Vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) employing the Schlumberger and Wenner configurations respectively were combined for groundwater exploration in parts of Enugu metropolis. The area is underlain by Enugu Shale and Mamu Formation. A total of twenty (20) VES and four (4) 2D ERT traverses were acquired in the study area. VES and 2D ERT data were processed and interpreted using INTERPEX 1X1D and RES2DINV respectively. Sounding curves shows dominant decrease in resistivity with depth while 2D ERT inverse model shows lateral variation in resistivity of the rock layers with lower resistivity at increasing depth. VES geoelectric layer sections show top sideritic clay - clay/shale sequence. Resistivity curve analysis also shows predominance of Q and K curve types. 2D map of aquifer layer resistivity, thickness and depth were constructed. Aquifer layer resistivity range from 2.00 to 190 Ωm, while the thickness range from 10 to 75 m and a depth range of 23 to 150 m. The 2D ERT shows layer resistivity range of 0.1 to 250 Ωm. Based on the combination of the two techniques for groundwater exploration in the study area, a water table depth of 18 m with a maximum drill depth of about 100 m was determined. However, it is recommended that the selection of point of drill should be on the low saturated regolith as observed on the 2D ERT sections.
{"title":"Combined application of vertical electrical sounding and 2D electrical resistivity tomography for groundwater exploration in parts of Enugu metropolis, Southeastern Nigeria","authors":"C. Chukwudi, P. A. Chibuzo, C. O. Austin","doi":"10.5897/ijps2022.5005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijps2022.5005","url":null,"abstract":"Vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) employing the Schlumberger and Wenner configurations respectively were combined for groundwater exploration in parts of Enugu metropolis. The area is underlain by Enugu Shale and Mamu Formation. A total of twenty (20) VES and four (4) 2D ERT traverses were acquired in the study area. VES and 2D ERT data were processed and interpreted using INTERPEX 1X1D and RES2DINV respectively. Sounding curves shows dominant decrease in resistivity with depth while 2D ERT inverse model shows lateral variation in resistivity of the rock layers with lower resistivity at increasing depth. VES geoelectric layer sections show top sideritic clay - clay/shale sequence. Resistivity curve analysis also shows predominance of Q and K curve types. 2D map of aquifer layer resistivity, thickness and depth were constructed. Aquifer layer resistivity range from 2.00 to 190 Ωm, while the thickness range from 10 to 75 m and a depth range of 23 to 150 m. The 2D ERT shows layer resistivity range of 0.1 to 250 Ωm. Based on the combination of the two techniques for groundwater exploration in the study area, a water table depth of 18 m with a maximum drill depth of about 100 m was determined. However, it is recommended that the selection of point of drill should be on the low saturated regolith as observed on the 2D ERT sections.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81568170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: This study assesses the effects of agrochemical and leachates present in and Ground water on public health in Niger state and its environs, to carry out this study four research were raised for the study with four research questions and four research hypotheses. Methodology: The physicochemical parameters of ground water of four study in four different point area namely Minna, Suleja, Bida and Lapai. The ground water was collected from the wells located in these study Area during the months of February 2019 to November 2019. The depth of the bore wells ranged from 10-12m in all these stations. Chemical analysis of the water samples was carried out with a view to determine the chemical constituents of the water and the level of pollution in the project area. Thirteen (13) parameters were examined in sixteen water samples collected. Findings: Physio-chemical parameters present in the various study area were considered to be insignificant hence the results also indicated that groundwater within the range of the study area had less concentration of agrochemical. Except electrical conductivity (EC), in W3 which was found to be lower than the1000 S/cm recommended by the WHO while W1, W2 and W4 were found to be higher than the world health organization standard. Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study however recommended that Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), proper timing and application of exact quantity of agrochemicals needed by crops and prevention of spillage during application should continue to be practice.
{"title":"The Effect of The Presence of Agrochemical and Leachates in Ground Water on Public Health","authors":"S. M. Suleiman, Busari, A.O Busari, J. Tankó","doi":"10.47941/jps.1069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jps.1069","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: This study assesses the effects of agrochemical and leachates present in and Ground water on public health in Niger state and its environs, to carry out this study four research were raised for the study with four research questions and four research hypotheses. \u0000Methodology: The physicochemical parameters of ground water of four study in four different point area namely Minna, Suleja, Bida and Lapai. The ground water was collected from the wells located in these study Area during the months of February 2019 to November 2019. The depth of the bore wells ranged from 10-12m in all these stations. Chemical analysis of the water samples was carried out with a view to determine the chemical constituents of the water and the level of pollution in the project area. Thirteen (13) parameters were examined in sixteen water samples collected. \u0000Findings: Physio-chemical parameters present in the various study area were considered to be insignificant hence the results also indicated that groundwater within the range of the study area had less concentration of agrochemical. Except electrical conductivity (EC), in W3 which was found to be lower than the1000 S/cm recommended by the WHO while W1, W2 and W4 were found to be higher than the world health organization standard. \u0000Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study however recommended that Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), proper timing and application of exact quantity of agrochemicals needed by crops and prevention of spillage during application should continue to be practice.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75494445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Excitation of 3G levels of nickel atom by electron impact","authors":"M. Yu","doi":"10.5897/ijps2022.5001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijps2022.5001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73558333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hybrid nanoparticles Ag-MnFe 2 O 4 was successfully fabricated by the seed-growth method and thermal decomposition method. The shape and size of these nanoparticles were evaluated by Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) images showing that these nanoparticles are quite uniform and have a diameter of about 20 nm. The UV-Vis spectrum of hybrid nanoparticles Ag-MnFe 2 O 4 shows that in the wavelength region from 300 to 800 nm, the ferrite manganese nanoparticle does not appear to have an absorption peak, while the spectrum of the silver nanoparticle shows a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak with peaks between 400 and 420 nm. Research results show that the hybrid nanoparticles Ag-MnFe 2 O 4 coated with PMAO (MFA10-PMAO) has the ability to inhibit both Escherichia coli bacteria-intestinal bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. In which, the antibacterial ability with E. coli is stronger than that of S. aureus, the antibacterial zone diameter in both cases are 21.5 and 16 mm, respectively. In addition, MFA10-PMAO nanoparticles also showed easy recovery after treatment, which is favorable for reuse.
{"title":"Research for fabrication and antibacterial properties of hybrid nanoparticles Ag-MnFe2O4","authors":"Thi Thanh Tuyen Le, V. Giap","doi":"10.5897/ijps2022.5002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijps2022.5002","url":null,"abstract":"The hybrid nanoparticles Ag-MnFe 2 O 4 was successfully fabricated by the seed-growth method and thermal decomposition method. The shape and size of these nanoparticles were evaluated by Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) images showing that these nanoparticles are quite uniform and have a diameter of about 20 nm. The UV-Vis spectrum of hybrid nanoparticles Ag-MnFe 2 O 4 shows that in the wavelength region from 300 to 800 nm, the ferrite manganese nanoparticle does not appear to have an absorption peak, while the spectrum of the silver nanoparticle shows a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak with peaks between 400 and 420 nm. Research results show that the hybrid nanoparticles Ag-MnFe 2 O 4 coated with PMAO (MFA10-PMAO) has the ability to inhibit both Escherichia coli bacteria-intestinal bacilli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. In which, the antibacterial ability with E. coli is stronger than that of S. aureus, the antibacterial zone diameter in both cases are 21.5 and 16 mm, respectively. In addition, MFA10-PMAO nanoparticles also showed easy recovery after treatment, which is favorable for reuse.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"234 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73490421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
2D electrical resistivity imaging technique has been used to investigate the nature and dimensions of the fracture prone zones in Isu-Awaa, Enugu State, Nigeria. The study area lies within Latitude 06° 14 I 0 II N to 06° 17 I 0 II N and Longitudes 007° 23 I 0 II E to 007° 28 I 0 II E, with an area extent of about 51 Km 2 . The area is underlain by three main geological units (Enugu Shale, Owelli Sandstone and Mamu Formation). The study area is topographically undulating with high ridges surrounding the area. 2D electrical resistivity data was acquired with Wenner configuration, employing the roll-along technique to image the subsurface. A total of four (4) number 2D electrical resistivity imaging traverses were carried out. Data was processed and interpreted using RES2DINV. Measured and calculated apparent resistivity pseudo sections were convolved to generate the inverse model resistivity section, which was the diagnostic interpretative model used. Discontinuities in the layering are possible fracture zones. Major discontinuities were observed at distances of 48 and 87, 52.5, 106, 8.0 and 26 m at traverses A, B, C and D respectively. Fracture trend azimuth rose diagram, shows pre-dominant trend to the SE direction with minority to the SW and NW, and relicts to the NE directions. This conforms to the regional lineaments map of Nigeria. The use of 2D electrical resistivity imaging tool has proved useful in the mapping of fracture prone zones in the study area.
{"title":"2D electrical resistivity imaging of fracture zones in Isu-Awaa, Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria","authors":"C. Chukwudi, O. Nneka, C. O. Austin","doi":"10.5897/ijps2022.4985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijps2022.4985","url":null,"abstract":"2D electrical resistivity imaging technique has been used to investigate the nature and dimensions of the fracture prone zones in Isu-Awaa, Enugu State, Nigeria. The study area lies within Latitude 06° 14 I 0 II N to 06° 17 I 0 II N and Longitudes 007° 23 I 0 II E to 007° 28 I 0 II E, with an area extent of about 51 Km 2 . The area is underlain by three main geological units (Enugu Shale, Owelli Sandstone and Mamu Formation). The study area is topographically undulating with high ridges surrounding the area. 2D electrical resistivity data was acquired with Wenner configuration, employing the roll-along technique to image the subsurface. A total of four (4) number 2D electrical resistivity imaging traverses were carried out. Data was processed and interpreted using RES2DINV. Measured and calculated apparent resistivity pseudo sections were convolved to generate the inverse model resistivity section, which was the diagnostic interpretative model used. Discontinuities in the layering are possible fracture zones. Major discontinuities were observed at distances of 48 and 87, 52.5, 106, 8.0 and 26 m at traverses A, B, C and D respectively. Fracture trend azimuth rose diagram, shows pre-dominant trend to the SE direction with minority to the SW and NW, and relicts to the NE directions. This conforms to the regional lineaments map of Nigeria. The use of 2D electrical resistivity imaging tool has proved useful in the mapping of fracture prone zones in the study area.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89734837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose: The perceived implication of increase in background radiation level of Obite Community due to inputs of hydrocarbon leakages and its emissions, lead to this research work, which investigated the background ionizing radiation levels of the area. Methodology: An in-situ background ionizing radiation measurement was carried out using radiation meter (Digilert 200) at an elevation of 1.0m above ground level with a Global Positioning System (G.P.S) for geographical location. Results: The background ionizing radiation (BIR) results obtained, varies from 0.007 to 0.024 (mR/hr) with a mean value of 0.013 (mR/hr). The values of Absorbed Dose Rate ranges from 60.9 to 208.0 nGy/hr with a mean value of 115.10±0.003 nGy/hr, which is higher than the recommended safe limit of 84.0 nGy/hr (UNCEAR, 2018). The Annual Effective Dose Equivalent (AEDE) varies from 0.009 to 0.38 mSv/yr with mean of 0.198 mSv/yr, is lower than the safe limit of 1.0 mSv/yr stipulated by ICRP (2003) and WHO (2008). The Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) values ranges from 0.32 to 0.09 x 101 with a mean of 0.062 x 10-1, is higher than the ICRP standard of 0.29 x 10-3 (ICRP, 2003). Conclusions: These results indicate an increase in cancer risk for individuals within the study area. The results were also summarized using the contour map to show various areas of high radiation distributions with interpretation of variability in concentration, in relation to geographical locations within the study area.
目的:为了解Obite社区因碳氢化合物泄漏及其排放的输入而增加本底辐射水平，对该地区本底电离辐射水平进行了研究。方法:采用Digilert 200辐射计，在距地面1.0m高度进行现场本底电离辐射测量，地理定位采用全球定位系统(gps)。结果:本底电离辐射(BIR)值为0.007 ~ 0.024 (mR/hr)，平均值为0.013 (mR/hr)。吸收剂量率的数值范围为60.9至208.0毫微吉/小时，平均值为115.10±0.003毫微吉/小时，高于建议的84.0毫微吉/小时的安全限值(联合国辐射研究中心，2018年)。年有效剂量当量(AEDE)在0.009至0.38毫西弗/年之间变化，平均值为0.198毫西弗/年，低于ICRP(2003)和世卫组织(2008)规定的1.0毫西弗/年的安全限值。超额终身癌症风险(ELCR)值范围为0.32至0.09 x 101，平均值为0.062 x 10-1，高于ICRP标准0.29 x 10-3 (ICRP, 2003)。结论:这些结果表明，在研究区域内，个体患癌症的风险增加。还利用等高线图对结果进行了总结，以显示高辐射分布的各个区域，并解释了与研究区域内地理位置相关的浓度变异性。
{"title":"DETERMINATION OF TERRESTRIAL RADIATION LEVEL OF OBITE, RIVERS STATE","authors":"Eugene Chikaike, Briggs Kamara, Tamunobereton Ari","doi":"10.47941/jps.923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jps.923","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: The perceived implication of increase in background radiation level of Obite Community due to inputs of hydrocarbon leakages and its emissions, lead to this research work, which investigated the background ionizing radiation levels of the area. \u0000Methodology: An in-situ background ionizing radiation measurement was carried out using radiation meter (Digilert 200) at an elevation of 1.0m above ground level with a Global Positioning System (G.P.S) for geographical location. \u0000Results: The background ionizing radiation (BIR) results obtained, varies from 0.007 to 0.024 (mR/hr) with a mean value of 0.013 (mR/hr). The values of Absorbed Dose Rate ranges from 60.9 to 208.0 nGy/hr with a mean value of 115.10±0.003 nGy/hr, which is higher than the recommended safe limit of 84.0 nGy/hr (UNCEAR, 2018). The Annual Effective Dose Equivalent (AEDE) varies from 0.009 to 0.38 mSv/yr with mean of 0.198 mSv/yr, is lower than the safe limit of 1.0 mSv/yr stipulated by ICRP (2003) and WHO (2008). The Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR) values ranges from 0.32 to 0.09 x 101 with a mean of 0.062 x 10-1, is higher than the ICRP standard of 0.29 x 10-3 (ICRP, 2003). \u0000Conclusions: These results indicate an increase in cancer risk for individuals within the study area. The results were also summarized using the contour map to show various areas of high radiation distributions with interpretation of variability in concentration, in relation to geographical locations within the study area.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84997739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper the dynamic response to concentrated moving masses of highly prestressed orthotropic rectangular plate-structure is examined. When the ratio of the bending rigidity to the in-plane loading is small, a small parameter multiplies the highest derivatives in the equation governing the motion of the plate under the action of moving masses. Such vibrational problems defile conventional methods of solution. An approach suitable for the solution of this type of problem is the singular perturbation. To this end, a choice is made of the method of matched asymptotic expansions (MMAE) among others. The application of the singular perturbation scheme in conjunction with the finite Fourier sine transform produces two different but complementary approximations to the solution for small parameter - one being valid in the region where the other fails. One is valid away from the boundary called the outer solution while the other is valid near and at the boundary called the inner solution. Thereof, the Van Dyke asymptotic matching principle which produces the unknown integration constants in the outer and inner expansions is applied. Thereafter, the inverse Laplace transformation of the obtained results is carried out using the Cauchy residue theorem. This process produces the leading order solution, and the first order correction, to the uniformly valid solution of the plate dynamical problem. The addition of the two results above produces the sought uniformly valid solution in the entire domain of definition of the plate problem. Similarly, the resonant states and the corresponding critical speeds are obtained. The analysis of this result is then shown in plotted curves. Graphical interpretation of the results show that the critical speeds at the respective resonant states increase as the value of prestress increase thus the risk of resonance is remote as prestress is increased for any choice of value of rotatory inertia correction factor. Also, lower values of rotatory inertia show variation in the value of critical speed hence the possibility of resonance. Similarly, the critical speed increases with shear modulus for various values of prestress. However, as the value of shear modulus increases, critical speed approaches more or less constant value. Thus, a design incorporating high value of shear modulus is more stable and reliable. The critical speed increases with material orthotropy for lower values of rotatory inertia correction factor.
{"title":"DYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF HIGHLY PRESTRESSED ORTHOTROPIC RECTANGULAR PLATE UNDER A CONCENTRATED MOVING MASS","authors":"J. M. Tolorunshagba, S. T. Oni","doi":"10.47941/jps.905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.47941/jps.905","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the dynamic response to concentrated moving masses of highly prestressed orthotropic rectangular plate-structure is examined. When the ratio of the bending rigidity to the in-plane loading is small, a small parameter multiplies the highest derivatives in the equation governing the motion of the plate under the action of moving masses. Such vibrational problems defile conventional methods of solution. An approach suitable for the solution of this type of problem is the singular perturbation. To this end, a choice is made of the method of matched asymptotic expansions (MMAE) among others. The application of the singular perturbation scheme in conjunction with the finite Fourier sine transform produces two different but complementary approximations to the solution for small parameter - one being valid in the region where the other fails. One is valid away from the boundary called the outer solution while the other is valid near and at the boundary called the inner solution. Thereof, the Van Dyke asymptotic matching principle which produces the unknown integration constants in the outer and inner expansions is applied. Thereafter, the inverse Laplace transformation of the obtained results is carried out using the Cauchy residue theorem. This process produces the leading order solution, and the first order correction, to the uniformly valid solution of the plate dynamical problem. The addition of the two results above produces the sought uniformly valid solution in the entire domain of definition of the plate problem. Similarly, the resonant states and the corresponding critical speeds are obtained. The analysis of this result is then shown in plotted curves. Graphical interpretation of the results show that the critical speeds at the respective resonant states increase as the value of prestress increase thus the risk of resonance is remote as prestress is increased for any choice of value of rotatory inertia correction factor. Also, lower values of rotatory inertia show variation in the value of critical speed hence the possibility of resonance. Similarly, the critical speed increases with shear modulus for various values of prestress. However, as the value of shear modulus increases, critical speed approaches more or less constant value. Thus, a design incorporating high value of shear modulus is more stable and reliable. The critical speed increases with material orthotropy for lower values of rotatory inertia correction factor.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85509153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concrete is a major component of construction work composed of fine and coarse aggregates bound together with a cement-water solution paste produced with hydration process. Concrete is best characterized by its compressive strength and relatively low in cost as well as the availability of ingredients that makes it the most favorable component of construction compared to other materials like steel. However, this characteristic of concrete is greatly affected by how it is cured after casting. This study is primarily conducted to assess and compare the compressive strength of concrete that has been cured through two curing mechanisms: Soaked – placing concrete cubes in a curing tank to be continuously hydrated and Un-soaked – placing the cubes along the in-situ concrete structure to get equivalent curing condition. In addition to this, an assessment on curing concrete cast with and without the use of admixtures was made. Furthermore, the study also examined the distinction in compressive strength of concrete made out of OPC cement from two different manufacturing companies which produce cement types 42.5 R and 42.5 N grades. The study was conducted at Gerji Federal Housing Corporation (GFHC) site for 500 units of housing construction project which is being undertaken by OVID Construction PLC in which the project has a total consumption of 59,966.46 m 3 of concrete. For this study, 24 sets of representative samples each having three concrete cubes were taken from different concrete batches that were prepared for the actual structural work as per the method of sampling stipulated under ASTM C172 that the project technical specification also specifies. The 28thday test result revealed that the highest compressive strength was obtained from the soaked sample having 46.5 MPa while the un-soaked sample had 41.5 MPa. The test also revealed soaked samples prepared by the cement type with 42.5 R grade exceeds that of the one with 42.5N grade. SP60 admixture used in soaked samples prepared using cement type with grade 42.5R gives a higher value in comparison with concrete produced without admixture.
{"title":"Effect of soaking sample cubes on concrete compressive strength: The case of Ethiopian Construction Industry","authors":"T. Zinabu","doi":"10.5897/ijps2021.4962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5897/ijps2021.4962","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete is a major component of construction work composed of fine and coarse aggregates bound together with a cement-water solution paste produced with hydration process. Concrete is best characterized by its compressive strength and relatively low in cost as well as the availability of ingredients that makes it the most favorable component of construction compared to other materials like steel. However, this characteristic of concrete is greatly affected by how it is cured after casting. This study is primarily conducted to assess and compare the compressive strength of concrete that has been cured through two curing mechanisms: Soaked – placing concrete cubes in a curing tank to be continuously hydrated and Un-soaked – placing the cubes along the in-situ concrete structure to get equivalent curing condition. In addition to this, an assessment on curing concrete cast with and without the use of admixtures was made. Furthermore, the study also examined the distinction in compressive strength of concrete made out of OPC cement from two different manufacturing companies which produce cement types 42.5 R and 42.5 N grades. The study was conducted at Gerji Federal Housing Corporation (GFHC) site for 500 units of housing construction project which is being undertaken by OVID Construction PLC in which the project has a total consumption of 59,966.46 m 3 of concrete. For this study, 24 sets of representative samples each having three concrete cubes were taken from different concrete batches that were prepared for the actual structural work as per the method of sampling stipulated under ASTM C172 that the project technical specification also specifies. The 28thday test result revealed that the highest compressive strength was obtained from the soaked sample having 46.5 MPa while the un-soaked sample had 41.5 MPa. The test also revealed soaked samples prepared by the cement type with 42.5 R grade exceeds that of the one with 42.5N grade. SP60 admixture used in soaked samples prepared using cement type with grade 42.5R gives a higher value in comparison with concrete produced without admixture.","PeriodicalId":14294,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Physical Sciences","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87628341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Yakubu, U. A. Onyeodi, L. O. Daniyan, A. Shuaibu, U. J. Abangwu
The radiation coming from the sun to the earth is the only form of incoming radiant energy that determines the heat balance and thermal regime of the earth. Variation of solar radiation is the single most important factor affecting the earth’s surface temperature. This study seeks to investigate the relationship between ambient temperature and soil temperature with a view to determine the existence of space-earth coupling. With a view to achieving this aim, the research was narrowed to the correlation between air temperature and soil temperature for the Nsukka area of Enugu State in Nigeria. The data used in this study was a two-year data of air temperature and soil temperature measurements collected by the Nigerian Environmental Climactic Observing Program (NECOP) station situated at Nsukka, which carried out simultaneous basic measurements of meteorological and climatological variables, in real time, through telemetry technology, with 5-min update cycles. In order to visualize the relationship between the two variables under study, the soil and air temperatures were co-plotted with time for each month of the year for 2011 and 2012, daily and annual range using Microsoft Excel, OriginPro 2018 64-Bit and Python Programming. From the findings of this work, the air and soil temperature variation patterns over each day, month, and year depict a pattern of correlation. The soil temperature fluctuated alongside the variations observed in air temperature with the addition of time lags (response time) due to difference in their thermal conductivities and heat capacities. This time lag was observed from this work to be up to 2 to 3 h for Nsukka region. On cooling, a delay was also observed in the air temperature, as the air temperature cools about an hour after the reduction in soil temperature was observed in a daily cycle.
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A. O. Ngozi, N. Francisca, N. Daniel, Akor Yakubu John, U. Johnson, Yumoto Kiyohumi
Solar quiet (Sq) daily currents variation obtained in the Hermanus (34.34 o S, 19.22 o E), Tsumeb (19.24 o S, 17.72 o E), Hartebeesthoek (25.68 o S, 28.09 o E) and Maputo (25.97 o S, 32.57 o E), were employed in determining the mantle electrical conductivity depth profile of the Southern African region. The external and internal contributions in the solar quiet field were separated using the spherical harmonic analysis (SHA), after which, the transfer functions were used to compute the electrical conductivity depth profiles of the region. A downward increase was observed in electrical conductivities and deep depth of penetration within the Earth regions. In Hartebeesthoek, Hermanus, Maputo and Tsumeb, the evaluated average electrical conductivity values are 0.028 Sm -1 , 0.039 Sm -1 , 0.057 Sm -1 and 0.0.025 Sm -1 at depths of 76.4 km, 84.1 km,141.0 km and 111.5 km at the respective maximum depths of penetration of 1052.8 km, 1467.0 km, 1160.8 km and 1289.5 km in Hartebeesthoek, Hermanus, Maputo and Tsumeb, the calculated electrical conductivity reached the maximum values of 0.498 Sm -1 , 0.323 Sm -1 , 0.387 Sm -1 and 0.187 Sm -1 respectively. Discontinuities were observed in all the profiles but are more prominent in Tsumeb region near 390.0 750.0 km, 820.0 980.0 km and 200.0 300.0 km. From these results, we are stating that the effects from the deeper 3-D structures (such as gold, copper etc), the hydrated transition zone and effect from the ocean contribute to the greater depth of Sq penetration.
利用在Hermanus (34.34 o S, 19.22 o E)、Tsumeb (19.24 o S, 17.72 o E)、Hartebeesthoek (25.68 o S, 28.09 o E)和Maputo (25.97 o S, 32.57 o E)获得的太阳平静(Sq)日电流变化，确定了南部非洲地区地幔电导率深度剖面。利用球谐分析(SHA)分离了太阳安静场的内外贡献，然后利用传递函数计算了该区域的电导率深度分布。在地球区域内，电导率和穿透深度呈下降趋势。Hermanus Hartebeesthoek,马普托西南非、评估平均电导率值0.028 Sm 1, 0.039 Sm 1, 0.057 Sm 1和0.0.025 Sm 1深度76.4公里,84.1公里,141.0公里和111.5公里的各自的最大穿透深度1052.8公里,1467.0公里,1160.8公里和1289.5公里,Hartebeesthoek Hermanus,马普托西南非、电导率计算达到最大值0.498 Sm 1 0.387 0.323 Sm Sm 1和0.187 Sm 1分别。所有剖面均存在不连续，但在summeb区域在390.0 ~ 750.0 km、820.0 ~ 980.0 km和200.0 ~ 300.0 km附近更为突出。从这些结果来看，我们认为深层三维结构(如金、铜等)的影响、水合过渡带和海洋的影响有助于更大的Sq穿透深度。
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