Pub Date : 2024-09-19Print Date: 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0020
Edwin Chun-Yip Chin, Steve Chung-Nam Lai, Sau-Fung Tsang, Sam Ho-Ngai Chung, Yik-Long Wong, Navjot Sran, Kwok-Keung Fung, Fenghua Sun
Objective: Limited research has directly compared the effectiveness of aqua- and land-based exercises for postexercise recovery. This study aimed to fill this gap by comparing the effects of these 2 types of exercises on postexercise recovery.
Methods: Sixteen male college athletes participated in an 8-day experimental study. The initial 2 days were dedicated to determining the intensity levels for the muscle-damaging exercise and recovery jogging. In a crossover design, participants underwent 2 sets of experimental trials. They were randomly assigned to either an aqua or land recovery intervention for days 3 to 5, and after a 1-week washout period they switched to the opposite intervention for days 6 to 8. Muscle soreness, creatine kinase, anaerobic performance, countermovement-jump height, and flexibility were assessed at different time points: baseline, immediately after downhill running, within 1 hour after jogging, and 24 hours and 48 hours after aqua or land jogging.
Results: Significant group × time interaction effects were detected in the perceived soreness of the hamstring and quadriceps. However, the post hoc analysis showed no significant difference between aqua and land jogging groups. No significant group × time interaction effect was observed in creatine kinase, anaerobic performance, countermovement-jump height, or flexibility.
Conclusion: Aqua and land jogging have similar recovery effects on muscle soreness and performance-based parameters.
{"title":"Comparing the Effects of Aqua- and Land-Based Active Cooldown Exercises on Muscle Soreness and Sport Performance: A Randomized Crossover Study.","authors":"Edwin Chun-Yip Chin, Steve Chung-Nam Lai, Sau-Fung Tsang, Sam Ho-Ngai Chung, Yik-Long Wong, Navjot Sran, Kwok-Keung Fung, Fenghua Sun","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0020","DOIUrl":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Limited research has directly compared the effectiveness of aqua- and land-based exercises for postexercise recovery. This study aimed to fill this gap by comparing the effects of these 2 types of exercises on postexercise recovery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixteen male college athletes participated in an 8-day experimental study. The initial 2 days were dedicated to determining the intensity levels for the muscle-damaging exercise and recovery jogging. In a crossover design, participants underwent 2 sets of experimental trials. They were randomly assigned to either an aqua or land recovery intervention for days 3 to 5, and after a 1-week washout period they switched to the opposite intervention for days 6 to 8. Muscle soreness, creatine kinase, anaerobic performance, countermovement-jump height, and flexibility were assessed at different time points: baseline, immediately after downhill running, within 1 hour after jogging, and 24 hours and 48 hours after aqua or land jogging.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant group × time interaction effects were detected in the perceived soreness of the hamstring and quadriceps. However, the post hoc analysis showed no significant difference between aqua and land jogging groups. No significant group × time interaction effect was observed in creatine kinase, anaerobic performance, countermovement-jump height, or flexibility.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Aqua and land jogging have similar recovery effects on muscle soreness and performance-based parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":" ","pages":"1381-1390"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142287243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alberto Roso-Moliner,Elena Mainer-Pardos,Chris Bishop,Oliver Gonzalo-Skok
PURPOSEDifferent studies indicate that female players in team sports such as soccer tend to have a lower change-of-direction (COD) deficit (CODD) than their male counterparts and that players who performed better in linear and curved sprints tended to have a worse CODD, suggesting that maximum speed does not equate to a faster COD. This study assessed how performance variables related to speed and jumping influence the variability of %CODD among adult highly trained female soccer players.METHODSFifty-two highly trained female soccer players (age 23.1 [3.25] y; height 163.6 [5.49] cm; weight 59.7 [5.71] kg) participated in this study and performed 180COD, 40-m sprint, countermovement jump, and standing broad jump tests.RESULTSSignificant correlations were found between 180CODL, %CODDR, %CODDL, and between-limbs standing broad jump asymmetry (r = .28-.74). A very large correlation existed between %CODDR and %CODDL (r = .91). Regression analyses indicated a strong inverse relationship between the 10-m sprint time and %CODDR and %CODDL. No predictive models were found for 180COD in either limb. Differences in performance variables such as 180CODR, 180CODL, and asymmetry %CODD were significant between the high- and low-%CODD groups, with moderate to large effect sizes.CONCLUSIONThe present study suggests that specific physical-performance variables, particularly acceleration and unilateral horizontal jumping, are vital to improving COD in highly trained female soccer players, highlighting the need for specific training interventions.
{"title":"Assessment of the Relationship Between Physical Performance and Percentage Change-of-Direction Deficit in Highly Trained Female Football Players.","authors":"Alberto Roso-Moliner,Elena Mainer-Pardos,Chris Bishop,Oliver Gonzalo-Skok","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0198","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEDifferent studies indicate that female players in team sports such as soccer tend to have a lower change-of-direction (COD) deficit (CODD) than their male counterparts and that players who performed better in linear and curved sprints tended to have a worse CODD, suggesting that maximum speed does not equate to a faster COD. This study assessed how performance variables related to speed and jumping influence the variability of %CODD among adult highly trained female soccer players.METHODSFifty-two highly trained female soccer players (age 23.1 [3.25] y; height 163.6 [5.49] cm; weight 59.7 [5.71] kg) participated in this study and performed 180COD, 40-m sprint, countermovement jump, and standing broad jump tests.RESULTSSignificant correlations were found between 180CODL, %CODDR, %CODDL, and between-limbs standing broad jump asymmetry (r = .28-.74). A very large correlation existed between %CODDR and %CODDL (r = .91). Regression analyses indicated a strong inverse relationship between the 10-m sprint time and %CODDR and %CODDL. No predictive models were found for 180COD in either limb. Differences in performance variables such as 180CODR, 180CODL, and asymmetry %CODD were significant between the high- and low-%CODD groups, with moderate to large effect sizes.CONCLUSIONThe present study suggests that specific physical-performance variables, particularly acceleration and unilateral horizontal jumping, are vital to improving COD in highly trained female soccer players, highlighting the need for specific training interventions.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUNDUniversity rankings often serve as benchmarks for excellence in academic evaluation. For example, ShanghaiRanking data from 2016 to 2023 for the Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments reveal consistent dominance by Australia (23.1%), Canada (18.0%), and the United States (12.0%), collectively counting over half of the top 50 universities worldwide. Nevertheless, there is uncertainty about how the methodology behind these rankings shapes a reality as much as it reflects one.PURPOSEOur intention is to discuss the complexity of university rankings, using ShanghaiRanking as an example, to highlight how these rankings reflect academic excellence within the field of sport science. Current Evidence: When ranking universities in sport science, several aspects of academic excellence could be considered in addition to research metrics currently considered in ShanghaiRanking (publication, citation, citations per publication, top 25% journal publications, and internationally collaborated publications). These aspects may include (1) teaching quality, (2) practical training, (3) industry links and employability, (4) support services, (5) facilities and equipment, (6) international network, (7) community engagement, (8) sustainability and ethical practices, and (9) interdisciplinary approach. Altogether, they could provide a more comprehensive view of the quality and effectiveness of a sport-science program.CONCLUSIONSThe ranking of sport-science institutions poses a complex challenge due to diverse factors influencing academic excellence. Engaging in a broader dialogue and refining internationally relevant evaluation methodologies are crucial. These steps enable comparability between countries and provide a holistic understanding of the multidimensional nature of academic excellence in sport science.
{"title":"University Rankings in Sport Science: A True Reflection of Excellence?","authors":"Ivana Matic Girard,Olivier Girard","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0109","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDUniversity rankings often serve as benchmarks for excellence in academic evaluation. For example, ShanghaiRanking data from 2016 to 2023 for the Global Ranking of Sport Science Schools and Departments reveal consistent dominance by Australia (23.1%), Canada (18.0%), and the United States (12.0%), collectively counting over half of the top 50 universities worldwide. Nevertheless, there is uncertainty about how the methodology behind these rankings shapes a reality as much as it reflects one.PURPOSEOur intention is to discuss the complexity of university rankings, using ShanghaiRanking as an example, to highlight how these rankings reflect academic excellence within the field of sport science. Current Evidence: When ranking universities in sport science, several aspects of academic excellence could be considered in addition to research metrics currently considered in ShanghaiRanking (publication, citation, citations per publication, top 25% journal publications, and internationally collaborated publications). These aspects may include (1) teaching quality, (2) practical training, (3) industry links and employability, (4) support services, (5) facilities and equipment, (6) international network, (7) community engagement, (8) sustainability and ethical practices, and (9) interdisciplinary approach. Altogether, they could provide a more comprehensive view of the quality and effectiveness of a sport-science program.CONCLUSIONSThe ranking of sport-science institutions poses a complex challenge due to diverse factors influencing academic excellence. Engaging in a broader dialogue and refining internationally relevant evaluation methodologies are crucial. These steps enable comparability between countries and provide a holistic understanding of the multidimensional nature of academic excellence in sport science.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anh Phong Nguyen,Laurent Bosquet,Laureen Cugnet-Evans,Christine Detrembleur,Philippe Mahaudens
OBJECTIVEPassive stiffness, a biomechanical parameter, has a potential influence on running economy, thus playing a pivotal role in performance. This study aimed to quantify passive stiffness of the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius muscle using myotonometry throughout an incremental running protocol.METHODSTwenty-one male participants underwent a multistage incremental test (Bordeaux test) on a treadmill until exhaustion. Passive stiffness of the gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon was measured using a MyotonPRO device. Measurements were taken before, during, and after the incremental test.RESULTSOur findings indicated that passive stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius decreased at rest between prerun and postrun assessments (-20.12 N·m-1, P = .012). Furthermore, during the test, stiffness increased at low intensity (at 50% of maximal aerobic speed: +104.8 N·m-1, P = .042), returning to baseline values as intensity increased.CONCLUSIONSThroughout an incremental running protocol, both Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius muscle stiffness initially increased and then decreased with escalating percentages of maximal aerobic speed. A deeper understanding of stiffness in running can inform more effective recommendations for runners' strengthening and training.
{"title":"Observation of the Achilles Tendon and Gastrocnemius Muscle's Passive Stiffness During an Incremental Running Protocol.","authors":"Anh Phong Nguyen,Laurent Bosquet,Laureen Cugnet-Evans,Christine Detrembleur,Philippe Mahaudens","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0125","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVEPassive stiffness, a biomechanical parameter, has a potential influence on running economy, thus playing a pivotal role in performance. This study aimed to quantify passive stiffness of the Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius muscle using myotonometry throughout an incremental running protocol.METHODSTwenty-one male participants underwent a multistage incremental test (Bordeaux test) on a treadmill until exhaustion. Passive stiffness of the gastrocnemius muscle and Achilles tendon was measured using a MyotonPRO device. Measurements were taken before, during, and after the incremental test.RESULTSOur findings indicated that passive stiffness of the medial gastrocnemius decreased at rest between prerun and postrun assessments (-20.12 N·m-1, P = .012). Furthermore, during the test, stiffness increased at low intensity (at 50% of maximal aerobic speed: +104.8 N·m-1, P = .042), returning to baseline values as intensity increased.CONCLUSIONSThroughout an incremental running protocol, both Achilles tendon and gastrocnemius muscle stiffness initially increased and then decreased with escalating percentages of maximal aerobic speed. A deeper understanding of stiffness in running can inform more effective recommendations for runners' strengthening and training.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"55 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PURPOSEThis study aimed to assess the effect of playing different pick-and-roll (PnR) defensive tactical options during small-sided games (SSGs) on external and internal loads in female basketball players.METHODSTwelve female basketball players (age 28 [2] y; stature 175 [6] cm; body mass 65 [7] kg; playing experience 18 [4] y) belonging to a team competing in the Lithuanian second division were recruited for this study. Across 3 experimental sessions and in a randomized order, players performed 3 SSGs sharing the same features but using 3 defensive strategies on the middle PnR action: Switch, Trap, and Drop. External load was measured using PlayerLoad (PL); the number of accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction, classified based on their intensities as low (<2.5 m·s-2), medium (2.5-3.5 m·s-2), and high (>3.5 m·s-2); and jumps categorized as low (<40 cm) and high (≥40 cm). Internal load was measured via rating of perceived exertion (RPE).RESULTSHigher PL values in SSGs including Trap defense were found compared with Drop (P < .001, ES = 0.69, moderate) and Switch (P = .001, ES = 0.60, moderate). Additionally, a higher number of accelerations was registered in Trap defense compared with Drop defense (P = .027, ES = 0.99, moderate). Trap defense also led to higher RPE compared with Switch (P = .003, ES = 1.49, large) and Drop (P = .004, ES = 1.42, large) defense.CONCLUSIONSDifferent defensive strategies on the middle PnR can influence the external and internal loads during SSGs, and female basketball coaches should consider the high demand of the Trap defense when designing SSGs.
{"title":"Inside the Defensive Playbook: Pick-and-Roll Tactical Adjustments Impact the External and Internal Loads During Small-Sided Games in Female Basketball Players.","authors":"Abdelaziz Qarouach,Pierpaolo Sansone,Marco Pernigoni,Rasa Kreivyte,Daniele Conte","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0218","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThis study aimed to assess the effect of playing different pick-and-roll (PnR) defensive tactical options during small-sided games (SSGs) on external and internal loads in female basketball players.METHODSTwelve female basketball players (age 28 [2] y; stature 175 [6] cm; body mass 65 [7] kg; playing experience 18 [4] y) belonging to a team competing in the Lithuanian second division were recruited for this study. Across 3 experimental sessions and in a randomized order, players performed 3 SSGs sharing the same features but using 3 defensive strategies on the middle PnR action: Switch, Trap, and Drop. External load was measured using PlayerLoad (PL); the number of accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction, classified based on their intensities as low (<2.5 m·s-2), medium (2.5-3.5 m·s-2), and high (>3.5 m·s-2); and jumps categorized as low (<40 cm) and high (≥40 cm). Internal load was measured via rating of perceived exertion (RPE).RESULTSHigher PL values in SSGs including Trap defense were found compared with Drop (P < .001, ES = 0.69, moderate) and Switch (P = .001, ES = 0.60, moderate). Additionally, a higher number of accelerations was registered in Trap defense compared with Drop defense (P = .027, ES = 0.99, moderate). Trap defense also led to higher RPE compared with Switch (P = .003, ES = 1.49, large) and Drop (P = .004, ES = 1.42, large) defense.CONCLUSIONSDifferent defensive strategies on the middle PnR can influence the external and internal loads during SSGs, and female basketball coaches should consider the high demand of the Trap defense when designing SSGs.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUNDIn high-performance sport, the support provided by sport scientists and other staff can be a valuable resource for coaches and athletes.PURPOSEWe propose and detail here the approach of "minimal, adequate, and accurate" sport-science support to ensure that programs of work and solutions are both economical and effective.METHODSOur support provision advocates for utilization of "minimal" resources (employing the least amount of time, tools, and funding) necessary to achieve the desired outcomes. We strive for "adequate" information that fulfills specific objectives without excess and with the requirement that methods and data used are "accurate" (valid and reliable). To illustrate the principles of this approach, we outline a real-world example of supporting 100-m track (athletics) sprinters preparing and competing in an international competition. The provision of performance support emphasizes an integrated approach, combining knowledge and insights from multiple sport-science disciplines. The key facets managed under this approach are (1) neuromuscular readiness, (2) wellness monitoring, (3) movement observation, (4) motivation, (5) biomechanics and performance analysis, and (6) qualitative feedback. These facets are based on the specific performance determinants and influencing factors of an event (100-m dash).CONCLUSIONSApplication of this quantitative and qualitative approach can enhance the ability to make informed decisions. Nevertheless, the approach must be planned, evaluated, and refined on a regular basis to enable effective decision making in sport-science support. The 3-element approach of "minimal, adequate, and accurate" should be codesigned and supported by the athletes, coaches, and staff to ensure successful implementation.
{"title":"Optimal Support for Elite Sprinters Using a Minimal, Adequate, and Accurate Approach.","authors":"Jad Adrian Washif,David B Pyne","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0227","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDIn high-performance sport, the support provided by sport scientists and other staff can be a valuable resource for coaches and athletes.PURPOSEWe propose and detail here the approach of \"minimal, adequate, and accurate\" sport-science support to ensure that programs of work and solutions are both economical and effective.METHODSOur support provision advocates for utilization of \"minimal\" resources (employing the least amount of time, tools, and funding) necessary to achieve the desired outcomes. We strive for \"adequate\" information that fulfills specific objectives without excess and with the requirement that methods and data used are \"accurate\" (valid and reliable). To illustrate the principles of this approach, we outline a real-world example of supporting 100-m track (athletics) sprinters preparing and competing in an international competition. The provision of performance support emphasizes an integrated approach, combining knowledge and insights from multiple sport-science disciplines. The key facets managed under this approach are (1) neuromuscular readiness, (2) wellness monitoring, (3) movement observation, (4) motivation, (5) biomechanics and performance analysis, and (6) qualitative feedback. These facets are based on the specific performance determinants and influencing factors of an event (100-m dash).CONCLUSIONSApplication of this quantitative and qualitative approach can enhance the ability to make informed decisions. Nevertheless, the approach must be planned, evaluated, and refined on a regular basis to enable effective decision making in sport-science support. The 3-element approach of \"minimal, adequate, and accurate\" should be codesigned and supported by the athletes, coaches, and staff to ensure successful implementation.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stephen West,Ian Shrier,Franco M Impellizzeri,Jo Clubb,Patrick Ward,Garrett Bullock
BACKGROUNDThe optimization of athlete training load is not a new concept; however in recent years, the concept of "load management" is one of the most widely studied and divisive topics in sports science and medicine.PURPOSEDiscuss the challenges faced by sports when utilizing training load monitoring and management, with a specific focus on the use of data to inform load management guidelines and policies/mandates, their consequences, and how we move this field forward.CHALLENGESWhile guidelines can theoretically help protect athletes, overzealous and overcautious guidelines may restrict an athlete's preparedness, negatively influence performance, and increase injury risk. Poor methods, wrong interpretation of study findings, and faulty logic do not allow for systematic scientific evaluations to inform guidelines. Practical Solutions: Guidelines and mandates should be developed through a systematic research process with stronger research designs and clear research questions. Collaborating with statistical and epidemiological experts is essential. Implementing open science principles and sharing all sports training load data increase transparency and allow for more rapid and valid advancements in knowledge. Practitioners should incorporate multiple data streams and consider individual athlete responses, rather than applying broad guidelines based on average data.CONCLUSIONMany current training load guidelines and mandates in sports come from good intentions; however, they are arbitrary without sound knowledge of the underlying scientific principles or methods. Common sense guidelines are helpful when there is sparse literature, but they should be careful to avoid arbitrarily choosing findings from weak research. Without precise scientific inquiries, implementing training load interventions or guidelines can have negative implications.
{"title":"Training-Load Management Ambiguities and Weak Logic: Creating Potential Consequences in Sport Training and Performance.","authors":"Stephen West,Ian Shrier,Franco M Impellizzeri,Jo Clubb,Patrick Ward,Garrett Bullock","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0158","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThe optimization of athlete training load is not a new concept; however in recent years, the concept of \"load management\" is one of the most widely studied and divisive topics in sports science and medicine.PURPOSEDiscuss the challenges faced by sports when utilizing training load monitoring and management, with a specific focus on the use of data to inform load management guidelines and policies/mandates, their consequences, and how we move this field forward.CHALLENGESWhile guidelines can theoretically help protect athletes, overzealous and overcautious guidelines may restrict an athlete's preparedness, negatively influence performance, and increase injury risk. Poor methods, wrong interpretation of study findings, and faulty logic do not allow for systematic scientific evaluations to inform guidelines. Practical Solutions: Guidelines and mandates should be developed through a systematic research process with stronger research designs and clear research questions. Collaborating with statistical and epidemiological experts is essential. Implementing open science principles and sharing all sports training load data increase transparency and allow for more rapid and valid advancements in knowledge. Practitioners should incorporate multiple data streams and consider individual athlete responses, rather than applying broad guidelines based on average data.CONCLUSIONMany current training load guidelines and mandates in sports come from good intentions; however, they are arbitrary without sound knowledge of the underlying scientific principles or methods. Common sense guidelines are helpful when there is sparse literature, but they should be careful to avoid arbitrarily choosing findings from weak research. Without precise scientific inquiries, implementing training load interventions or guidelines can have negative implications.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gurpreet Singh,Kyle J M Bennett,Hannah McGuigan,Scott G Goddard,Christopher J Stevens
PURPOSEThe current study aimed to determine the effect of a synthetic-grass sport surface on core body temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during intermittent exercise in hot conditions.METHODSUsing a randomized crossover design, 13 trained/developmental team-sport athletes completed two 50-minute standardized intermittent running protocols on a synthetic and a natural-grass surface, on separate days (control-condition air temperature 32.6 °C [1.3 °C], relative humidity 43.2% [5.3%]).RESULTSFinal skin temperature was significantly higher on synthetic compared with natural grass at the calf (40.1 °C [2.5 °C] vs 33.4 °C [0.6 °C]; P < .001), shoulder (36.6 °C [1.7 °C] vs 33.7 °C [0.7 °C]; P < .001), and chest (33.2 °C [1.1 °C] vs 31.8 °C [1.2 °C]; P = .02). Thermal sensation (median: 2.3; interquartile range [0.5] vs 2.2 [0.5], P = .03) and sweat rate (1.5 [0.4] L·h-1 vs 1.2 [0.3] L·h-1; P = .02) were also significantly higher on synthetic grass. While final core body temperature was significantly higher on the natural than synthetic grass (38.4 °C [0.3 °C] vs 38.2 °C [0.4 °C]), there were no significant differences in delta core temperature, as well as heart rate, thermal comfort, or RPE.CONCLUSIONSHigher skin temperatures, thermal sensation, and sweat rates suggest that exercising on synthetic grass in hot conditions may increase some markers of heat strain during exercise. However, delta core body temperature, heart rate, thermal comfort, and RPE remained unaffected.
本研究旨在确定在炎热条件下进行间歇运动时，合成草运动表面对核心体温、皮肤温度、心率、热感觉、热舒适度和体力感知评分（RPE）的影响。方法采用随机交叉设计，13 名训练有素/正在发育的团队运动运动员分别在合成草和天然草表面上完成了两个 50 分钟的标准化间歇跑步方案（控制条件气温为 32.结果合成草地与天然草地相比，小腿处的最终皮肤温度明显更高（40.1 °C [2.5 °C] vs 33.4 °C）。5 °C] vs 33.4 °C [0.6 °C]; P < .001）、肩部（36.6 °C [1.7 °C] vs 33.7 °C [0.7 °C]; P < .001）和胸部（33.2 °C [1.1 °C] vs 31.8 °C [1.2 °C]; P = .02）。合成草地上的热感觉（中位数：2.3；四分位数间距 [0.5] vs 2.2 [0.5]，P = .03）和出汗率（1.5 [0.4] L-h-1 vs 1.2 [0.3] L-h-1；P = .02）也明显更高。虽然天然草地上的最终核心体温明显高于合成草地（38.4 °C [0.3 °C] vs 38.2 °C [0.4°C]），但δ核心体温、心率、热舒适度或 RPE 均无明显差异。然而，δ核心体温、心率、热舒适度和RPE仍未受到影响。
{"title":"The Effect of a Synthetic-Grass Sport Surface on Physiology and Perception During Intermittent Exercise in Hot Conditions.","authors":"Gurpreet Singh,Kyle J M Bennett,Hannah McGuigan,Scott G Goddard,Christopher J Stevens","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0095","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThe current study aimed to determine the effect of a synthetic-grass sport surface on core body temperature, skin temperature, heart rate, thermal sensation, thermal comfort, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during intermittent exercise in hot conditions.METHODSUsing a randomized crossover design, 13 trained/developmental team-sport athletes completed two 50-minute standardized intermittent running protocols on a synthetic and a natural-grass surface, on separate days (control-condition air temperature 32.6 °C [1.3 °C], relative humidity 43.2% [5.3%]).RESULTSFinal skin temperature was significantly higher on synthetic compared with natural grass at the calf (40.1 °C [2.5 °C] vs 33.4 °C [0.6 °C]; P < .001), shoulder (36.6 °C [1.7 °C] vs 33.7 °C [0.7 °C]; P < .001), and chest (33.2 °C [1.1 °C] vs 31.8 °C [1.2 °C]; P = .02). Thermal sensation (median: 2.3; interquartile range [0.5] vs 2.2 [0.5], P = .03) and sweat rate (1.5 [0.4] L·h-1 vs 1.2 [0.3] L·h-1; P = .02) were also significantly higher on synthetic grass. While final core body temperature was significantly higher on the natural than synthetic grass (38.4 °C [0.3 °C] vs 38.2 °C [0.4 °C]), there were no significant differences in delta core temperature, as well as heart rate, thermal comfort, or RPE.CONCLUSIONSHigher skin temperatures, thermal sensation, and sweat rates suggest that exercising on synthetic grass in hot conditions may increase some markers of heat strain during exercise. However, delta core body temperature, heart rate, thermal comfort, and RPE remained unaffected.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PURPOSEThis pilot study investigated the functional outcomes after ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in high-level para-athletes with spinal-cord injury.METHODSNine athletes completed 2 handgrip exercise trials (an isometric hold to failure at 60% maximal voluntary contraction [ISO] and a progressive, intermittent handgrip to failure [INT]), preceded by either IPC (220 mm Hg) or sham (20 mm Hg) for six 5-minute periods, in a repeated-measures, crossover design.RESULTSAlthough small performance improvements in time to task failure were observed in the ISO (∼5%) and INT (∼8%) IPC conditions, which are similar to those reported elsewhere, no statistical influence was observed (ISO-IPC, 74.2 [32.6] s; SHAM, 70.7 [27.2] s; P = .73; INT-IPC, 426.0 [80.1] s; SHAM, 392.2 [42.5] s; P = .35). Fatigue was evident in the forearm muscle force (maximal voluntary contraction) ISO (mean decline of 178.1 [76.0] N [95% CI, -10.4 to 366.7 N]; P < .05) and INT (mean decline of 182.2 [72.5] N [95% CI, 34.5-329.8 N]; P < .05) trials but not different between treatments (P > .95).CONCLUSIONSAlthough small performance improvements in time to task failure were observed, the findings of the present data set suggest that acute bouts of IPC do not meaningfully influence fatigue during handgrip exercise in para-athletes with spinal-cord injury.
{"title":"The Efficacy of Ischemic Preconditioning on Handgrip Strength and Strength Endurance in Para-Athletes With Spinal-Cord Injury: A Pilot Study.","authors":"Lexi Kasofsky,Rebecca Cross,Dallin Tavoian,Jason Siegler","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0188","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEThis pilot study investigated the functional outcomes after ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in high-level para-athletes with spinal-cord injury.METHODSNine athletes completed 2 handgrip exercise trials (an isometric hold to failure at 60% maximal voluntary contraction [ISO] and a progressive, intermittent handgrip to failure [INT]), preceded by either IPC (220 mm Hg) or sham (20 mm Hg) for six 5-minute periods, in a repeated-measures, crossover design.RESULTSAlthough small performance improvements in time to task failure were observed in the ISO (∼5%) and INT (∼8%) IPC conditions, which are similar to those reported elsewhere, no statistical influence was observed (ISO-IPC, 74.2 [32.6] s; SHAM, 70.7 [27.2] s; P = .73; INT-IPC, 426.0 [80.1] s; SHAM, 392.2 [42.5] s; P = .35). Fatigue was evident in the forearm muscle force (maximal voluntary contraction) ISO (mean decline of 178.1 [76.0] N [95% CI, -10.4 to 366.7 N]; P < .05) and INT (mean decline of 182.2 [72.5] N [95% CI, 34.5-329.8 N]; P < .05) trials but not different between treatments (P > .95).CONCLUSIONSAlthough small performance improvements in time to task failure were observed, the findings of the present data set suggest that acute bouts of IPC do not meaningfully influence fatigue during handgrip exercise in para-athletes with spinal-cord injury.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"2016 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
PURPOSEContinuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are becoming increasingly popular among endurance athletes despite unconfirmed accuracy. We assessed the concurrent validity of the FreeStyle Libre 2 worn on 2 different sites at rest, during steady-state running, and postprandial.METHODSThirteen nondiabetic, well-trained recreational runners (age = 40 [8] y, maximal aerobic oxygen consumption = 46.1 [6.4] mL·kg-1·min-1) wore a CGM on the upper arm and chest while treadmill running for 30, 60, and 90 minutes at intensities corresponding to 50%, 60%, and 70% of maximal aerobic oxygen consumption, respectively. Glucose was measured by manually scanning CGMs and obtaining a finger-prick capillary blood glucose sample. Mean absolute relative difference, time in range, and continuous glucose Clarke error grid analysis were used to compare paired CGM and blood glucose readings.RESULTSAcross all intensities of steady-state running, we found a mean absolute relative difference of 13.8 (10.9) for the arm and 11.4 (9.0) for the chest. The coefficient of variation exceeded 70%. Approximately 47% of arm and 50% of chest paired glucose measurements had an absolute difference ≤10%. Continuous glucose Clarke error grid analysis indicated 99.8% (arm) and 99.6% (chest) CGM data fell in clinically acceptable zones A and B. Time-in-range analysis showed reduced accuracy at lower glucose levels. However, CGMs accurately detected trends in mean glucose readings over time.CONCLUSIONSCGMs are not valid for point glucose monitoring but appear to be valid for monitoring glucose trends during steady-state exercise. Accuracy is similar for arm and chest. Further research is needed to determine whether CGMs can detect important events such as hypoglycemia during exercise.
{"title":"Validating the Use of Continuous Glucose Monitors With Nondiabetic Recreational Runners.","authors":"Lesley J Mason,Timothy Hartwig,David Greene","doi":"10.1123/ijspp.2024-0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2024-0102","url":null,"abstract":"PURPOSEContinuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are becoming increasingly popular among endurance athletes despite unconfirmed accuracy. We assessed the concurrent validity of the FreeStyle Libre 2 worn on 2 different sites at rest, during steady-state running, and postprandial.METHODSThirteen nondiabetic, well-trained recreational runners (age = 40 [8] y, maximal aerobic oxygen consumption = 46.1 [6.4] mL·kg-1·min-1) wore a CGM on the upper arm and chest while treadmill running for 30, 60, and 90 minutes at intensities corresponding to 50%, 60%, and 70% of maximal aerobic oxygen consumption, respectively. Glucose was measured by manually scanning CGMs and obtaining a finger-prick capillary blood glucose sample. Mean absolute relative difference, time in range, and continuous glucose Clarke error grid analysis were used to compare paired CGM and blood glucose readings.RESULTSAcross all intensities of steady-state running, we found a mean absolute relative difference of 13.8 (10.9) for the arm and 11.4 (9.0) for the chest. The coefficient of variation exceeded 70%. Approximately 47% of arm and 50% of chest paired glucose measurements had an absolute difference ≤10%. Continuous glucose Clarke error grid analysis indicated 99.8% (arm) and 99.6% (chest) CGM data fell in clinically acceptable zones A and B. Time-in-range analysis showed reduced accuracy at lower glucose levels. However, CGMs accurately detected trends in mean glucose readings over time.CONCLUSIONSCGMs are not valid for point glucose monitoring but appear to be valid for monitoring glucose trends during steady-state exercise. Accuracy is similar for arm and chest. Further research is needed to determine whether CGMs can detect important events such as hypoglycemia during exercise.","PeriodicalId":14295,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sports physiology and performance","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142177329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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