Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0013
C. Carlson, A. Kehoe
The earliest professional anthropological fieldwork undertaken within the Canadian province of British Columbia was by Harlan Smith, 1897-1899, sponsored by Franz Boas’ Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Smith’s professional publications from this work, prepared in the “objective scientific” mode of discourse of the time, contrast with his unpublished personal letters and notes that preserve names, personalities, and communications with First Nations people assisting his research. A controversial part of Smith’s assignment was to collect human skulls from graves, over objections from families, because measuring skulls was a rewarded part of anthropological science at the time. These plundered skulls alienated First Nations from anthropology, an attitude persisting today.
{"title":"Colonial Encounters of First Peoples and First Anthropologists in British Columbia, Canada","authors":"C. Carlson, A. Kehoe","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"The earliest professional anthropological fieldwork undertaken within the Canadian province of British Columbia was by Harlan Smith, 1897-1899, sponsored by Franz Boas’ Jesup North Pacific Expedition. Smith’s professional publications from this work, prepared in the “objective scientific” mode of discourse of the time, contrast with his unpublished personal letters and notes that preserve names, personalities, and communications with First Nations people assisting his research. A controversial part of Smith’s assignment was to collect human skulls from graves, over objections from families, because measuring skulls was a rewarded part of anthropological science at the time. These plundered skulls alienated First Nations from anthropology, an attitude persisting today.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129041703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0002
K. Arthur
This chapter focuses on the importance of understanding how a researcher’s long-term relationships within in a community and willingness to accept other ways of being and learning make space for intersubjective exchanges and deeper understandings of technological ontologies. Borada-Gamo lithic practitioners of southern Ethiopia shared with me bit by bit their perception of stone as living beings, their proverbs, and their technological practices, which have the potential to reshape archaeological discourse surrounding lithic technology. It is critical that we privilege non-Western theories of the human and nonhuman world to acknowledge a wide range of intellectual contributions that produce inclusive and meaningful narratives of the past.
{"title":"Ethnoarchaeologies of Listening","authors":"K. Arthur","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on the importance of understanding how a researcher’s long-term relationships within in a community and willingness to accept other ways of being and learning make space for intersubjective exchanges and deeper understandings of technological ontologies. Borada-Gamo lithic practitioners of southern Ethiopia shared with me bit by bit their perception of stone as living beings, their proverbs, and their technological practices, which have the potential to reshape archaeological discourse surrounding lithic technology. It is critical that we privilege non-Western theories of the human and nonhuman world to acknowledge a wide range of intellectual contributions that produce inclusive and meaningful narratives of the past.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127746989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0008
G. Nicholas
The values that descendant communities place on heritage objects and places have historically been eclipsed by science-oriented approaches to the archaeological record. However, local knowledge is vital to making decisions about the protection or use of tangible or intangible heritage, and knowledge derived from it. Learning to listen must thus be a part of the archaeologist’s tool kit. In this chapter, I describe the value of what can be learned from Indigenous community members (Community-based participatory research), as well as how ethnoarchaeological studies contribute to a fuller understanding of heritage, directly benefit community needs and interests, and make substantial contributions to archaeology and heritage preservation. I focus on community-directed projects funded by the Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage (IPinCH) project. These initiatives directly benefit community needs and interests, while also making substantial contributions to archaeology and heritage preservation.
{"title":"“Listening to Whom and for Whose Benefit?”","authors":"G. Nicholas","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"The values that descendant communities place on heritage objects and places have historically been eclipsed by science-oriented approaches to the archaeological record. However, local knowledge is vital to making decisions about the protection or use of tangible or intangible heritage, and knowledge derived from it. Learning to listen must thus be a part of the archaeologist’s tool kit. In this chapter, I describe the value of what can be learned from Indigenous community members (Community-based participatory research), as well as how ethnoarchaeological studies contribute to a fuller understanding of heritage, directly benefit community needs and interests, and make substantial contributions to archaeology and heritage preservation. I focus on community-directed projects funded by the Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage (IPinCH) project. These initiatives directly benefit community needs and interests, while also making substantial contributions to archaeology and heritage preservation.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133678519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0012
A. Kehoe
Outside the mainstream of North American archaeology and academic anthropology, a few of Franz Boas’s students listened humbly to Indian people in their communities, instead of sitting in hotel rooms querying selected men from a schedule of topics. Frank Speck (1881-1950) was one of these; his student Claude E. Schaeffer mentored Tom Kehoe to listen to Blackfoot people as guides and teachers for archaeology in their homeland. I learned from Tom when I married him and we collaborated in archaeology.
在北美考古学和人类学的主流之外，弗朗茨·博阿斯的一些学生谦卑地倾听印第安人在他们社区里的谈话，而不是坐在酒店房间里，从一系列话题中挑选一些人来提问。弗兰克·斯佩克(1881-1950)就是其中之一;他的学生克劳德·e·谢弗(Claude E. Schaeffer)指导汤姆·基霍倾听黑脚人的声音，作为他们家乡考古的向导和老师。当我嫁给汤姆时，我向他学习，我们合作考古。
{"title":"A Lineage of Listening","authors":"A. Kehoe","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"Outside the mainstream of North American archaeology and academic anthropology, a few of Franz Boas’s students listened humbly to Indian people in their communities, instead of sitting in hotel rooms querying selected men from a schedule of topics. Frank Speck (1881-1950) was one of these; his student Claude E. Schaeffer mentored Tom Kehoe to listen to Blackfoot people as guides and teachers for archaeology in their homeland. I learned from Tom when I married him and we collaborated in archaeology.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127248571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0001
P. Schmidt, A. Kehoe
This chapter introduces the foundational principles of Archaeologies of Listening. It takes the reader back to the genesis of anthropological method as well as the debates that have influenced attitudes toward indigenous knowledge and oral traditions over the last century. It critically examines the failure of “New Archaeology” to employ anthropological methods and proposes a complementary practice that does not eschew science but advocates a broader practice incorporating empirical evidence from those with deep experience with material cultures and landscapes. This chapter brings into focus how a richer interpretative posture occurs when we open our practice to the knowledge of others by employing the principles of apprenticeship and patience when working with communities. By putting into action the principle of epistemic humility, alternative views of the past open as do alternative ontologies that structure how the archaeological record is formed and heritage is performed.
{"title":"Archaeologies of Listening Beginning Thoughts","authors":"P. Schmidt, A. Kehoe","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the foundational principles of Archaeologies of Listening. It takes the reader back to the genesis of anthropological method as well as the debates that have influenced attitudes toward indigenous knowledge and oral traditions over the last century. It critically examines the failure of “New Archaeology” to employ anthropological methods and proposes a complementary practice that does not eschew science but advocates a broader practice incorporating empirical evidence from those with deep experience with material cultures and landscapes. This chapter brings into focus how a richer interpretative posture occurs when we open our practice to the knowledge of others by employing the principles of apprenticeship and patience when working with communities. By putting into action the principle of epistemic humility, alternative views of the past open as do alternative ontologies that structure how the archaeological record is formed and heritage is performed.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116867452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0010
A. Horning
Drawing from efforts to engage archaeology as an integral part of peace-building in post-Troubles Northern Ireland, the risks and the rewards of collaborative cross-community practice are addressed. Focus is on the ethical challenges of negotiating the politics of the present while staying true to the evidence of the past. Positioning archaeology as a means of bridging the divisions in post-conflict settings toward the creation of a stable, shared society requires an ability to not only listen, but also to hear and respect the strength of personal and community narratives, even when those narratives may be founded on fundamental misrepresentations of the past.
{"title":"Listening, Hearing, Choosing?","authors":"A. Horning","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing from efforts to engage archaeology as an integral part of peace-building in post-Troubles Northern Ireland, the risks and the rewards of collaborative cross-community practice are addressed. Focus is on the ethical challenges of negotiating the politics of the present while staying true to the evidence of the past. Positioning archaeology as a means of bridging the divisions in post-conflict settings toward the creation of a stable, shared society requires an ability to not only listen, but also to hear and respect the strength of personal and community narratives, even when those narratives may be founded on fundamental misrepresentations of the past.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122981697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0006
J. Walz
Understanding a community’s things, practices, and words from their situated perspective motivates alternative histories. This chapter examines how an archaeologist’s practice might shift in circumstances where observing and listening to people are necessities. The case study addresses repurposed objects, ritual acts of healing, and the spoken words of healers to remake aspects of the Zigua past in lowland northeastern Tanzania. Knowing the meanings of their expressions – including an annual pilgrimage to gather healing items - creates an intellectual space for Zigua history within a global history. Living among the Zigua helps to understand them and to employ their historical approach and social condition to make an alternative history they render meaningful. As the Zigua case shows, an approach to science that values people first is transformative to African history.
{"title":"Listening to History Performed in Pilgrimage","authors":"J. Walz","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding a community’s things, practices, and words from their situated perspective motivates alternative histories. This chapter examines how an archaeologist’s practice might shift in circumstances where observing and listening to people are necessities. The case study addresses repurposed objects, ritual acts of healing, and the spoken words of healers to remake aspects of the Zigua past in lowland northeastern Tanzania. Knowing the meanings of their expressions – including an annual pilgrimage to gather healing items - creates an intellectual space for Zigua history within a global history. Living among the Zigua helps to understand them and to employ their historical approach and social condition to make an alternative history they render meaningful. As the Zigua case shows, an approach to science that values people first is transformative to African history.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123086017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0009
P. Schmidt
Careful listening to oral traditions, a significant part of Tanzanian Haya heritage, for nearly a year led to an ancient shrine where Haya elders encouraged excavations. This was early participatory community archaeology, where indigenous knowledge and the initiative of elders paved the way to significant archaeological finds about iron technology and the enduring qualities of knowledge preserved by ritual performance. Patient apprenticeship to knowledge-keepers during ethnoarchaeological observations of iron technology also led to significant insights into inventive techniques in iron technology that otherwise would have gone unnoticed. Listening with epistemic humility, opening ourselves to other ways of constructing history and heritage, unveils heritage under treat. A forgotten massacre by German colonials, the knowledge of which has been erased by disease and globalization, was revealed and is now preserved only by listening closely to Haya elders five decades ago.
{"title":"Listening and Waiting, Excavating Later","authors":"P. Schmidt","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Careful listening to oral traditions, a significant part of Tanzanian Haya heritage, for nearly a year led to an ancient shrine where Haya elders encouraged excavations. This was early participatory community archaeology, where indigenous knowledge and the initiative of elders paved the way to significant archaeological finds about iron technology and the enduring qualities of knowledge preserved by ritual performance. Patient apprenticeship to knowledge-keepers during ethnoarchaeological observations of iron technology also led to significant insights into inventive techniques in iron technology that otherwise would have gone unnoticed. Listening with epistemic humility, opening ourselves to other ways of constructing history and heritage, unveils heritage under treat. A forgotten massacre by German colonials, the knowledge of which has been erased by disease and globalization, was revealed and is now preserved only by listening closely to Haya elders five decades ago.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129003622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0007
I. Pikirayi
Archaeologists struggle to understand the demise of Great Zimbabwe because of poor appreciation of local and regional histories of the southern Zimbabwe plateau, post-fifteenth century. Listening to some of these extant regional histories and living narratives is key to understanding developments around Great Zimbabwe from the sixteenth century onwards. The focus in this chapter is on two sites, Boroma, a toponym east of Great Zimbabwe, and Chizhou Hill, some 80 kilometers to the north. In sixteenth-century Portuguese accounts, "Burrom" (Boroma) is presented as a prince in charge of a 'fortress' whose location coincides with Great Zimbabwe. Local narratives and indigenous histories collected from villagers near Chizhou Hill, as well as documented written sources, connect the site to the resettlement of the area by migrants from the Mutapa State in northern Zimbabwe. Combined, both sites attest to a complex process leading to the demise of Great Zimbabwe and its culture from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries.
{"title":"Local Narratives, Regional Histories, and the Demise of Great Zimbabwe","authors":"I. Pikirayi","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeologists struggle to understand the demise of Great Zimbabwe because of poor appreciation of local and regional histories of the southern Zimbabwe plateau, post-fifteenth century. Listening to some of these extant regional histories and living narratives is key to understanding developments around Great Zimbabwe from the sixteenth century onwards. The focus in this chapter is on two sites, Boroma, a toponym east of Great Zimbabwe, and Chizhou Hill, some 80 kilometers to the north. In sixteenth-century Portuguese accounts, \"Burrom\" (Boroma) is presented as a prince in charge of a 'fortress' whose location coincides with Great Zimbabwe. Local narratives and indigenous histories collected from villagers near Chizhou Hill, as well as documented written sources, connect the site to the resettlement of the area by migrants from the Mutapa State in northern Zimbabwe. Combined, both sites attest to a complex process leading to the demise of Great Zimbabwe and its culture from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123781021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0003
Camina Weasel Moccasin
This chapter explores the concept of contemporary rock-art making as a form of repatriation. According to Blackfoot culture the making of rock art is considered a sacred act that involves communication with the spirit world. Current policies help protect existing, tangible rock art, but at the expense of continuing the intangible heritage of communicating with the spirit world. Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park is in the process of creating a new policy which would allow the making of contemporary rock art in a traditional sense.
{"title":"Continuing Writings on Stone","authors":"Camina Weasel Moccasin","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056241.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the concept of contemporary rock-art making as a form of repatriation. According to Blackfoot culture the making of rock art is considered a sacred act that involves communication with the spirit world. Current policies help protect existing, tangible rock art, but at the expense of continuing the intangible heritage of communicating with the spirit world. Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park is in the process of creating a new policy which would allow the making of contemporary rock art in a traditional sense.","PeriodicalId":143039,"journal":{"name":"Archaeologies of Listening","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133050059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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