Abstract We observed Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas) breeding from mid-May to late June, coincident with a reservoir rise of ≤1.2 m in Lake Cushman, Washington State. Breeding occurred at 5 sequentially inundated sites and included diverse habitats. Early-spawned clutch-strings remained attached to the lake bottom but became vertically suspended during the lake-level rise. Embryos and hatchlings nearest the bottom were in cooler water than those near the top. Development through hatchling stages took up to 40 d for early spawn. Locations of later spawning were shallower and warmer, and larval development progressed rapidly. Ultimately, the extended spawning season and varied sites and habitats may provide reproductive success resilience. Reservoir water-level management during Western Toad breeding and larval development may effect: (1) breeding habitat availability; (2) larval development rates; and (3) reproductive success.
{"title":"WESTERN TOAD (ANAXYRUS BOREAS) BREEDING TIMING AND LARVAL DEVELOPMENT IN LAKE CUSHMAN RESERVOIR, WASHINGTON STATE","authors":"Joanne P. Schuett-Hames, Bonnie J Blessing-Earle","doi":"10.1898/NWN20-16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN20-16","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We observed Western Toad (Anaxyrus boreas) breeding from mid-May to late June, coincident with a reservoir rise of ≤1.2 m in Lake Cushman, Washington State. Breeding occurred at 5 sequentially inundated sites and included diverse habitats. Early-spawned clutch-strings remained attached to the lake bottom but became vertically suspended during the lake-level rise. Embryos and hatchlings nearest the bottom were in cooler water than those near the top. Development through hatchling stages took up to 40 d for early spawn. Locations of later spawning were shallower and warmer, and larval development progressed rapidly. Ultimately, the extended spawning season and varied sites and habitats may provide reproductive success resilience. Reservoir water-level management during Western Toad breeding and larval development may effect: (1) breeding habitat availability; (2) larval development rates; and (3) reproductive success.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121969412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S FROM THE 2021 JOINT VIRTUAL MEETING OF NORTHWEST PARTNERS IN AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE CONSERVATION (NWPARC) AND THE ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL BIOLOGY (APB), 6–8 MAY 2021 PLENARY AND KEYNOTE TALKS PLENARY: WHAT DOES A RETIRED HERPETOLOGIST DO? LINGERING MYSTERIES ABOUT REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS. WHIT GIBBONS, University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Lab; wgibbons@uga.edu. My talk reflects on what herpetology was like in the past, from the early developmental stages of PARC in 1999 and a half-century previously. Some of the unanswered questions of herpetological ecology and behavior remaining in the present are discussed, including why Black Swampsnakes (Liodytes [Seminatrix] pygaea]) have red bellies, why all baby ratsnakes (Pantherophis [Elaphe] spp.) look the same, and why turtles have such variable eyes. Finally, recommendations are made for the most effective approaches for herpetofaunal conservation in the future, including continued research and publication, support of organizations such as PARC, and protection of natural habitats. Special focus is given to how to deal with attitudes of the public toward conservation of reptiles, amphibians, and their habitats. PLENARY: NATURE IS VARIABLE: SITE-SPECIFIC OUTCOMES OF PROTECTION MEASURES FOR STREAMS. JOHN S RICHARDSON, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC Canada; john.richardson@ubc.ca. Application of measures for streamside protection often result in different outcomes from the same management practices. This variation in responses of stream ecosystems has many sources. Nevertheless, we often apply the same measures in landscapes in which they have not been tested. This talk will explore variation, its sources, and possible solutions. KEYNOTE: UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE THREATS TO AMPHIBIANS IN NORTHERN CLIMATES. MARK D THOMPSON, EcoLogic Consultants Ltd and Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada; mthompson@ecologicalconsultants.com. Northern amphibians are at great risk. Physiological and population-level stress is increased by large swings in environmental change. Populations are structured by rapid transitions in seasonal phenology, from one season to the next. Hibernation lasts more than 6 months and individuals have shorter seasons to migrate and complete developmental phases, to grow, and to accumulate sufficient body mass and energy for storage. The relations are even more complex with species networks reliant on adaptions timed to ecological synchronicity, such as garter snake predator emergence from hibernacula timed to amphibian breeding and metamorphosis cycles. The predictably of timed seasonal transitions is lost with the breaking of climate trends. Lack of research and monitoring on amphibians in northern climates is disconcerting. Despite reason to be alarmed at more frequent temperature and humidity extremes, the extent and sc
在2021年5月6日至8日举行的西北两栖和爬行动物保护合作伙伴(nwparc)和专业生物学协会(apb)联合虚拟会议上的发言:退休的爬行动物学家做什么?关于爬行动物和两栖动物的谜团挥之不去。佐治亚大学萨凡纳河生态实验室的怀特·吉本斯;wgibbons@uga.edu。我的演讲反映了爬虫学在过去的样子，从1999年帕洛阿尔托研究中心的早期发展阶段到半个世纪以前。书中还讨论了一些关于爬行动物生态学和行为的悬而未决的问题，包括为什么黑沼泽蛇(Liodytes [Seminatrix] pygaea])的肚子是红色的，为什么所有的鼠蛇(Pantherophis [Elaphe] spp.)的幼蛇看起来都一样，以及为什么海龟的眼睛如此多变。最后，提出了今后保护爬虫类动物最有效的方法，包括继续开展研究和发表，支持PARC等组织，保护自然栖息地。特别关注如何处理公众对保护爬行动物、两栖动物及其栖息地的态度。全体会议:自然是可变的:河流保护措施的具体地点结果。JOHN S RICHARDSON，加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华英属哥伦比亚大学森林与保护科学系;john.richardson@ubc.ca。采用相同的管理方法，往往会产生不同的结果。河流生态系统响应的这种变化有许多原因。然而，我们经常将相同的措施应用于尚未测试过的景观中。本次演讲将探讨变异，其来源和可能的解决方案。主题演讲:了解北方气候对两栖动物的气候威胁。MARK D THOMPSON，生态顾问有限公司和生态系统科学与管理项目，北不列颠哥伦比亚大学，3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada;mthompson@ecologicalconsultants.com。北方两栖动物正处于极大的危险之中。环境变化的大幅度波动增加了生理和种群水平的压力。从一个季节到下一个季节，种群的结构是由季节性物候的快速转变构成的。冬眠持续6个月以上，个体有较短的季节来迁徙和完成发育阶段，生长，积累足够的体重和能量以供储存。这种关系在依赖于适应生态同步性的物种网络中更为复杂，比如从冬眠中出现的袜带蛇捕食者，以及两栖动物的繁殖和变态周期。随着气候趋势的打破，可预测的季节性转变丧失了。缺乏对北方气候中两栖动物的研究和监测是令人不安的。尽管有理由对更频繁的极端温度和湿度感到震惊，但影响的程度和规模既没有得到测量，也没有得到纠正。低资金优先级意味着很少有(如果有的话)关于丰度、占用率、密度或分布的有效基线。采伐和资源开采道路的建设继续通过生产栖息地，这增加了极端和混乱。需要协调一致的努力，以避免收成进入采样计划和研究设计可能受到损害的研究区域。较短的季节减少了有效收集从卵到成虫的复杂生活史阶段数据的时间。尽管存在这些挑战，但必须采取负责任的行动来监测北部人口。我将以22年来在北方两栖动物方面的经验为基础，利用在这一领域得来不易的经验来探讨这些挑战。166西北自然学家102:166-178秋2021
{"title":"ABSTRACTS FROM THE 2021 JOINT VIRTUAL MEETING OF NORTHWEST PARTNERS IN AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE CONSERVATION (NWPARC) AND THE ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL BIOLOGY (APB), 6–8 MAY 2021","authors":"Plenary and Keynote Talks","doi":"10.1898/NWPARC-Abs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/NWPARC-Abs","url":null,"abstract":"S FROM THE 2021 JOINT VIRTUAL MEETING OF NORTHWEST PARTNERS IN AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE CONSERVATION (NWPARC) AND THE ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL BIOLOGY (APB), 6–8 MAY 2021 PLENARY AND KEYNOTE TALKS PLENARY: WHAT DOES A RETIRED HERPETOLOGIST DO? LINGERING MYSTERIES ABOUT REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS. WHIT GIBBONS, University of Georgia, Savannah River Ecology Lab; wgibbons@uga.edu. My talk reflects on what herpetology was like in the past, from the early developmental stages of PARC in 1999 and a half-century previously. Some of the unanswered questions of herpetological ecology and behavior remaining in the present are discussed, including why Black Swampsnakes (Liodytes [Seminatrix] pygaea]) have red bellies, why all baby ratsnakes (Pantherophis [Elaphe] spp.) look the same, and why turtles have such variable eyes. Finally, recommendations are made for the most effective approaches for herpetofaunal conservation in the future, including continued research and publication, support of organizations such as PARC, and protection of natural habitats. Special focus is given to how to deal with attitudes of the public toward conservation of reptiles, amphibians, and their habitats. PLENARY: NATURE IS VARIABLE: SITE-SPECIFIC OUTCOMES OF PROTECTION MEASURES FOR STREAMS. JOHN S RICHARDSON, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC Canada; john.richardson@ubc.ca. Application of measures for streamside protection often result in different outcomes from the same management practices. This variation in responses of stream ecosystems has many sources. Nevertheless, we often apply the same measures in landscapes in which they have not been tested. This talk will explore variation, its sources, and possible solutions. KEYNOTE: UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE THREATS TO AMPHIBIANS IN NORTHERN CLIMATES. MARK D THOMPSON, EcoLogic Consultants Ltd and Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9 Canada; mthompson@ecologicalconsultants.com. Northern amphibians are at great risk. Physiological and population-level stress is increased by large swings in environmental change. Populations are structured by rapid transitions in seasonal phenology, from one season to the next. Hibernation lasts more than 6 months and individuals have shorter seasons to migrate and complete developmental phases, to grow, and to accumulate sufficient body mass and energy for storage. The relations are even more complex with species networks reliant on adaptions timed to ecological synchronicity, such as garter snake predator emergence from hibernacula timed to amphibian breeding and metamorphosis cycles. The predictably of timed seasonal transitions is lost with the breaking of climate trends. Lack of research and monitoring on amphibians in northern climates is disconcerting. Despite reason to be alarmed at more frequent temperature and humidity extremes, the extent and sc","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127560083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In late June 2020 in western Montana we observed up to 10 Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) feeding on tree sap at Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) sap wells excavated on 2 limbs of a Water Birch (Betula occidentalis). These observations constitute (a) the 1st report of waxwings feeding at sap wells created by sapsuckers of any species; (b) the 1st report of waxwings feeding on tree sap in early summer; and (c) the 1st report of the consumption of birch sap by this waxwing species. The Cedar Waxwings may have sought tree sap because of the limited availability of early-summer sugary fruits at the time of our observations in combination with the presence of new clusters of sap wells created by at least 1 pair of sapsuckers near where the waxwings were beginning to breed. The prevalent sugars in birch sap (glucose, fructose) are also those most efficiently assimilated by Cedar Waxwings and may have contributed in attracting the waxwings to the sapsucker wells.
{"title":"CEDAR WAXWINGS (BOMBYCILLA CEDRORUM) FEEDING ON BIRCH SAP AT RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER (SPHYRAPICUS NUCHALIS) SAP WELLS","authors":"P. Hendricks, C. Norment, J. Weaver","doi":"10.1898/NWN20-25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN20-25","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In late June 2020 in western Montana we observed up to 10 Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) feeding on tree sap at Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) sap wells excavated on 2 limbs of a Water Birch (Betula occidentalis). These observations constitute (a) the 1st report of waxwings feeding at sap wells created by sapsuckers of any species; (b) the 1st report of waxwings feeding on tree sap in early summer; and (c) the 1st report of the consumption of birch sap by this waxwing species. The Cedar Waxwings may have sought tree sap because of the limited availability of early-summer sugary fruits at the time of our observations in combination with the presence of new clusters of sap wells created by at least 1 pair of sapsuckers near where the waxwings were beginning to breed. The prevalent sugars in birch sap (glucose, fructose) are also those most efficiently assimilated by Cedar Waxwings and may have contributed in attracting the waxwings to the sapsucker wells.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114724401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.9
Cara Appel, Katie M. Moriarty, S. Matthews, D. Green, S. Anderson, Evan King, J. Yaeger, Jeremy D. Brown, Claire Bortot, W. Bean
Abstract North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) have a broad geographic distribution across much of the continent, but recent evidence suggests that their populations may be declining in some areas, including the Pacific Northwest. Estimating baseline historical and contemporary distributions of Porcupines is necessary for initiating monitoring efforts and, if necessary, informing strategic conservation actions. We compiled 1905 occurrence records of Porcupines in Washington, Oregon, and northern California from 1908 to 2018. Using maximum entropy modeling (Maxent), we created historical and contemporary distribution models based on Porcupine records from 1981–2010 and 2012–2018, respectively, to match the temporal scale of available environmental predictor layers and suspected onset of the decline. Our models suggested a recent shift in the occupied environmental niche of Porcupines in the Pacific Northwest away from forested areas and towards desert scrub and grassland vegetation communities. In addition, we tested a non-invasive survey method for determining Porcupine presence and monitoring their status over time. Our trials suggested that sodium-soaked wood blocks may provide an inexpensive and minimally invasive technique to detect Porcupines, but further testing is needed to understand its effectiveness and limitations.
{"title":"NORTH AMERICAN PORCUPINE DISTRIBUTION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND EVALUATION OF A NON-INVASIVE MONITORING TECHNIQUE","authors":"Cara Appel, Katie M. Moriarty, S. Matthews, D. Green, S. Anderson, Evan King, J. Yaeger, Jeremy D. Brown, Claire Bortot, W. Bean","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract North American Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) have a broad geographic distribution across much of the continent, but recent evidence suggests that their populations may be declining in some areas, including the Pacific Northwest. Estimating baseline historical and contemporary distributions of Porcupines is necessary for initiating monitoring efforts and, if necessary, informing strategic conservation actions. We compiled 1905 occurrence records of Porcupines in Washington, Oregon, and northern California from 1908 to 2018. Using maximum entropy modeling (Maxent), we created historical and contemporary distribution models based on Porcupine records from 1981–2010 and 2012–2018, respectively, to match the temporal scale of available environmental predictor layers and suspected onset of the decline. Our models suggested a recent shift in the occupied environmental niche of Porcupines in the Pacific Northwest away from forested areas and towards desert scrub and grassland vegetation communities. In addition, we tested a non-invasive survey method for determining Porcupine presence and monitoring their status over time. Our trials suggested that sodium-soaked wood blocks may provide an inexpensive and minimally invasive technique to detect Porcupines, but further testing is needed to understand its effectiveness and limitations.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122782312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.55
J. Rowe, Lisa Wilson-Romine, J. Romine
Abstract Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge (CLNWR) in Washington State supports one of the largest remaining populations of federally listed Oregon Spotted Frogs (OSF; Rana pretiosa). Invasive American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus [Rana catesbeiana]), implicated in amphibian declines, are also abundant at CLNWR. Owing to the likely negative effect of this aquatic invader on the highly aquatic OSF, bullfrog control strategies are needed. One method is to limit habitat used by bullfrogs while retaining or enhancing OSF habitat, but for such an approach to be implemented, the 2 species must partition habitat sufficiently. We used radiotelemetry to characterize OSF and bullfrog active-season and pre-overwintering habitat in the human-engineered ditch system at CLNWR. We tracked 12 OSF and 10 bullfrogs from mid-to-late summer, recorded data on frog location and habitat, and analyzed movement patterns, niche breadth, and spatial differences between species. Based on minimum convex polygons, bullfrogs overlapped extensively with OSF habitat space in the ditch system. During the active season, niche analyses also showed extensive overlap in the species' vegetation associations, with selected exceptions at the microhabitat scale. However, each species used distinct pre-overwintering habitats. The small differences in active-season microhabitats and pre-overwintering habitats, and our relatively narrow study conditions, create uncertainty about these species' habitat use in a broader context. Nonetheless, these results underscore the challenge of managing an invasive species that is both a habitat generalist and congener and expose the need for further research to guide management approaches to favor OSFs at CLNWR.
{"title":"ACTIVE SEASON AND PRE-OVERWINTERING MICROHABITAT USE BY OREGON SPOTTED FROGS (RANA PRETIOSA) AND AMERICAN BULLFROGS (LITHOBATES CATESBEIANUS [RANA CATESBEIANA]) AT CONBOY LAKE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, WASHINGTON","authors":"J. Rowe, Lisa Wilson-Romine, J. Romine","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.55","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge (CLNWR) in Washington State supports one of the largest remaining populations of federally listed Oregon Spotted Frogs (OSF; Rana pretiosa). Invasive American Bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus [Rana catesbeiana]), implicated in amphibian declines, are also abundant at CLNWR. Owing to the likely negative effect of this aquatic invader on the highly aquatic OSF, bullfrog control strategies are needed. One method is to limit habitat used by bullfrogs while retaining or enhancing OSF habitat, but for such an approach to be implemented, the 2 species must partition habitat sufficiently. We used radiotelemetry to characterize OSF and bullfrog active-season and pre-overwintering habitat in the human-engineered ditch system at CLNWR. We tracked 12 OSF and 10 bullfrogs from mid-to-late summer, recorded data on frog location and habitat, and analyzed movement patterns, niche breadth, and spatial differences between species. Based on minimum convex polygons, bullfrogs overlapped extensively with OSF habitat space in the ditch system. During the active season, niche analyses also showed extensive overlap in the species' vegetation associations, with selected exceptions at the microhabitat scale. However, each species used distinct pre-overwintering habitats. The small differences in active-season microhabitats and pre-overwintering habitats, and our relatively narrow study conditions, create uncertainty about these species' habitat use in a broader context. Nonetheless, these results underscore the challenge of managing an invasive species that is both a habitat generalist and congener and expose the need for further research to guide management approaches to favor OSFs at CLNWR.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115526452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.89
M. Lucid, Shannon Ehlers, Lacy Robinson, J. Sullivan
Abstract Western Toads (Anaxyrus boreas) are widely considered to be of conservation concern, and have high genetic variability both continentally and locally. Previous research has identified 3 major genetic clades of Western Toads in North America. We collected tissue samples from 47 larval toads representing 16 different collection sites in northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. For each sample we sequenced a 269 base-pair section of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidose I (COI) gene. We also downloaded COI sequences from GenBank, which had been used in a previous study to identify geographic clades. We used PAUP to build phylogenies in which our samples did not align geographically with each other or form distinct clades within the continental phylogeny. Our samples did, however, group in the expected Northwestern clade which was identified in a previous study. The toads examined in our study area show no evidence of cryptic diversity within the section of COI we examined and our data support the current taxonomic assignment to Anaxyrus boreas.
{"title":"GENETIC STRUCTURE NOT DETECTED IN NORTHERN IDAHO AND NORTHEAST WASHINGTON WESTERN TOAD (ANAXYRUS BOREAS) POPULATIONS","authors":"M. Lucid, Shannon Ehlers, Lacy Robinson, J. Sullivan","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.89","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Western Toads (Anaxyrus boreas) are widely considered to be of conservation concern, and have high genetic variability both continentally and locally. Previous research has identified 3 major genetic clades of Western Toads in North America. We collected tissue samples from 47 larval toads representing 16 different collection sites in northern Idaho and northeastern Washington. For each sample we sequenced a 269 base-pair section of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidose I (COI) gene. We also downloaded COI sequences from GenBank, which had been used in a previous study to identify geographic clades. We used PAUP to build phylogenies in which our samples did not align geographically with each other or form distinct clades within the continental phylogeny. Our samples did, however, group in the expected Northwestern clade which was identified in a previous study. The toads examined in our study area show no evidence of cryptic diversity within the section of COI we examined and our data support the current taxonomic assignment to Anaxyrus boreas.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134114256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.1
C. Rombough, J. Bowerman
Abstract Published accounts describe the eggs of spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris and Rana pretiosa) as having either 1 or 2 jelly envelopes surrounding the ovum. Eggs of R. luteiventris are typically reported to have a single jelly envelope, whereas those of R. pretiosa are reported to have 2 envelopes. We found, however, that both species' eggs actually have 3 jelly envelopes. In this paper we describe the eggs of both species, and identify the origin of the discrepancy in the scientific literature.
{"title":"THE STRUCTURE OF SPOTTED FROG (RANA LUTEIVENTRIS AND RANA PRETIOSA) EGGS: A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE","authors":"C. Rombough, J. Bowerman","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Published accounts describe the eggs of spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris and Rana pretiosa) as having either 1 or 2 jelly envelopes surrounding the ovum. Eggs of R. luteiventris are typically reported to have a single jelly envelope, whereas those of R. pretiosa are reported to have 2 envelopes. We found, however, that both species' eggs actually have 3 jelly envelopes. In this paper we describe the eggs of both species, and identify the origin of the discrepancy in the scientific literature.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114421077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.83
D. Dekker
Abstract Established in 1907, Jasper National Park (JNP) comprises 10,880 km2 of mountainous terrain in western Alberta, Canada. Its large mammals have been protected from hunting and trapping, but are subject to accidental collisions with vehicles and trains on the Yellowhead Highway and the Canadian National Railway (CNR) that transect JNP. This paper reviews the park's historical inventory of Elk (Cervus elaphus), Bighorn Sheep (Ovis Canadensis), and Gray Wolves (Canis lupus), and reports on their number killed by vehicles and trains from 1980 to 2018. Elk population estimates declined from 1000 in 1975 to 318 in 2018. An aerial survey of Bighorn Sheep flown in 2018 over all of JNPs sheep range recorded a decline of 58–62% compared to 1987. In the lower main valley, discrete bands of rams and ewes declined on 2 traditional winter ranges. The road and rail fatalities of Elk and sheep were superimposed on predation. In the late 1970s, wolves were estimated at 160, but reached an undetermined low in 2018 following year-round trapping on JNPs boundaries and accidental fatalities on the park's roads and railways.
贾斯珀国家公园(Jasper National Park, JNP)成立于1907年，位于加拿大阿尔伯塔省西部，占地10,880平方公里。这里的大型哺乳动物已被保护起来，免于狩猎和诱捕，但在黄头公路和横穿JNP的加拿大国家铁路(CNR)上，它们很容易与车辆和火车发生意外碰撞。本文回顾了该公园麋鹿(Cervus elaphus)、大角羊(Ovis Canadensis)和灰狼(Canis lupus)的历史库存，并报告了1980年至2018年被车辆和火车杀死的数量。据估计，麋鹿的数量从1975年的1000只下降到2018年的318只。2018年对大角羊进行的一项航空调查显示，与1987年相比，大角羊的数量下降了58-62%。在主谷下游，2个传统冬季牧区公羊和母羊的离散带数量下降。麋鹿和羊在公路和铁路上的死亡与捕食叠加在一起。在20世纪70年代末，狼的数量估计为160只，但在2018年达到了一个不确定的低点，原因是在JNPs边界上全年被诱捕，以及公园公路和铁路上的意外死亡。
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Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.94
Carolyn M Coyle, D. Gannon
Abstract We conducted a pilot study assessing the role that Orange-crowned Warblers (Oreothlypis celata) may play in the pollination of Vine Maple (Acer circinatum). We observed an Orange-crowned Warbler probing its head into different inflorescences between 2 focal trees. We also incidentally observed O. celata individuals foraging in Big-leaf Maple (Acer macrophyllum) inflorescences and a Wilson's Warbler (Cardellina pusilla) feeding in the flowers of a Vine Maple. Our observations and results from the pilot experiment excluding large-bodied pollinators from flowers lead us to suggest that warblers may forage at Vine Maple flowers in a manner that could contribute to pollination; however, further study to confirm that warblers transfer pollen from anthers to conspecific stigmas is warranted.
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Pub Date : 2021-03-09DOI: 10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.30
Lora B. Tennant, C. Eagles‐Smith, J. Willacker, Matthew Johnson
Abstract Montane meadows are areas of high biodiversity and provide many important ecosystem services; however, degradation of 40–60% of these habitats in the Sierra Nevada region of California has left many of these areas impaired. The “pond-and-plug” meadow-restoration technique is 1 type of treatment implemented to restore montane meadows. The objectives of this technique are to re-water the meadow and promote downstream flow by increasing the water-table elevation and providing additional water storage that will promote the growth of mesic and hydric vegetation that maintains and stabilizes stream channels. However, aquatic habitat and the composition and functioning of aquatic communities in these systems post-treatment are poorly documented or understood. We evaluated: (1) fish habitat, community composition, and relative abundance among recently created ponds spanning the range of pond habitats; (2) seasonal movement and survival of fish within and among ponds; and (3) food web structure in ponds. We documented over-summer and winter survival in the fish community and short-distance movement by 1 species occupying the ponds. Mark-recapture data suggest that all fish species present are capable of surviving both summer and winter conditions when pond conditions could be most limiting. Food web structure among intensively sampled ponds was similar, with overlapping isotopic niche width for dominant taxa. However, basal resource diversity (BRD) varied among ponds, with those having higher macrophyte cover also showing greater BRD. Our findings suggest that pond-and-plug techniques can provide habitat for native fishes that are able to tolerate departures from the species thermal and dissolved oxygen optima. Future meadow treatments could benefit from short-term restoration techniques such as pond-and-plug to allow for longer-term processes to influence meadow condition over time.
{"title":"FISH HABITAT USE AND FOOD WEB STRUCTURE FOLLOWING POND-AND-PLUG RESTORATION OF A MONTANE MEADOW IN THE SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA","authors":"Lora B. Tennant, C. Eagles‐Smith, J. Willacker, Matthew Johnson","doi":"10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1898/1051-1733-102.1.30","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Montane meadows are areas of high biodiversity and provide many important ecosystem services; however, degradation of 40–60% of these habitats in the Sierra Nevada region of California has left many of these areas impaired. The “pond-and-plug” meadow-restoration technique is 1 type of treatment implemented to restore montane meadows. The objectives of this technique are to re-water the meadow and promote downstream flow by increasing the water-table elevation and providing additional water storage that will promote the growth of mesic and hydric vegetation that maintains and stabilizes stream channels. However, aquatic habitat and the composition and functioning of aquatic communities in these systems post-treatment are poorly documented or understood. We evaluated: (1) fish habitat, community composition, and relative abundance among recently created ponds spanning the range of pond habitats; (2) seasonal movement and survival of fish within and among ponds; and (3) food web structure in ponds. We documented over-summer and winter survival in the fish community and short-distance movement by 1 species occupying the ponds. Mark-recapture data suggest that all fish species present are capable of surviving both summer and winter conditions when pond conditions could be most limiting. Food web structure among intensively sampled ponds was similar, with overlapping isotopic niche width for dominant taxa. However, basal resource diversity (BRD) varied among ponds, with those having higher macrophyte cover also showing greater BRD. Our findings suggest that pond-and-plug techniques can provide habitat for native fishes that are able to tolerate departures from the species thermal and dissolved oxygen optima. Future meadow treatments could benefit from short-term restoration techniques such as pond-and-plug to allow for longer-term processes to influence meadow condition over time.","PeriodicalId":142406,"journal":{"name":"Northwestern Naturalist","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129321214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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