We employ two methodologies in order to identify groupings of cities and to analyse the factors which drive convergence in residential prices across Polish prime markets over the period 2007-2018. The Phillips and Sul (2007) methodology is used to identify convergence in primary residential prices in the major Polish cities. The results indicate that residential prices do not converge to a single common trend. However, we find the existence of three distinct sub-groups of cities (‘clubs’) where residential prices converge to their own steady-state paths. Using an ordered logit model, we investigate supply and demand factors determining club membership, which subsequently allocates 13 out of the 15 cities as belonging to the clubs identified by the Phillips and Sul procedure.
{"title":"Panel Analysis of Polish Regional Cities: Residential Price Convergence in the Primary Market","authors":"G. Matysiak, K. Olszewski","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3408797","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3408797","url":null,"abstract":"We employ two methodologies in order to identify groupings of cities and to analyse the factors which drive convergence in residential prices across Polish prime markets over the period 2007-2018. The Phillips and Sul (2007) methodology is used to identify convergence in primary residential prices in the major Polish cities. The results indicate that residential prices do not converge to a single common trend. However, we find the existence of three distinct sub-groups of cities (‘clubs’) where residential prices converge to their own steady-state paths. Using an ordered logit model, we investigate supply and demand factors determining club membership, which subsequently allocates 13 out of the 15 cities as belonging to the clubs identified by the Phillips and Sul procedure.","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123708972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we study the effect on cesarean rates of a policy change in Chile that decreased the cost of delivery at private hospitals for women with public health insurance. Using a difference-indifferences (DID) approach based on the eligibility conditions for this benefit, we find that in the first three years after the policy took effect, deliveries in private hospitals increased by 8.7 percentage points, while the probability of a C-section being performed increased by 4.6 percentage points, with negative impacts on average newborn weight and size at birth. We show that the probability of an early term birth in hospitals participating in the program is an increasing function of expected hospital demand at the time of the full-term due date. This suggests that in the absence of price incentives, hospitals use C-sections to smooth out demand over time to optimize the use of their resources.
{"title":"More Hospital Choices, More C-Sections: Evidence from Chile","authors":"Ramiro de Elejalde, Eugenio Giolito","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3390287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3390287","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we study the effect on cesarean rates of a policy change in Chile that decreased the cost of delivery at private hospitals for women with public health insurance. Using a difference-indifferences (DID) approach based on the eligibility conditions for this benefit, we find that in the first three years after the policy took effect, deliveries in private hospitals increased by 8.7 percentage points, while the probability of a C-section being performed increased by 4.6 percentage points, with negative impacts on average newborn weight and size at birth. We show that the probability of an early term birth in hospitals participating in the program is an increasing function of expected hospital demand at the time of the full-term due date. This suggests that in the absence of price incentives, hospitals use C-sections to smooth out demand over time to optimize the use of their resources.","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133936005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Previous findings on (fleeting) relative age effects in school suggest that, given innate ability, too few younger and too many older students attend academic tracks. Using a regression discontinuity design around school-specific admission thresholds, we estimate the cognitive and non-cognitive effects of track assignment at the achievement margin, across relative age. We find that attending the higher track does not affect cognitive outcomes at any relative age. For older students, attending the higher track increases perseverance, need for achievement, and emotional stability. The results suggest that older students compensate lower ability (given high track attendance) with higher effort.
{"title":"The Heterogeneous Effects of Early Track Assignment on Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills","authors":"Maria Cotofan, Ron Diris, T. Schils","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3400695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3400695","url":null,"abstract":"Previous findings on (fleeting) relative age effects in school suggest that, given innate ability, too few younger and too many older students attend academic tracks. Using a regression discontinuity design around school-specific admission thresholds, we estimate the cognitive and non-cognitive effects of track assignment at the achievement margin, across relative age. We find that attending the higher track does not affect cognitive outcomes at any relative age. For older students, attending the higher track increases perseverance, need for achievement, and emotional stability. The results suggest that older students compensate lower ability (given high track attendance) with higher effort.","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114671260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses an RCT to estimate the impact of PROBEMS, a scholarship program in Mexico aimed at improving graduation rates and test scores among upper secondary school students from poor backgrounds. We find that, on average, the program has no impact either on graduation rates or on Math and Spanish test scores. We identify two possible reasons for this failure: a. the program was badly targeted, with many of the recipients being from less disadvantaged families than intended; b) many eligible students did not have a sufficiently strong academic achievement that would allow them to productively attend and complete successfully the academic requirements of upper secondary school. This points to accumulated achievement deficits that could be addressed by interventions targeting learning at an earlier stage.
{"title":"Targeting High School Scholarships to the Poor: The Impact of a Program in Mexico","authors":"Rafael E. de Hoyos, O. Attanasio, C. Meghir","doi":"10.3386/W26023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W26023","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses an RCT to estimate the impact of PROBEMS, a scholarship program in Mexico aimed at improving graduation rates and test scores among upper secondary school students from poor backgrounds. We find that, on average, the program has no impact either on graduation rates or on Math and Spanish test scores. We identify two possible reasons for this failure: a. the program was badly targeted, with many of the recipients being from less disadvantaged families than intended; b) many eligible students did not have a sufficiently strong academic achievement that would allow them to productively attend and complete successfully the academic requirements of upper secondary school. This points to accumulated achievement deficits that could be addressed by interventions targeting learning at an earlier stage.","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115245209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arabic Abstract: تعتبر مؤسسات التعليم العالي من أهم ركائز التطور والتنمية في البلدان, ولذلك كان لابد من حصول التوافق ما بين مخرجات الجامعات وإنتاجيتها العلمية والعملية من كفاءات وبحوث ودراسات وتدريب وتطوير بالإضافة الى مخرجاتها البشرية من شهادات علمية ومتطلبات سوق العمل. إن هذه الورقة تقدم دراسة حول دور إدارة الجودة الشاملة في مؤسسات التعليم العالي في تعزيز التوافق مابين مخرجات هذه المؤسسات ومتطلبات سوق العمل العربي وكيفية السيطرة على هذه المخرجات وتكييفها من أجل النهوض بالجانب التنموية للدول العربية بشكل عام والعراق بشكل خاص. توصل الباحثان الى عدة نتائج, من أهمها أن تطبيق معايير ضمان الجودة في المؤسسات التعليمية يعتبر من البديهيات في الدول التي تمتلك بنية تحتية وأكاديمية جيدة كما هو الحال في المؤسسات التعليمية العربية بشكل عام والعراقية بشكل خاص, مما يؤدي الى توثيق العلاقة مابين مخرجات المؤسسات التعليمية ومتطلبات السوق العربي, وأن المؤسسات التعليمية تمتلك القدرة الرائدة في إرفاد سوق العمل بمخرجات ذات جودة عالية و لكن المؤسسات التعليمية العراقية والعربية مرت بأوقات عصيبة جعلها غير قادرة على تلبية متطلبات وإحتياجات السوق, ولكنها إستطاعت إجتياز تلك الظروف وإن كانت لحد الأن في حالة من التطور السريع والمتوازي مع التطور المؤسساتي لسوق العمل العربي. كما يوصي الباحثان بضرورة إعداد كادر متخصص في دراسة مدى كفاءة معايير ضمان الجودة وتشخيص الإنحرافات الحاصلة في تطبيقها وأسباب تلك الإنحراف ومحاولة وضع حلول جذرية لها ومتابعة البنية التحتية لإعداد معايير ضمان الجودة في القطاع التعليمي والعمل على زيادة كفاءته بشكل أكبر من ذي قبل ومدى تلبية تلك المعايير والمقاييس والمؤشرات لمتطلبات سوق العمل العربي, وتعزيز دور المؤسسات التعليمية والأكاديمية في تبني وتطوير معايير محلية أو إقليمية بالإضافة الى تحديث القوانين والقرارات المحلية كي تتناسب مع معايير ضمان الجودة للقطاع التعليمي العالمية.
English Abstract: Higher education institutions are considered one of the most important pillars of development and development in countries. Therefore, it was necessary to obtain compatibility between university outputs and scientific and practical productivity, such as competencies, research, studies, training and development in addition to their human outputs of scientific degrees and labor market requirements.
This paper presents a study on the role of total quality management in higher education institutions in promoting compatibility between the outputs of these institutions and the requirements of the Arab labor market and how to control and adapt these outputs in order to advance the development aspect of Arab countries in general and Iraq in particular.
The researchers reached several results, the most important of which is that applying quality assurance standards in educational institutions is one of the axioms in countries that have good academic and infrastructure as is the case in Arab educational institutions in general and Iraqi in particular, which leads to closer relationship between the outputs of educational institutions and requirements The Arab market, and that educational institutions have the pioneering ability to pro
{"title":"توافق متطلبات سوق العمل العربي مع مخرجات مؤسسات التعليم العالي (The Requirements of the Arab Labor Market Compatibility with the Outputs of Higher Education Institutions)","authors":"Thabit H. Thabit","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3619529","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3619529","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Arabic Abstract:</b> تعتبر مؤسسات التعليم العالي من أهم ركائز التطور والتنمية في البلدان, ولذلك كان لابد من حصول التوافق ما بين مخرجات الجامعات وإنتاجيتها العلمية والعملية من كفاءات وبحوث ودراسات وتدريب وتطوير بالإضافة الى مخرجاتها البشرية من شهادات علمية ومتطلبات سوق العمل. <br>إن هذه الورقة تقدم دراسة حول دور إدارة الجودة الشاملة في مؤسسات التعليم العالي في تعزيز التوافق مابين مخرجات هذه المؤسسات ومتطلبات سوق العمل العربي وكيفية السيطرة على هذه المخرجات وتكييفها من أجل النهوض بالجانب التنموية للدول العربية بشكل عام والعراق بشكل خاص.<br>توصل الباحثان الى عدة نتائج, من أهمها أن تطبيق معايير ضمان الجودة في المؤسسات التعليمية يعتبر من البديهيات في الدول التي تمتلك بنية تحتية وأكاديمية جيدة كما هو الحال في المؤسسات التعليمية العربية بشكل عام والعراقية بشكل خاص, مما يؤدي الى توثيق العلاقة مابين مخرجات المؤسسات التعليمية ومتطلبات السوق العربي, وأن المؤسسات التعليمية تمتلك القدرة الرائدة في إرفاد سوق العمل بمخرجات ذات جودة عالية و لكن المؤسسات التعليمية العراقية والعربية مرت بأوقات عصيبة جعلها غير قادرة على تلبية متطلبات وإحتياجات السوق, ولكنها إستطاعت إجتياز تلك الظروف وإن كانت لحد الأن في حالة من التطور السريع والمتوازي مع التطور المؤسساتي لسوق العمل العربي.<br>كما يوصي الباحثان بضرورة إعداد كادر متخصص في دراسة مدى كفاءة معايير ضمان الجودة وتشخيص الإنحرافات الحاصلة في تطبيقها وأسباب تلك الإنحراف ومحاولة وضع حلول جذرية لها ومتابعة البنية التحتية لإعداد معايير ضمان الجودة في القطاع التعليمي والعمل على زيادة كفاءته بشكل أكبر من ذي قبل ومدى تلبية تلك المعايير والمقاييس والمؤشرات لمتطلبات سوق العمل العربي, وتعزيز دور المؤسسات التعليمية والأكاديمية في تبني وتطوير معايير محلية أو إقليمية بالإضافة الى تحديث القوانين والقرارات المحلية كي تتناسب مع معايير ضمان الجودة للقطاع التعليمي العالمية.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> Higher education institutions are considered one of the most important pillars of development and development in countries. Therefore, it was necessary to obtain compatibility between university outputs and scientific and practical productivity, such as competencies, research, studies, training and development in addition to their human outputs of scientific degrees and labor market requirements.<br><br>This paper presents a study on the role of total quality management in higher education institutions in promoting compatibility between the outputs of these institutions and the requirements of the Arab labor market and how to control and adapt these outputs in order to advance the development aspect of Arab countries in general and Iraq in particular.<br><br>The researchers reached several results, the most important of which is that applying quality assurance standards in educational institutions is one of the axioms in countries that have good academic and infrastructure as is the case in Arab educational institutions in general and Iraqi in particular, which leads to closer relationship between the outputs of educational institutions and requirements The Arab market, and that educational institutions have the pioneering ability to pro","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126529146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to increased financial pressures following the Great Recession, a growing number of school districts have switched from a traditional five-day school week to a four-day week schedule. While these shorter school weeks potentially help reduce costs, this study considers the implications these school schedules have on student achievement. This study uses a difference-in-differences analysis using a panel data set of student-level test scores to examine the effects of the adoption of these four-day school weeks on student achievement in the State of Oregon from 2007-2015. I find that these school schedules have detrimental impacts on student achievement, with declines of between 0.044 and 0.053 standard deviations in math scores and declines of 0.033 and 0.038 standard deviations in reading scores. The results suggest that four-day school weeks are more detrimental for the math and reading achievement of boys and the reading achievement of low-income students. Earlier school start times and lost instructional time of nearly three and a half hours a week appear to be the primary mechanisms underlying these achievement losses.
{"title":"Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Student Achievement: Evidence from Oregon","authors":"Paul N. Thompson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3390191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3390191","url":null,"abstract":"Due to increased financial pressures following the Great Recession, a growing number of school districts have switched from a traditional five-day school week to a four-day week schedule. While these shorter school weeks potentially help reduce costs, this study considers the implications these school schedules have on student achievement. This study uses a difference-in-differences analysis using a panel data set of student-level test scores to examine the effects of the adoption of these four-day school weeks on student achievement in the State of Oregon from 2007-2015. I find that these school schedules have detrimental impacts on student achievement, with declines of between 0.044 and 0.053 standard deviations in math scores and declines of 0.033 and 0.038 standard deviations in reading scores. The results suggest that four-day school weeks are more detrimental for the math and reading achievement of boys and the reading achievement of low-income students. Earlier school start times and lost instructional time of nearly three and a half hours a week appear to be the primary mechanisms underlying these achievement losses.","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114453653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We study the effects of homeownership on labor force participation and unemployment. We exploit housing privatization and restitution after the fall of communism as a source exogenous assignment of homeowner/renter status, using a unique dataset from the city of Brno, Czech Republic. We do not find any evidence of homeownership hindering labor force participation. In fact, our estimates suggest that homeownership reduces unemployment by four to six percentage points. Homeownership appears to decrease the risk of unemployment by about one third to one half, relative to renters. The estimated effects on labor force participation are systematically around zero.
{"title":"Does Homeownership Hinder Labor Market Activity? Evidence From Housing Privatization and Restitution in Brno.","authors":"Š. Mikula, J. Montag","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3392341","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3392341","url":null,"abstract":"We study the effects of homeownership on labor force participation and unemployment. We exploit housing privatization and restitution after the fall of communism as a source exogenous assignment of homeowner/renter status, using a unique dataset from the city of Brno, Czech Republic. We do not find any evidence of homeownership hindering labor force participation. In fact, our estimates suggest that homeownership reduces unemployment by four to six percentage points. Homeownership appears to decrease the risk of unemployment by about one third to one half, relative to renters. The estimated effects on labor force participation are systematically around zero.","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129995316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonmedical exemptions are widely shown to be associated with outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. In response to a recent measles outbreak in 2015, California acted to increase immunization coverage by removing all nonmedical exemptions effective in 2016. Employing a unique dataset of county-level vaccination and exemption rates at Kindergarten entry, we exploit the recent policy change in California to estimate the impact of the repeal of nonmedical exemptions on immunization coverage for school-mandated vaccines. Relative to a diverse group of control states, our findings indicate that vaccination coverage increased for all required vaccines following the repeal, ranging from 2.5% for MMR to 5% for Polio. We also find a significant 3.4 percentage-point decline in nonmedical exemptions, accompanied by a 2.1 percentage-point increase in medical exemptions in counties that previously had high rates of nonmedical waivers. Our findings indicate that the repeal of nonmedical exemptions in California was only partially effective in improving vaccination coverage, and may have led parents to substitute between medical and nonmedical exemptions, leading to a net decline in total exemptions of just 1 percentage-point.
{"title":"Do Stricter Immunization Laws Improve Coverage? Evidence from the Repeal of Non-Medical Exemptions for School Mandated Vaccines","authors":"Chelsea Richwine, A. Dor, A. Moghtaderi","doi":"10.3386/W25847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25847","url":null,"abstract":"Nonmedical exemptions are widely shown to be associated with outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease. In response to a recent measles outbreak in 2015, California acted to increase immunization coverage by removing all nonmedical exemptions effective in 2016. Employing a unique dataset of county-level vaccination and exemption rates at Kindergarten entry, we exploit the recent policy change in California to estimate the impact of the repeal of nonmedical exemptions on immunization coverage for school-mandated vaccines. Relative to a diverse group of control states, our findings indicate that vaccination coverage increased for all required vaccines following the repeal, ranging from 2.5% for MMR to 5% for Polio. We also find a significant 3.4 percentage-point decline in nonmedical exemptions, accompanied by a 2.1 percentage-point increase in medical exemptions in counties that previously had high rates of nonmedical waivers. Our findings indicate that the repeal of nonmedical exemptions in California was only partially effective in improving vaccination coverage, and may have led parents to substitute between medical and nonmedical exemptions, leading to a net decline in total exemptions of just 1 percentage-point.","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"229 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130847775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine how consumers respond to being effectively double insured under two systems: group health (GH) and workers’ compensation (WC). Many GH plans have substantial consumer cost-sharing burden, while WC coverage has no cost-sharing for medical services for work-related injuries. As a result, a consumer facing a large deductible under their group health plan will have a strong financial incentive to make a claim under WC instead. We use a unique data set of claims under both GH and WC to study how “case shifting” to WC responds to GH deductibles for the most common set of injuries that are covered under both types of insurance. We identify the impact of case shifting by using interactions of deductible levels and previous spending. We find that a typical claim is about 1.4 percentage points (5.3%) more likely to be filed as a WC claim when facing an average deductible (about $630) compared to a plan with no deductible, and that total WC costs in the U.S. are more than $1.2 billion higher as a result. At the same time, we find that consumers do not appear to be forward looking, focusing on the “spot price” rather than the full “end of year price” in deciding whether to claim under WC.
{"title":"Reclassification to Avoid Consumer Cost-Sharing in Group Health Plans","authors":"O. Fomenko, J. Gruber","doi":"10.3386/W25870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25870","url":null,"abstract":"We examine how consumers respond to being effectively double insured under two systems: group health (GH) and workers’ compensation (WC). Many GH plans have substantial consumer cost-sharing burden, while WC coverage has no cost-sharing for medical services for work-related injuries. As a result, a consumer facing a large deductible under their group health plan will have a strong financial incentive to make a claim under WC instead. We use a unique data set of claims under both GH and WC to study how “case shifting” to WC responds to GH deductibles for the most common set of injuries that are covered under both types of insurance. We identify the impact of case shifting by using interactions of deductible levels and previous spending. We find that a typical claim is about 1.4 percentage points (5.3%) more likely to be filed as a WC claim when facing an average deductible (about $630) compared to a plan with no deductible, and that total WC costs in the U.S. are more than $1.2 billion higher as a result. At the same time, we find that consumers do not appear to be forward looking, focusing on the “spot price” rather than the full “end of year price” in deciding whether to claim under WC.","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129195877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. P. Cacault, Christian Hildebrand, J. Laurent-Lucchetti, M. Pellizzari
Using a randomized experiment in a public Swiss university, we study the impact of online live streaming of lectures on student achievement and attendance. We find that (i) attending lectures via live streaming lowers achievement for low-ability students and increases achievement for high-ability ones; (ii) students use the live streaming technology only occasionally, apparently when random events make attending in class too costly, and (iii) offering live streaming reduces in-class attendance only mildly. These findings have important implications for the effective design of education policies.
{"title":"Distance Learning in Higher Education: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment","authors":"M. P. Cacault, Christian Hildebrand, J. Laurent-Lucchetti, M. Pellizzari","doi":"10.1093/JEEA/JVAA060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/JEEA/JVAA060","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Using a randomized experiment in a public Swiss university, we study the impact of online live streaming of lectures on student achievement and attendance. We find that (i) attending lectures via live streaming lowers achievement for low-ability students and increases achievement for high-ability ones; (ii) students use the live streaming technology only occasionally, apparently when random events make attending in class too costly, and (iii) offering live streaming reduces in-class attendance only mildly. These findings have important implications for the effective design of education policies.","PeriodicalId":143058,"journal":{"name":"Econometric Modeling: Microeconometric Studies of Health","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129871784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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