male of the same species during mid-winter near the northern extent of the species' winter range.
{"title":"LETHAL INTRASPECIFIC BEHAVIOR BY ANNA'S HUMMINGBIRD","authors":"J. Evens, C. Harper","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.221","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Intraspecific agnostic behavior is well-known in hummingbirds; however, lethality in North American species is unreported. Here we describe an observation of a lethal attack by a male Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna) on another male of the same species during mid-winter near the northern extent of the species' winter range.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129361259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.143
C. Raley, K. Aubry
Abstract The Fisher (Pekania pennanti) is a mesocarnivore of conservation concern in the Pacific coastal region of North America with a diverse but poorly understood diet. From 1995 to 2001, we collected 297 scats from 11 radio-collared females and 83 scats from 8 radio-collared males, and used frequency of occurrence (percentage of scats containing a particular food item) to investigate their diets. Mammals were the most frequently occurring food item in the diets of both female and male Fishers (84.8 and 77.1 % of scats, respectively); however, the prevalence of small (≤166 g) mammalian prey was relatively low (<13% of female and <9% of male scats). Medium (191–579 g) and large (643–1710 g) mammalian prey were 6.6 and 2 times more prevalent, respectively, in the diet of females compared to males, and very large prey (≥2085 g) were almost 26 times more prevalent in the diet of males. Female Fishers are about 50% smaller than males and may be less effective than males at capturing very large prey. However, in the diet of females raising kits, leporids (large prey) and ground squirrels (medium prey) were 3 and almost 2 times more prevalent, respectively, than they were among females with no kits. Focusing on such prey would provide more metabolic energy per capture than mice, voles, and other small mammals, and require fewer hunting forays away from kits. Thus, our findings show that sexual dimorphism and female reproductive condition influence the diet of Fishers in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon. Studies that use molecular techniques to identify food items in scats that were collected with a rigorous sampling design that enables researchers to link Fisher diets with correlates of fitness are needed to determine the extent to which food habits influence Fisher population dynamics in this region.
{"title":"THE FOOD HABITS OF FISHERS (PEKANIA PENNANTI) IN THE CASCADE RANGE OF SOUTHERN OREGON","authors":"C. Raley, K. Aubry","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Fisher (Pekania pennanti) is a mesocarnivore of conservation concern in the Pacific coastal region of North America with a diverse but poorly understood diet. From 1995 to 2001, we collected 297 scats from 11 radio-collared females and 83 scats from 8 radio-collared males, and used frequency of occurrence (percentage of scats containing a particular food item) to investigate their diets. Mammals were the most frequently occurring food item in the diets of both female and male Fishers (84.8 and 77.1 % of scats, respectively); however, the prevalence of small (≤166 g) mammalian prey was relatively low (<13% of female and <9% of male scats). Medium (191–579 g) and large (643–1710 g) mammalian prey were 6.6 and 2 times more prevalent, respectively, in the diet of females compared to males, and very large prey (≥2085 g) were almost 26 times more prevalent in the diet of males. Female Fishers are about 50% smaller than males and may be less effective than males at capturing very large prey. However, in the diet of females raising kits, leporids (large prey) and ground squirrels (medium prey) were 3 and almost 2 times more prevalent, respectively, than they were among females with no kits. Focusing on such prey would provide more metabolic energy per capture than mice, voles, and other small mammals, and require fewer hunting forays away from kits. Thus, our findings show that sexual dimorphism and female reproductive condition influence the diet of Fishers in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon. Studies that use molecular techniques to identify food items in scats that were collected with a rigorous sampling design that enables researchers to link Fisher diets with correlates of fitness are needed to determine the extent to which food habits influence Fisher population dynamics in this region.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130544104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.229
{"title":"Annual Membership Renewal Information Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology","authors":"","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.229","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126872117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.158
A. Chin, J. M. Black
Abstract We describe activity patterns of North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in relation to social group size and the presence of young. Over the course of 15 y, we collected observations of 8 River Otter behaviors from a network of citizen scientists in northern California, retaining 1692 records following a rigorous data-cleaning process. Observers were asked to indicate 1 or more of the following 8 behaviors: “diving”, “swimming”, “walking”, “running”, “digging”, “turning rocks”, “pursued birds”, and “retreating from observer.” We treated “digging”, “turning rocks”, and “pursued birds” as alternative foraging strategies in some comparisons. Assessment of these reports showed that families were seen diving, running, and retreating from the observers more frequently than adult groups. Likewise, adult social groups behaved differently than solitary adult otters. Propensity to retreat from humans increased with increasing group size in social otters, whereas diving behavior also increased with group size. Solitary adults employed alternative foraging strategies more than adults in social groups. Citizen observers also reported that diving and styles of foraging behavior varied among months for adult otters. Taken together, these results provide evidence that citizen-science questionnaires can be used to provide insight into the natural behaviors of species that are difficult to observe.
{"title":"BEHAVIOR OF NORTHERN RIVER OTTERS IN RELATION TO SOCIAL GROUP SIZE AND PUP PRESENCE: RESULTS FROM 15 YEARS OF CITIZEN SCIENCE","authors":"A. Chin, J. M. Black","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.158","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We describe activity patterns of North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in relation to social group size and the presence of young. Over the course of 15 y, we collected observations of 8 River Otter behaviors from a network of citizen scientists in northern California, retaining 1692 records following a rigorous data-cleaning process. Observers were asked to indicate 1 or more of the following 8 behaviors: “diving”, “swimming”, “walking”, “running”, “digging”, “turning rocks”, “pursued birds”, and “retreating from observer.” We treated “digging”, “turning rocks”, and “pursued birds” as alternative foraging strategies in some comparisons. Assessment of these reports showed that families were seen diving, running, and retreating from the observers more frequently than adult groups. Likewise, adult social groups behaved differently than solitary adult otters. Propensity to retreat from humans increased with increasing group size in social otters, whereas diving behavior also increased with group size. Solitary adults employed alternative foraging strategies more than adults in social groups. Citizen observers also reported that diving and styles of foraging behavior varied among months for adult otters. Taken together, these results provide evidence that citizen-science questionnaires can be used to provide insight into the natural behaviors of species that are difficult to observe.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127362480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.168
Hannah E Wasstrom, Christopher Cottell, E. Lofroth, K. Larsen
Abstract The Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) is considered ‘secure' in British Columbia, but as for many species with this status, there is a notable absence of quantitative data on population trends. In view of this issue, concerns about declining numbers of the species prompted us to conduct a preliminary survey using a questionnaire in 2005, targeting various sectors of government, industry, and the public across British Columbia. Ten years later, we distributed a nearly identical questionnaire to allow comparisons and identify changes over the intervening decade. Respondents in both surveys reported a perceived decline in Porcupine sightings, although there was no significant change in the overall combined level of concern of respondents for the population between the 2 surveys; however, the proportion of respondents reporting that they were “very” concerned about the population trend over time did increase from the 2005 to 2015 survey. We augmented this information with data from road-mortality datasets collected by the provincial government and Parks Canada. Both datasets provided further support for a decrease in Porcupine abundance in the province. We discuss possible causes for this apparent decline, including natural population dynamics and the impact of climatic variation on predator-prey dyads. Overall, a comprehensive field study on Porcupine populations is needed to accurately assess the status of this species in British Columbia to corroborate our survey results suggesting a decline.
{"title":"HAS THE PORCUPINE POPULATION WANED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA? TRENDS IN QUESTIONNAIRES AND ROAD-MORTALITY DATA","authors":"Hannah E Wasstrom, Christopher Cottell, E. Lofroth, K. Larsen","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-101.3.168","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) is considered ‘secure' in British Columbia, but as for many species with this status, there is a notable absence of quantitative data on population trends. In view of this issue, concerns about declining numbers of the species prompted us to conduct a preliminary survey using a questionnaire in 2005, targeting various sectors of government, industry, and the public across British Columbia. Ten years later, we distributed a nearly identical questionnaire to allow comparisons and identify changes over the intervening decade. Respondents in both surveys reported a perceived decline in Porcupine sightings, although there was no significant change in the overall combined level of concern of respondents for the population between the 2 surveys; however, the proportion of respondents reporting that they were “very” concerned about the population trend over time did increase from the 2005 to 2015 survey. We augmented this information with data from road-mortality datasets collected by the provincial government and Parks Canada. Both datasets provided further support for a decrease in Porcupine abundance in the province. We discuss possible causes for this apparent decline, including natural population dynamics and the impact of climatic variation on predator-prey dyads. Overall, a comprehensive field study on Porcupine populations is needed to accurately assess the status of this species in British Columbia to corroborate our survey results suggesting a decline.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128345906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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